Filed: May 07, 2018
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 16-3292-cv Williams v. Affinion Group, LLC United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2017 No. 16-3292-cv DEBBIE WILLIAMS, Regina Warfel, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Brett Reilly, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Juan M. Restrepo, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Jennie H. Pham, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated Lucy Schnabel, Brian Schnabel, individually and
Summary: 16-3292-cv Williams v. Affinion Group, LLC United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit AUGUST TERM 2017 No. 16-3292-cv DEBBIE WILLIAMS, Regina Warfel, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Brett Reilly, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Juan M. Restrepo, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Jennie H. Pham, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated Lucy Schnabel, Brian Schnabel, individually and o..
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16‐3292‐cv
Williams v. Affinion Group, LLC
United States Court of Appeals
for the Second Circuit
AUGUST TERM 2017
No. 16‐3292‐cv
DEBBIE WILLIAMS, Regina Warfel, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated, Brett Reilly, individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated, Juan M. Restrepo, individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated, Jennie H. Pham, individually and on behalf of all others similarly
situated Lucy Schnabel, Brian Schnabel, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated,
Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
Debra Miller, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, William
Thompson, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, Brittany
DiCarolis, Annette Sumlin, Hope Kelm, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated, Barbara Timmcke, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated, Edward Schnabel, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated, David Frankel, individually and on behalf of all others
similarly situated,
Plaintiffs,
v.
AFFINION GROUP, LLC, Apollo Global Management, LLC, Beckett Media LLC,
Buy.com, Inc., IAC/InteractiveCorp, PeopleFindersPro, Inc., Shoebuy.com, Inc.,
Trilegiant Corporation, Wyndham Worldwide Corp.,
Defendants‐Appellees,
1‐800‐Flowers.com, Inc., Adaptive Marketing, LLC, Days Inns Worldwide, Inc.,
Rakuten USA, Inc., Vertrue Inc., Webloyalty.com, Inc., Orbitz Worldwide, LLC,
Priceline.com, Inc., TigerDirect, Inc., Bank of America N.A., Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A., Citigroup Inc., Capital One Financial Corporation, Chase Bank USA, N.A.,
Citibank, N.A. Hotwire, Inc., Chase Paymentech Solutions, LLC, United Online,
Inc., Classmates International, Inc., FTD Group, Inc., Memory Lane, Inc.,
Defendants.
ARGUED: OCTOBER 27, 2017
DECIDED: MAY 7, 2018
Before: JACOBS and LYNCH, Circuit Judges, CROTTY, District Judge:1
Seven former participants in online discount membership programs allege
violation of federal privacy statutes and a racketeering conspiracy between
online retailers and loyalty club businesses to defraud customers of
“membership fees” for rewards programs they unwittingly joined. They allege
that Trilegiant Corporation conspired with e‐merchant retailers such as Buy.com,
Orbitz, and Priceline to enroll the retailers’ customers in the discount programs
via deceptive post‐transaction marketing and datapass techniques. We
conclude that, because the appellants fail to raise a material issue of fact as to
whether they consented to enrollment in the membership programs, the
prohibitions of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act do not apply; and
because the appellants identify no actionable fraud, they cannot proceed on a
theory of racketeering.
Affirmed.
Judge Paul A. Crotty, United States District Court for the Southern District of
1
New York, sitting by designation.
2
JEFFREY A. LEON (with Jamie E. Weiss, Grant
Lee, on the brief), Quantum Legal LLC,
Highland Park, Illinois; Laurie Rubinow,
Shepherd, Finkelman, Miller & Shah, LLP,
Chester, Connecticut; Nathan C. Zipperian,
Shepherd, Finkelman, Miller & Shah, LLP,
Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, for
Plaintiffs‐Appellants.
KENNETH M. KLIEBARD (with Gregory T.
Fouts, on the brief), Morgan Lewis &
Bockius LLP, Chicago, Illinois, for
Defendants‐Appellees.
DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge:
Seven former participants in online discount membership programs allege
violation of federal privacy statutes and a racketeering conspiracy between
online retailers and loyalty club businesses to defraud customers of
“membership fees” for rewards programs they unwittingly joined. They allege
that Trilegiant Corporation (“Trilegiant”) conspired with e‐merchant retailers
such as Buy.com, Orbitz, and Priceline to enroll the retailers’ customers in the
membership programs via deceptive post‐transaction marketing and datapass
techniques. We conclude that, because the appellants fail to raise a material
issue of fact as to whether they consented to enrollment in the membership
programs, the prohibitions of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act do not
apply; and because the appellants identify no actionable fraud, they cannot
proceed on a theory of racketeering.
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
3
I
The post‐transaction marketing employed by Trilegiant and its e‐merchant
partners functions as follows. Online merchants such as Buy.com, Inc. and
Priceline.com, Inc. enter into an arrangement with Trilegiant to permit the
advertisement of membership club programs to their customers. In the course
of completing a transaction, a link, banner, or webpage appears on the
e‐merchant’s website advertising a Trilegiant program. A customer who selects
the link is immediately taken to an enrollment page for a Trilegiant membership
product, or the customer may see the Trilegiant enrollment page after
completing a purchase on the e‐merchant’s site, but before reaching the
e‐merchant’s confirmation page. These enrollment pages purport to offer a
coupon or rebate, in addition to a membership in a program that makes available
special discount rates on future sales (such as the “Great Fun” program in which
plaintiffs enrolled).
The customer is solicited to enter basic personal information, such as a
birth date or hometown, and then asked to select “YES” to accept the offer. The
online offer screens disclose, in less conspicuous placement and font, the terms of
the program, including billing, renewal, cancellation, and the transfer of data
from the e‐merchant to Trilegiant. These terms advise that “[b]y entering my
information and clicking ‘Yes,’ I acknowledge that I have read and agreed to
these offer details and Terms & Conditions,” including the information transfer.
Supp. App. 37; see also App. 67‐70. If the customer opts to participate, the
e‐merchant seamlessly shares the customer’s credit card and personal identifying
information with Trilegiant to complete the enrollment. This exchange is a
“datapass.” Supp. App. 35. The customer is then billed monthly to that credit
card (between $10 and $20 per month) until the customer cancels the
membership, an internet sale technique termed “negative option billing.”
Trilegiant follows up after enrollment with confirmation emails welcoming the
customer to the program and providing again the full list of terms and
conditions. When the customer calls in to cancel the membership, Trilegiant’s
call center engages in “refund mitigation,” a customer retention strategy.
4
The plaintiffs allege that they did not consent to join any membership
clubs, and that they were duped by techniques of post‐transaction marketing,
datapass, negative option billing, and refund mitigation into paying for a
product that had no apparent value to them. The named plaintiffs testified or
declared that: they never agreed to sign up for a membership club with a
monthly recurring fee; they did not recall entering any registration information;
and they did not recall selecting “YES” to accept the terms and conditions of the
program. Supp. App. 40‐43. They complain that at no point in the purported
transaction did they re‐enter their credit card or billing information, and that
datapass abets a scam devised by Trilegiant to collect monthly fees without their
knowledge.
To snare members, Trilegiant (with the implicit approval of the e‐merchant
defendants) allegedly designs its enrollment screens to appear as confirmation
pages for the legitimate, just‐completed transaction, so that the customer is
unaware of having registered to buy a new and completely different product.
Trilegiant’s cancellation and billing process allegedly prolongs the fraud. To
cancel a subscription, the customer must first discover the monthly billing on a
credit card statement and call Trilegiant’s customer service; Trilegiant’s
representatives then attempt to keep members enrolled as long as possible, either
through promotion of the program benefits or delay in the cancellation process.
To evidence intentional deceit, the plaintiffs present: expert witness
testimony describing the characteristics of the pages as inherently deceptive; a
2010 congressional report condemning Trilegiant’s post‐confirmation offer and
refund mitigation practices as deceptive and exploitative in 2010;2 and the
testimonials of duped plaintiffs. For example, Debbie Williams testified that she
was enrolled in the “Great Fun” program after booking a hotel room on Priceline
in 2009. Supp. App. 42. She cancelled her membership in October 2011 after
discovering the recurring charges on her bank statements. At her deposition,
2 The report published by a joint committee of the United States Senate
condemning Trilegiant’s practices led in part to legislation that outlawed passive
datapass and related conduct. The banned practices are not directly at issue in
this lawsuit.
