17‐2233
Prime International Trading, Ltd., et al. v. BP PLC, et al.



                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT


                                       SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

       At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held
at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New
York, on the 29th day of August, two thousand nineteen.

PRESENT:
            DENNIS JACOBS,
            RICHARD J. SULLIVAN,
                  Circuit Judges
            EDWARD R. KORMAN,
                  District Judge.
_____________________________________

PRIME INTERNATIONAL TRADING, LTD., WHITE OAKS FUND LP, KEVIN
MCDONNELL, ANTHONY INSINGA, ROBERT MICHIELS, JOHN DEVIVO, NEIL TAYLOR,
AARON SCHINDLER, PORT 22, LLC, ATLANTIC TRADING USA, LLC, AND XAVIER
LAURENS,

         Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

                  v.                                             No. 17‐2233



 Judge Edward R. Korman, of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New
York, sitting by designation.
BP P.L.C., TRAFIGURA BEHEER B.V., TRAFIGURA AG, PHIBRO TRADING L.L.C., VITOL
S.A., MERCURIA ENERGY TRADING S.A., HESS ENERGY TRADING COMPANY, LLC,
STATOIL US HOLDINGS INC., SHELL TRADING US COMPANY, BP AMERICA, INC.,
VITOL, INC., BP CORPORATION NORTH AMERICA, INC., MERCURIA ENERGY
TRADING, INC., MORGAN STANLEY CAPITAL GROUP INC., PHIBRO COMMODITIES
LTD., SHELL INTERNATIONAL TRADING AND SHIPPING COMPANY LIMITED, STATOIL
ASA, AND ROYAL DUTCH SHELL PLC,

      Defendants‐Appellees.+
_____________________________________

FOR APPELLANTS:                                 DAVID E. KOVEL (Andrew M. McNeela on the
                                                brief), Kirby McInerney LLP, New York, NY, for
                                                Plaintiffs‐Appellants.

FOR APPELLEES:                                  RICHARD C. PEPPERMAN (Daryl Libow, Amanda
                                                Davidoff, Austin L. Raynor on the brief),
                                                Sullivan & Cromwell LLP, New York, NY for
                                                Defendants‐Appellees BP PLC, BP America, Inc.
                                                and BP Corporation North America, Inc.

                                                DAVID B. SALMONS (Steven A. Reed, R. Brenda
                                                Fee, Michael E. Kenneally, on the brief) Morgan,
                                                Lewis & Bockius LLP, Philadelphia, PA for
                                                Defendant‐Appellee Shell International Trading
                                                and Shipping Company Limited.

                                                PERRY A. LANGE (David S. Lesser on the brief)
                                                Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP,
                                                Washington, DC for Defendant‐Appellee Statoil
                                                ASA.

                                               _____________________________________



_________________________________

+   The Clerk of Court is respectfully directed to amend the official caption as listed above.



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      UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court be and hereby is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiffs‐Appellants (“Plaintiffs”) appeal from a judgment of the United

States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Carter, J.,) dismissing

(1) Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant‐Appellee Shell International Trading and

Shipping Company Limited (“STASCO”) for lack of personal jurisdiction, (2)

Plaintiffs’ claims against Defendant‐Appellee Statoil ASA (“Statoil”) for lack of

subject‐matter jurisdiction under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”),

and   (3)   Plaintiffs’   remaining   claims   against   all   Defendants‐Appellees

(“Defendants”) for failure to state a claim. In this summary order, we affirm the

dismissal of all of Plaintiffs’ Sherman Act antitrust claims, as well as the dismissal

of Statoil for lack of subject‐matter jurisdiction, and STASCO for lack of personal

jurisdiction. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ Commodity

Exchange Act claims in a separately filed opinion (“Opinion”).

      For the purposes of this summary order, we rely on the facts set forth in the

Opinion, and repeat only those facts necessary to explain our decision here.

                               I. SHERMAN ACT CLAIMS

       Plaintiffs allege that Defendants engaged in price fixing, monopolization,

and conspiracy to monopolize under the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1, 2. The

                                          3
district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ Sherman Act claims because they failed to

plausibly allege antitrust standing. We review dismissal of a claim pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. See Harris v. Mills, 

, 71

(2d Cir. 2009).

      Section 4 of the Clayton Act provides:

       [A]ny person who shall be injured in his business or property by
       reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue . . . in any
       district court of the United States in the district in which the
       defendant resides or is found or has an agent, without respect to the
       amount in controversy, and shall recover threefold the damages by
       him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s
       fee.
15 U.S.C. § 15(a). Section 4 has been construed to “require a showing of antitrust

injury.” Gelboim v. Bank of Am. Corp., 

, 772 (2d Cir. 2016). Antitrust

injury is “the type [of injury] the antitrust laws were intended to prevent and that

flows from that which makes defendants’ acts unlawful.” Brunswick Corp. v. Pueblo

Bowl–O–Mat, Inc., 

, 489 (1977). Typically, only “participants in the

defendants’ market” can show antitrust injury, In re Aluminum Warehousing

Antitrust Litig., 

, 158 (2d Cir. 2016), but there is a narrow exception for

“parties whose injuries are ‘inextricably intertwined’ with the injuries of market

participants,” Am. Ad Mgmt., Inc. v. Gen. Tel. Co. of Cal., 

, 1057 n.5 (9th

Cir. 1999).

