Filed: May 03, 2019
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: 18-1643-cv Holland Loader Company v. FLSmidth UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
Summary: 18-1643-cv Holland Loader Company v. FLSmidth UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT SUMMARY ORDER RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT'S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION "..
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18‐1643‐cv
Holland Loader Company v. FLSmidth
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY
ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE
OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A
SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE
FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A
PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED
BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in
the City of New York, on the 3rd day of May, two thousand nineteen.
PRESENT: BARRINGTON D. PARKER,
DENNY CHIN,
SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
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HOLLAND LOADER COMPANY LLC,
Plaintiff‐Appellant,
v. 18‐1643‐cv
FLSMIDTH A/S,
Defendant‐Appellee.
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FOR PLAINTIFF‐APPELLANT: MICHAEL V. RELLA (Daniel S. Alter,
Gaurav K. Talwar, on the brief), Murphy
& McGonigle, P.C., New York, New
York; David K. Isom, Isom Law Firm
PLLC, Salt Lake City, Utah.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE: STEPHEN M. HARNIK, Harnik Law
Firm, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Woods, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiff‐appellant Holland Loader Company LLC (ʺHollandʺ) appeals
from the district courtʹs May 3, 2018 judgment in favor of defendant‐appellee FLSmidth
A/S (ʺFLSʺ). After a four‐day bench trial, the district court issued findings of fact and
conclusions of law, holding that FLS breached its obligation to use commercially
reasonable efforts to promote the sale of Holland products pursuant to its intellectual
property purchase agreement (the ʺAgreementʺ) with Holland. See generally Holland
Loader Co. v. FLSmidth A/S, 313 F. Supp. 3d 447 (S.D.N.Y. 2018). The district court also
concluded, however, that Holland failed to prove that it suffered damages and,
accordingly, entered judgment in favor of FLS. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with
the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On May 25, 2012, FLS and Holland entered into the Agreement, under
which FLS purchased Hollandʹs intellectual property in return for an initial payment of
$350,000, an additional advanced earnout payment of $350,000 to occur on December
15, 2012, and a percentage of future profits from the sale of qualifying products over the
next five years, which would be credited against the December 15, 2012 advanced
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earnout payment. The Agreement capped earnout payments at $4 million. FLS made
the $350,000 initial payment as well as the $350,000 advanced earnout payment, but
thereafter made no further payments to Holland. Holland argued at trial, and argues
now on appeal, that FLSʹs breach of the Agreement caused it to sustain more than $3.65
million in damages ‐‐ the entire unpaid remainder of the cap of $4 million on earnout
payments ‐‐ and that therefore it is entitled to an award in that amount.
DISCUSSION
The sole issue on appeal is whether the district court erred in ruling that
Holland failed to prove the fact of damages. ʺOn appeal from a judgment after a bench
trial, we review the district courtʹs finding[s] of fact for clear error and its conclusions of
law de novo.ʺ Kreisler v. Second Ave. Diner Corp., 731 F.3d 184, 187 n.2 (2d Cir. 2013)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
The parties agree that the lost profits claimed by Holland are general,
rather than consequential, damages. See Tractebel Energy Mktg., Inc. v. AEP Power Mktg.,
Inc., 487 F.3d 89, 109 (2d Cir. 2007). To prove general damages under New York law,
the plaintiff must show (1) the fact or existence of damages to a ʺreasonable certaintyʺ
and, if the fact or existence of damages is proven, (2) ʺa ʹstable foundation for a
reasonable estimateʹ [of damages] incurred as a result of the breach.ʺ Id. at 110 (quoting
Contemporary Mission, Inc. v. Famous Music Corp., 557 F.2d 918, 926. (2d Cir. 1977)).1 The
1 The Agreement is governed by New York law.
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first prong concerns causation, while the second prong speaks to the amount of
damages. Id. at 110‐11. ʺReasonable certaintyʺ requires a showing of damages that is
ʺnot merely speculative, possible, and imaginary, but . . . such only as actually follow or
may follow from the breach of the contract.ʺ Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see
also Natʹl Mkt. Share, Inc. v. Sterling Natʹl Bank, 392 F.3d 520, 525 (2d Cir. 2004)
(ʺCausation is an essential element of damages in a breach of contract action; and, as in
tort, a plaintiff must prove that a defendantʹs breach directly and proximately caused his or
her damages.ʺ). A stable foundation for a reasonable estimation ʺnecessarily requires
some improvisation,ʺ and ʺ[t]he law will make the best appraisal that it can,
summoning to its service whatever aids it can command.ʺ Contemporary Mission, 557
F.2d at 926‐27 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The district court found that Holland failed to prove, by a preponderance
of the evidence, the existence of damage caused by the breach. First, the district court
concluded, based on its assessment of the trial testimony and other evidence, that the
revenue projections in the deal memorandum lacked any ʺestablishedʺ or ʺreliableʺ
indicators of accuracy and ʺcould not be substantiated or justified.ʺ Holland Loader, 313
F. Supp. 3d at 481‐82. Second, the district court held that evidence of the historical sale
by Holland of one refurbished loader for $500,000, two trailers, and spare parts to
construction customers over the ten‐year period before the May 2010 Agreement did
little to predict the sale of Holland products, after necessary design modifications, to the
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mining industry. Id. at 482. The district court found that the sale of one loader in a ten‐
year period failed to indicate with reasonable certainty that, but for FLSʹs breach, any
sales would have been made during the five‐year earnout period. Id.; see also Wakeman
v. Wheeler & Wilson Mfg. Co., 101 N.Y. 205, 212 (1886) (ʺProfits which would certainly
have been realized but for the defendantʹs default are recoverable.ʺ). Third, the district
court discredited Hollandʹs expert witnessʹs view that the missed sales opportunities
established the fact of damage because the ʺopinion was based on basic math and on
FLSʹs internal forecastʺ that was not ʺprepared as a sales projection.ʺ Holland Loader, 313
F. Supp. 3d at 481. Finally, the district court held that evidence of sales of similar
products did not permit a valid comparison because the testimony related to sales in the
North American market, not the international market. Id. at 482. These were factual
determinations, and the district courtʹs findings of fact were not clearly erroneous. See
Bessemer Tr. Co. v. Branin, 618 F.3d 76, 85 (2d Cir. 2010).