5
she did not recall ever seeing the offer screen, but also did not deny that she may
have selected “YES” or entered her personal information. Id. The other
named plaintiffs claimed similar experiences.
The plaintiffs initiated a class action in 2010 against Trilegiant and (its
parent) Affinion Group LLC. Their 2012 amended complaint (“the complaint”)
included claims under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(“RICO”), 18 U.S.C. §§ 1961‐1968; the Electronic Communications Privacy Act
(“ECPA”), 18 U.S.C. § 2511; the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act
(“CUTPA”), Conn. Gen. Stat. Sec. 42‐110; the California automatic renewal
statute, Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17600 et seq.; and common law unjust
enrichment. The e‐merchants and various financial institutions were also added
as co‐defendants. In 2014 the district court dismissed the RICO claims, the
California state law claims, and most of the CUTPA claims. Claims against
certain defendants were dismissed entirely. After extensive discovery, the
district court granted summary judgment dismissing the ECPA claim and
remaining state claims.
On appeal, Plaintiffs challenge only the grant of summary judgment on the
ECPA claim, the dismissal of the RICO and RICO conspiracy claims, and the
grant of summary judgment on the CUTPA and unjust enrichment claims.
II
We review de novo the grant of summary judgment on the ECPA claim.
N.Y. State Rifle and Pistol Ass’n v. Cuomo, 804 F.3d 242, 252 (2d Cir. 2015).
Summary judgment is appropriate where “there is no genuine dispute as to any
material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.
Because the appellants fail to raise a triable issue of fact as to their consent to the
alleged interception of electronic communications, we affirm the dismissal of
their claim under the ECPA.
The ECPA regulates the interception of an electronic communication. 18
U.S.C. § 2511. Section 2511(1)(a) states that, except as otherwise provided,
anyone who “intentionally intercepts, endeavors to intercept, or procures any
6
other person to intercept or endeavor to intercept, any ... electronic
communication” violates the statute. Id. § 2511(1)(a). There is a safe harbor for
interceptions made with prior consent. Id. § 2511(2)(d).
The plaintiffs contend that the “datapass” procedure, by which
e‐merchants share customers’ credit card and billing information with Trilegiant
without requiring that the customers re‐enter that information on the Trilegiant
enrollment page, constitutes an unlawful interception of an electronic
communication under the ECPA. The defendants respond that no unlawful
interceptions occurred because Trilegiant disclosed the terms of the program,
including the transfer of the customer’s information, and each plaintiff gave clear
and unambiguous consent to those terms.
The defendants made a sufficient showing that the consent exception
applies. The enrollment pages display text informing customers that by entering
their name or date of birth and selecting “YES,” they authorize the release of
information to Trilegiant, including their “name, email address, and credit card or
debit card information to Great Fun for enrollment, billing, and benefit
processing.” Supp. App. at 6‐7, 25. Defendants submitted evidence
demonstrating that only by providing the necessary information and clicking
“yes” could an individual actually enroll in one of Trilegiant’s programs. Such
affirmative conduct evinces sufficient consent to an interception of an electronic
communication. Other courts have reached the same conclusion on similar
facts,3 and we ourselves have reached the same conclusion in a summary order
3 See, e.g., In re Vistaprint Corp. Marketing and Sales Practices Litig., MDL No.
4:08‐md‐1994, 2009 WL 2884727, at *9 (S.D. Tex. Aug. 31, 2009) (dismissing ECPA
claim where plaintiffs, “by clicking Yes in the designated spaces on the
webpages, authorized VistaPrint to transfer that information” to the “VistaPrint
Rewards” program); Berry v. Webloyalty.com, Inc., No. 10‐CV‐1358‐H CAB, 2011
WL 1375665, at *8 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 11, 2011) (in dismissing an ECPA claim over the
“Shopper Discounts and Rewards” program, “[t]he Court conclude[d] that
Plaintiff Berryʹs entry of his email address twice and clicking on ‘YES’
constitute[d] authorization given the several disclosures made on the enrollment
7
arising under a different statute with a parallel safe harbor provision. See L.S. v.