                                           4
      As is often the case with antitrust claims, the Court must first determine the

“relevant market” for purposes of assessing antitrust injury. See In re Aluminum

Warehousing Antitrust 

. As a general matter, the “relevant

market” is the market that is “directly restrained” by Defendants’ alleged

anticompetitive activity. See 

There are two such relevant markets here.

First, Plaintiffs allege that Defendants, as producers, refiners, and sellers of Brent

crude oil, manipulated the price of physical Brent crude traded in the North Sea

so as to increase Defendants’ profit margins in their oil businesses. Accordingly,

as the parties seem to agree, a “relevant market” for the purposes of this case must

be, at a minimum, the physical Brent crude market.             See In re Aluminum

Warehousing Antitrust 

(identifying the warehouse storage

market as a relevant market because “[a]ll of th[e] conduct took place (if at all) in

[that] market”). Second, Plaintiffs also claim that Defendants manipulated the

price of Brent crude in order to affect the Dated Brent Assessment, which would

in turn boost Defendants’ profit on derivatives that were linked to, or otherwise

tracked, that assessment. As such, we agree with the district court that a second

relevant market is “the market for any derivative instrument that directly

incorporates Dated Brent as benchmark or pricing element.”



                                          5
      Plaintiffs do not suggest that they participated in the physical market for

Brent crude oil. Accordingly, the question before the Court is whether Plaintiffs

participated in the market for derivative instruments directly pegged to the Dated

Brent Assessment. See In re Aluminum Warehousing Antitrust 

.

Plaintiffs have not made this showing. As an initial matter, Plaintiffs acknowledge

that the operative pricing benchmark for Brent futures and derivative products is

the ICE Brent Index, not the Dated Brent Assessment. And Plaintiffs further

concede that the Dated Brent Assessment is not “express[ly] incorporat[ed]” into

the ICE Brent Index. Instead, Plaintiffs rest their theory of incorporation on the

fact that the Dated Brent Assessment “closely correlates” with the ICE Brent Index.

But Plaintiffs could not have suffered an antitrust injury if they dealt in products

that were not linked to the benchmark they complain of, for they would not be a

“participant in the very market that is directly restrained.” In re Aluminum

Warehousing Antitrust 

.      Their efforts to re‐write their

complaint – in order to show that the ICE Brent Index directly incorporates the

Dated Brent Assessment – does not save their claim. While Plaintiffs state in their

complaint, for example, that a “critical component of the Brent Index is the Platts

price,” J. App’x 1980, there is no allegation that the “Platts price” and “Dated Brent



                                          6
Assessment” are synonymous – indeed, Platts publishes price reports across a

variety of energy submarkets. As to the few products that Plaintiffs say directly

incorporate the Dated Brent Assessment, such as the NYMEX Brent CFD, Plaintiffs

make no specific allegations that they bought or sold these particular contracts.

And a pleading that offers only “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation

of the elements of a cause of action” does not suffice. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly,

, 555 (2007). Thus, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’

Sherman Act claims on the ground that they have not adequately pleaded an

antitrust injury in the markets that Defendants allegedly directly restrained.

                             II. STATOIL AND THE FSIA

      The district court concluded that it lacked subject‐matter jurisdiction over

Plaintiffs’ claims against Statoil – an oil and gas company primarily owned by the

Kingdom of Norway – because Plaintiffs failed to demonstrate that Statoil was

subject to the commercial‐activity exception under the FSIA. We review dismissal

for lack of subject‐matter jurisdiction under the FSIA de novo. See Robinson v.

Government of Malaysia, 

, 138 (2d Cir. 2001).

      “The FSIA provides the sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign

state in federal court,” Anglo‐Iberia Underwriting Mgmt. v. P.T. Jamsostek, 

171, 175 (2d Cir. 2010), and, as such, a “foreign state is immune from federal court

jurisdiction unless a specific exception to the FSIA applies,” 

commercial‐activity exception abrogates foreign sovereign immunity where:

      [T]he action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the
      United States by the foreign state; or upon an act performed in the
      United States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign
      state elsewhere; or upon an act outside the territory of the United
      States in connection with a commercial activity of the foreign state
      elsewhere and that act causes a direct effect in the United States.