Holland argues that the district court improperly denied it recovery by
employing the higher standard for proving consequential, rather than general,
damages. But the proof required to show the existence of damages is the same for
general and consequential damages. The standards differ only with respect to the
calculation of the amount of damages. See Tractebel, 487 F.3d at 111 (comparing New
York law for general and consequential damages, and noting that while both standards
require the fact of damage to be ʺreasonably certain,ʺ proof of consequential damages
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involves ʺa higher burdenʺ because ʺ[w]hile certainty of amount is not an element of
general damages in New York, it is an element of consequential damages.ʺ). The
district court here, however, did not reach the question of the amount of damages. It
found that Holland ʺfailed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that it suffered
damages as a result of [FLS]ʹs breach.ʺ Holland Loader, 313 F. Supp. 3d at 480 (emphasis
added); see also id. at 481 (ʺPlaintiffʹs evidence of damages is nothing more than
speculative.ʺ). That FLS failed to use commercially reasonable efforts to market and sell
the products at issue does not necessarily mean the breach caused the absence or
diminution of earnout payments. The district court did not conflate the standard for
proving general and consequential damages.
Holland also argues that the district court erred in ignoring the long‐
standing New York rule that ʺ[a] person violating his contract should not be permitted
entirely to escape liability because the amount of the damage which he has caused is
uncertain.ʺ Tractebel, 487 F.3d at 110. But, again, this rule applies only after the
existence or fact ‐‐ as opposed to the amount ‐‐ of damages is determined to be
reasonably certain. Id. Because the district court held that Holland failed to prove the
fact of damage with reasonable certainty, it never reached the question of the amount of
damages. Thus, it did not err in not invoking the wrongdoer rule.
Finally, Holland argues that the district court improperly applied New
Yorkʹs new business rule in concluding that Hollandʹs evidence was insufficient to
6
establish the fact of damages. The new business rule provides that ʺevidence of lost
profits from a new business venture receives greater scrutiny because there is no track
record upon which to base an estimate.ʺ Schonfeld v. Hilliard, 218 F.3d 164, 172 (2d Cir.
2000). It ʺis not a per se rule forbidding the award of lost profits damages to new
businesses, but rather an evidentiary rule that creates a higher ʹlevel of proof needed to
achieve reasonable certainty as to the amount of damages.ʹʺ Intʹl Telepassport Corp. v.
USFI, Inc., 89 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 1996) (quoting Travellers Intʹl, A.G. v. Trans World
Airlines, 41 F.3d 1570, 1579 (2d Cir. 1994)). Holland notes that the new business rule
applies only to consequential lost profit damages and that, therefore, its use here was
error. FLS cites to Inficon, Inc. v. Verionix, Inc., for the proposition that the new business
rule applies equally to cases involving general lost profit damages. 182 F. Supp. 3d 32,
37 (S.D.N.Y. 2016).
We need not wade into this unsettled area of New York law. To the extent
the district relied on this rule, rather than merely citing to it generally, there is no error.
Regardless of the application of the new business rule, the district court was entitled to
make credibility determinations, and it was entitled to find that certain evidence was
less probative of the fact of lost profits because the evidence was speculative, unreliable,
or not factually comparable. The district court thoroughly analyzed the evidence of
damages and determined that much of Hollandʹs evidence of damage was unreliable
and speculative. ʺIf the district courtʹs account of the evidence is plausible in light of
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the record viewed in its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though
convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the
evidence differently. Where there are two permissible views of the evidence, the
factfinderʹs choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.ʺ Anderson v. City of
Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573‐74 (1985). As discussed above, the district courtʹs
findings were not clearly erroneous.
* * *
We have considered the partiesʹ remaining arguments and find them to be
without merit. For the reasons set forth above, we AFFIRM the district courtʹs
judgment.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine OʹHagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
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