Webloyalty.com, Inc., 673 F. App’x 100, 106 (2d Cir. 2016) (summary order)
(finding same activity to constitute authorization under the Electronic Funds
Transfer Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1693e(a)).
The plaintiffs contend that they could not have consented because they
have no recollection of giving such authorization or providing their name or date
of birth as a passcode on the enrollment screen. But the plaintiffs do not offer
evidence that would permit a reasonable jury to find that they did not take such
steps to enroll: the defendants made a prima facie showing of consent by
producing evidence that there would be no other way for an individual to enroll
in a Trilegiant program, and the plaintiffs’ failures of recollection or bare denials
offer no support for the alternative theory that Trilegiant somehow obtained the
plaintiffs’ credit card information and, out of the blue, created unauthorized
membership accounts on their behalf. On this record, there is no material issue
of fact on the question of the plaintiffs’ consent to the exchange of electronic
information among the defendants.
Alternatively, the plaintiffs contend that the inherently deceptive nature of
the post‐transaction enrollment pages vitiates consent as a matter of law because
no reasonable consumer could believe she had consented to join Great Fun. We
are urged to avoid myopic focus on “Trilegiant’s miniscule fine print
disclosures,” and to consider instead “the content and manner of presentation,
Plaintiffs’ express testimony, and the unrebutted expert evidence submitted
which established that Trilegiant designed the ‘disclosures’ so that they would
not be seen or understood.” Appellants’ Br. at 43. Our precedents in Federal
Trade Commission and false advertising cases direct us to consider the “entire
mosaic” of an advertisement and its ultimate impression on the viewer, as
opposed to literal truth or falsity. F.T.C. v. Sterling Drug, Inc., 317 F.2d 669, 674
(2d Cir. 1963) (cited in Appellants’ Br. at 48); see also Ind. Directory Corp. v.
F.T.C., 188 F.2d 468, 469‐70 (2d Cir. 1951) (cited at 49). Plaintiffs rely on these
page”), vacated and remanded for lack of standing, 507 F. App’x 581 (9th Cir.
2013).
8
cases and ask us to adopt their logic to the analysis of the Great Fun enrollment
page.
Even assuming those precedents bear on the issue of consent as understood
in the context of the ECPA, we are unpersuaded. Plaintiffs assert that “the mere
presence of an accurate disclaimer does not necessarily cure other potentially
misleading statements or representations on a product or advertisement,”
Delgado v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, No. 13‐CV‐4427 (NGG)(RML), 2014 WL
4773991, at *8 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 24, 2014), and therefore Trilegiant may have
perpetrated a fraud despite the presence of disclosures on its enrollment page.
But to show that customers may have been misled, the plaintiff must produce
evidence that particular statements are deceptive when considered in context.
Cf. Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 497 F.3d 144, 158 (2d Cir. 2007)
(words and images in an advertisement must be “considered in context”); Fink v.
Time Warner Cable, 714 F.3d 739, 742 (2d Cir. 2013) (“context is crucial” when
reviewing an advertisement’s allegedly deceptive text). These plaintiffs have not
attempted to do so.4 This is not a case involving confusing text; instead, the
plaintiffs’ primary contention is that the appearance of an enrollment offer in the
course of a separate e‐merchant transaction was itself inherently deceptive
because it led customers to believe that Trilegiant’s products were associated with
or offered by the e‐merchant.
4
In deceptive advertising cases proceeding on the plaintiffs’ theory, the party
identifies the phrases and statements that are alleged to be false or deceptive, and
explains why. See, e.g., Bowring v. Sapporo U.S.A., Inc., 234 F. Supp. 3d 388, 389
(E.D.N.Y. 2017) (considering allegations that use of term “imported” on product
label was materially misleading in context as it suggested, falsely, that the beer
originates from Japan); Sitt v. Nature’s Bounty, Inc., 15‐CV‐4199 (MKB), 2016 WL
5372794, at *1 (E.D.N.Y. Sep. 26, 2016) (reviewing in context claims on label that a
product is “natural” and “non‐synthetic”); In re Ford Fusion & C‐Max Fuel Econ.