28 U.S.C. § 1605. Because the Kingdom of Norway owns two‐thirds of Statoil,

Statoil is an “instrumentality of a foreign state” and thus subject to the FSIA. See

28 U.S.C. § 1603(b)(2). The district court determined that the relevant “commercial

activity” for purposes of evaluating this FSIA exception is the “allegedly

manipulative transactions and reporting that allegedly gave rise to manipulation

on NYMEX and ICE.”

      We agree with the district court that the manipulative trading and price

reporting that occurred overseas is the applicable “commercial activity” here,

because such activity is the “‘but for’ cause of the judgments that are the ground

of this suit.” 

. In other words, because the overseas

manipulation “serves as the basis for [P]laintiffs’ claims,” Garb v. Republic of Poland,




                                           8


, 586 (2d Cir. 2006), that manipulation serves as the commercial

activity under the FSIA.

      And we further agree with the district court that Statoil’s activities overseas

do not satisfy the FSIA’s commercial‐activity exception. To qualify as a “direct

effect in the United States,” the effect “[must] follow[] ‘as an immediate

consequence of the defendant’s activity.’” Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc.,

, 618 (1992) (internal alterations omitted).          We have described

“immediate” to mean that there was no “intervening element” between the

“foreign state’s commercial activity and the effect.” Guirlando v. T.C. Ziraat Bankasi

A.S., 

, 74 (2d Cir. 2010).

      There is plainly no “direct effect” here. The “ripple effects” that Plaintiffs

complain of occurred “at the end of a long chain of causation.” Virtual Countries,

Inc. v. Republic of S. Africa, 

, 237 (2d Cir. 2002). Statoil allegedly helped

to manipulate the price of Brent crude in Europe, which was then reported to

agencies such as Platts, whose price reports were then folded into the Dated Brent

Assessment, which assessment was then indirectly incorporated into a benchmark

index – the ICE Brent Index – which was then used to price derivative and futures

contract across the globe – contracts that Plaintiffs traded in. Even aside from the



                                           9
“long chain” of causal inferences, Statoil’s “commercial activity” in Europe’s

North Sea was “mediated by numerous actions by third parties.” Virtual Countries,

. Indeed, it was both an attenuated causal link, as well as the

presence of independent intervening actors, that doomed plaintiffs’ claims in

Virtual Countries, Inc., where the principal claim was that a press release issued by

the Republic of South Africa discouraged third‐parties from doing business in the

United States. And like Virtual Countries, there are several layers of actors that

“intervened between” Statoil’s foreign, commercial activity and any direct effects

in the United States. That is, there were other traders in the physical Brent crude

market; there was Platts, which created and then disseminated price reports; and

there were the exchanges themselves, which contained multitudes of other traders

and settled contracts differently. Accordingly, “[t]his tangled causal web does not

provide the requisite immediacy to establish jurisdiction,” 

and we affirm

the district court’s dismissal of Statoil for lack of subject‐matter jurisdiction.

                     III. PERSONAL JURISDICTION AND STASCO

      Finally, the district court dismissed Plaintiffs’ claims against STASCO

because it lacked personal jurisdiction over that entity. In order to establish

specific, personal jurisdiction, Plaintiffs must demonstrate that their claims against



                                           10
STASCO “arise out of or relate to [STASCO’s] contacts” with the United States. 1

Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 

, 923–24 (2011).

       STASCO is a limited company incorporated under the laws of England and

headquartered in London. Plaintiffs allegations against STASCO are limited to

their “manipulative physical trades in Brent crude oil” in Europe. Plaintiffs make

no allegations that STASCO manipulated markets in the United States or

conducted any physical Brent trades in the United States – indeed, “no part of

[STASCO’s] course of conduct” occurred in the United States. Walden v. Fiore, 

, 288 (2014). Plaintiffs suggest that STASCO “aimed” the effects of its

European trading activities at the United States. Calder v. Jones, 

, 789

(1984).    But Plaintiffs do not allege anything more than STASCO’s “mere

knowledge that United States citizens might be wronged,” which is plainly

insufficient to confer specific, personal jurisdiction. 

. And

the idea that STASCO sought benefits in the United States from their conduct

abroad does not permit specific, personal jurisdiction either, because it is the “suit‐




1  We assume without deciding that the “minimum contacts” inquiry here surveys STASCO’s
contacts with the United States as a whole, as opposed to contacts with a particular state. See
Waldman v. Palestine Liberation Org., 

, 329 (2d Cir. 2016). In any event, since Plaintiffs
fail to demonstrate a critical mass of minimal contacts between STASCO and the United States,
dismissal would be warranted even if we were to apply the narrower forum analysis.
                                                 11
related conduct” that is crucial – in other words, “the conduct that could have

subjected them to liability.” 

All of that conduct occurred abroad.

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of STASCO.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, and for the reasons stated in the Opinion, we

AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.



                                             FOR THE COURT:
                                             Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk




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