Litig., No. 13‐MD‐2450, 2015 WL 7018369, at *33 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 12, 2015) (noting
plaintiffs identified as false “specific ads that made specific promises” about
products).
9
We disagree. The plaintiffs have not identified any specific
representations on the enrollment pages that were misleading; and the
appearance of the enrollment pages, without more, is not so confusing so as to
permit a jury to find that the plaintiffs did not consent to the plain terms of the
membership. In any event, the plaintiffs’ theory that misleading enrollment
pages deceived them into believing they were enrolling in something other than a
discount club membership is entirely inconsistent with the record evidence that
individual plaintiffs were unaware they enrolled in anything to begin with: the
plaintiffs testified that they do not recall the enrollment pages; none claims to
have read the text on the offer page and found it deceptive; and the marketing
expert posits that the page was designed to result in purchases of Trilegiant’s
services without awareness of those purchases.
The plaintiffs’ theory, which is unsupported by case law, does not preserve
a genuine dispute on the issue of consent. The district court correctly granted
summary judgment on the plaintiffs’ ECPA claim.
III
We review the district court’s dismissal of the RICO and the RICO
conspiracy claims de novo, accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true
and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs. Schlessinger v.
Valspar Corp., 686 F.3d 81, 85 (2d Cir. 2012). Because the appellants have not
properly alleged any predicate acts of actionable fraud, we affirm.
To sustain a RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), a plaintiff must show
“(1) that the defendant (2) through the commission of two or more acts (3)
constituting a ‘pattern’ (4) of ‘racketeering activity’ (5) directly or indirectly
invests in, or maintains and interest in, or participates in (6) an ‘enterprise’ (7) the
activities of which affect interstate or foreign commerce.” Moss v. Morgan
Stanley, Inc., 719 F.2d 5, 17 (2d Cir. 1983) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1962(a)‐(c)). And to
state a RICO conspiracy, a plaintiff must allege “the existence of an agreement to
violate RICO’s substantive provisions.” United States v. Sessa, 125 F.3d 68, 71
(2d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks omitted).
10
Section 1961(1) sets forth an exhaustive list of predicate “acts” that can
constitute a pattern of “racketeering activity,” including section 1341 and 1343
(mail and wire fraud, respectively). The complaint alleges thousands of acts of
mail and wire fraud in furtherance of the RICO enterprise and RICO conspiracy,
including Trilegiant’s billing (by transmitting fraudulent charges on credit card
bills), use of telephones (in refund mitigation to preserve fraudulent gains), and
use of the internet (to initiate the scheme through post‐transaction marketing and
datapass).
“The elements of mail or wire fraud are (i) a scheme to defraud (ii) to get
money or property (iii) furthered by the use of interstate mail or wires.” United
States v. Autuori, 212 F.3d 105, 115 (2d Cir. 2000); see 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341, 1343.
“The gravamen of the offense is the scheme to defraud.” United States ex rel.
O’Donnell v. Countrywide Home Loans, Inc., 822 F.3d 650, 657 (2d Cir. 2016). A
“scheme to defraud” is “a plan to deprive a person of something of value by
trick, deceit, chicane or overreaching.” Autuori, 212 F.3d at 115 (citing McNally
v. United States, 483 U.S. 350, 358 (1987)). To make out such a scheme, a
plaintiff must provide proof of a material misrepresentation. Neder v. United
States, 527 U.S. 1, 25 (1999).5
5 Plaintiffs rely on several Sixth Circuit cases for the proposition that a “scheme
to defraud” describes a category of unethical or unfair practices broad enough to
capture post‐transaction marketing. See United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266,
311 (6th Cir. 2010) (“[T]he scheme to defraud element required under Section
1341 is not defined according to a technical standard. The standard is a
‘reflection of moral uprightness, of fundamental honesty, fair play and right
dealing in the general business life of members of society.’”); see also United
States v. Van Dyke, 605 F.2d 220, 225 (6th Cir. 1979). Insofar as the plaintiffs
seek to avoid pleading a material misrepresentation in the scheme to defraud,
their reliance on Warshak is misplaced. See O’Donnell, 822 F.3d at 657.
In any event, Warshak and Van Dyke are easily distinguishable. In Warshak,
the court relied on specific facts that disclosures were not made and products
were not properly described: customers were charged unauthorized fees,
received “unwanted (and unauthorized) additional shipment[s],” and were
11
The elements of mail and wire fraud must be pled with particularity. See
Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); Lundy v. Catholic Health Sys. of Long Island, 711 F.3d 106,
119 (2d Cir. 2013); Anatian v. Coutts Bank (Switzerland) Ltd., 193 F.3d 85, 88 (2d
Cir. 1999). The complaint must detail the specific statements that are false or
fraudulent, identify the speaker, state when and where the statements were
made, and explain why the statements were fraudulent. Mills v. Polar
Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1175 (2d Cir. 1993); see, e.g., In re Ford Fusion &
C‐Max Fuel Econ. Litig., 2015 WL 7018369, at *33 (requiring plaintiffs to
“sufficiently allege the who, what, when, where, and why of the fraud at issue
under Rule 9(b)”).
The plaintiffs argue that the district court erred by requiring them to allege
specific misrepresentations in the use of the mail or wires to satisfy Rule 9(b).
Their theory is that even if Trilegiant made otherwise innocent use of the wires, it
did so to advance an enterprise that was deceptive overall. E.g., Brewer v.
Village of Old Field, 311 F. Supp. 2d 390, 403 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (While the mailings
themselves did not contain misrepresentations, “the complaint allege[d] a close
connection between the defendants and the alleged fraudulent scheme” and the
mails were “simply used in furtherance of a master plan to defraud.”).
True, the mail or wire communications themselves need not contain a false
statement. See Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 715 (1989); see also SKS
Constructors, Inc. v. Drinkwine, 458 F. Supp. 2d 68, 78 (E.D.N.Y. 2006) (when
alleging use of the mail and wires, “the pleader need only allege that the mail
and wire fraud were in furtherance of a larger scheme to defraud” and “the
communications themselves need not have contained false or misleading
“never informed during the ordering process that they would be charged for
anything beyond the shipping‐and‐handling costs associated with the trial offer.”
Id. at 312; see also Van Dyke, 605 F.2d at 224. Here, there is no allegation of
such explicit deceit: the plaintiffs affirmatively consented to the fully‐disclosed
terms of the membership club offer, and do not dispute that those terms
governed their relationship with Trilegiant.
12
information”) (internal quotations marks omitted); Calabrese v. CSC Holdings,
Inc., 283 F. Supp. 2d 797, 808 (E.D.N.Y. 2003) (“a detailed description of the
underlying scheme and the connection therewith of the mail and/or wire
communications” is sufficient to satisfy Rule 9(b)) (internal quotation marks
omitted). But a plaintiff still needs to allege a material misrepresentation as part
of the defendants’ scheme to fraud to state a violation of section 1341 or 1343.
See O’Donnell, 822 F.3d at 657. That is so notwithstanding characterization of
the alleged frauds as predicate acts of a racketeering conspiracy.6 The complaint
here lacks the particularized allegation of an underlying “scheme to defraud”
animated by a material misrepresentation.
For example, the complaint alleges that consumers were “duped into
believing” that the membership programs were being offered by an e‐merchant,
rather than Trilegiant, App’x at 282, but identifies no misrepresentation that
induced such a belief. Similarly, the complaint labels datapass a “fraudulent
tactic,” id., and alleges that each time an e‐merchant shared a customer’s billing
information with Trilegiant, both the e‐merchant and Trilegiant “committed an
act of wire fraud,” id. at 308. But the transfer of billing information from one
6
A valid claim that does not rest on specific misrepresentations in the use of the
mails or wires always identifies fraud with particularity at some level of the
enterprise. See, e.g., Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Blessinger, No. 06 CV
391(NGG)(ARL), 2007 WL 951905, at *7‐8 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 27, 2007) (complaint
specified how members of the conspiracy “submitted insurance applications to
the plaintiff ... which contained false and incomplete information intended to
mislead plaintiff,” and “detail[ed] the nature of the false statements”); Wood v.
Incorporated Village of Patchogue, 311 F. Supp. 2d 344, 358‐60 (E.D.N.Y. 2004)
(complaint included allegations that defendants made misrepresentations by
submitting annual payroll statements certifying inaccurate information); SKS
Construction, 458 F. Supp. 2d at 76‐78 (credit card charges and checks did not
contain misrepresentations, but the wrongdoing within the conspiracy included
“wrongfully endorsed checks payable to XL and then deposited those checks in
accounts for himself;” “purchased raw materials on credit while never intending
to pay for those materials;” and “fraudulently obtained” credit in others’ names).
13
merchant to another is not inherently fraudulent, and the plaintiffs do not
identify any misrepresentation regarding such transfers by Trilegiant or any
other defendant.
Neither the complaint’s specific discussion of Trilegiant’s allegedly
deceptive tactics, nor its conclusory references to Trilegiant’s fraudulent scheme,
set forth a material misrepresentation with the requisite particularity.7 Cf.
Webloyalty.com, 673 F. App’x at 104 (concluding that Trilegiant’s practices at
issue in that case not “sufficient to ground [a] fraud claim”). The complaint
therefore fails to plead a scheme to defraud. Without an underlying scheme to
defraud, the plaintiffs have not alleged a pattern of racketeering.
The plaintiffs’ RICO conspiracy claim fails as well. The alleged
conspiracy involved an agreement to commit the same substantive RICO
violations we have deemed insufficiently pled, and the plaintiffs have not alleged
any further acts that, if carried out, would have satisfied RICO’s requirement of a
pattern of racketeering. See generally Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52
(1997). The plaintiffs therefore failed to plead the necessary agreement to
violate RICO’s substantive provisions. See Cofacredit S.A. v. Windsor
Plumbing Supply Co., 187 F.3d 229, 245 (2d Cir. 1999).
7 Plaintiffs also rely on Delgado v. Ocwen Loan Servicing for the proposition that
the Trilegiant’s tactics as alleged are sufficiently deceptive to qualify as a material
misrepresentation. In Delgado, the defendant mailed checks for small amounts
of free money together with materials separately disclosing that deposit of the
check registers the recipient for an (unwanted and unrelated) service at a steep
monthly fee. 2014 WL 4773991, at *1‐2. The Delgado plaintiff’s complaint
alleged specific material omissions and misrepresentations as to the source of the
charges. Id. at *18‐19. Delgado accurately distinguished the Trilegiant scheme
in which “the plaintiffs claimed they were deceptively enrolled in membership
programs through the defendants’ internet offer pages” but failed to describe
any false or fraudulent content. Id. at *18.
14
IV
Finally, we affirm the grant of summary judgment on the CUTPA and
unjust enrichment claims substantially for the reasons set forth by the district
court.
CUTPA prohibits “unfair or deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of
any trade or commerce.” Conn. Gen. Stat. Sec. 42‐110b(a). The plaintiffs allege
that Trilegiant’s refund mitigation strategy caused them to lose a portion of a
possible refund of membership fees. But the plaintiffs, who consented to their
original enrollment, have not shown that they are entitled to any such refund.
The fact that some plaintiffs were offered less than a full refund to which they
would not have been entitled at law cannot constitute an “unfair or deceptive”
act.
The district court was likewise correct in granting summary judgment on
the unjust enrichment claim. An unjust enrichment claim for membership fees
does not lie if the plaintiff freely entered into the membership agreement. The
plaintiffs further claim that the refund mitigation technique caused Trilegiant to
retain an unfair benefit by offering only partial refunds. But as with their failed
CUTPA claim, they cannot argue that Trilegiant was unjustly enriched by not
refunding additional, legitimate past membership fees to which its customers
were not entitled. See, e.g., Berger v. Home Depot USA, Inc., 741 F.3d 1061, 1070
(9th Cir. 2014) (requiring “unjust retention of [a] benefit” as an element of an
unjust enrichment claim).
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby AFFIRM the judgment of the district
court.
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