Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


3-10-2005

USA v. Johnson
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 03-3375




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                                                                          NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                           No. 03-3375


                               UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                                v.

                                     KENNETH JOHNSON,

                                            Appellant



                        On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                    (D.C. No. 97-cr-00241-1)
                        District Judge: Honorable Clarence C. Newcomer



                                     Argued March 8, 2005

              Before: SCIRICA, ROTH, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

                                     (Filed March 10, 2005)
                                            ______

                                     OPINION OF THE COURT



       VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

       Kenneth Johnson challenges a July 31, 2003 order of the District Court denying a writ of

federal habeas corpus filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The District Court had subject matter

jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. This Court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291
and, pursuant to a certificate of appealability issued by this Court, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2253 and 2255. For

the reasons that follow, we will affirm.1

                                                   I.

       After this Court upheld Johnson’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal, 

(3d Cir. 1998), he filed a writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 alleging ineffective

assistance of counsel claims. Relevant here is his claim that his attorney failed to convey a plea offer

made by the government.

       The district court held an evidentiary hearing, found Johnson’s claims to be without merit,

and denied the writ. Because Johnson was not represented by counsel at that hearing, he sought, and

we granted, a certificate of appealability on the ground that the District Court erred by failing to

appoint counsel for that hearing. On remand, the District Court appointed counsel for Johnson and

conducted a new hearing on July 30, 2003. At that hearing, Johnson’s former attorney testified that

he could not recall any offers from the government; that he did not encourage his client to take a plea

offer because none existed; that he discussed the possibility of a plea in general with Johnson; but

that Johnson had not indicated a desire to cooperate. Nor, testified the attorney, had Johnson offered

information that could be used for cooperation. The attorney also testified that it was Johnson’s own

decision to go to trial. The District Court expressly found the attorney to be credible in his

testimony.

       Johnson, in turn, testified that his trial attorney had not conveyed any government offer and

that his attorney had provided no advice on how to obtain an offer. Johnson also testified that his


       1. Petitioner’s underlying conviction was for robbery and related weapons charges. This
Court has previously reviewed and affirmed that conviction. United States v. Johnson, 

(3d Cir. 1998).

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attorney had told him there was no benefit to pleading guilty versus going to trial and that his

attorney left him unaware of even the concept of cooperation in lieu of trial.

        On the question of whether the government had in fact made an offer that Johnson’s trial

attorney had a duty to convey, Johnson’s only evidence consisted of a statement made in open court

by the prosecutor at Johnson’s 1998 sentencing hearing. When asked by the sentencing court

whether Johnson had been given the opportunity to cooperate, the prosecutor had answered in the

affirmative, adding that “[i]t has been suggested to counsel that it would be in [Johnson’s] favor.”

Johnson contends this statement constitutes proof that the government made a plea offer to his trial

attorney. The record shows that there was no other evidence offered on this exchange. The

prosecutor who made the statement in 1998 was not called to testify at the 2003 hearing. Thus, on

the basis of this statement alone, Petitioner contends the District Court erred in finding that a plea

offer did not exist.

                                                   II.

        We review for clear error a district court’s factual findings following an evidentiary hearing

on a § 2255 motion. United States v. Costanzo, 

, 254 (3d Cir. 1984). At first blush,

the prosecutor’s words do suggest the government made some kind of offer. Ultimately, however,

the statement is insufficient to establish clear error, which exists “only if [a finding] is completely

devoid of credible evidentiary basis or bears no rational relationship to the supporting data.” Shire

U.S., Inc. v. Barr Labs., Inc., 

, 352 (3d Cir. 2003); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a) (stating

that “due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the

witnesses” where findings are drawn from live testimony).

        The District Court heard testimony from both Johnson and his former trial attorney. The


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District Court found that the attorney had been a participating member of CJA panels for some 15

years and that the attorney’s representation of Johnson in this case had been objectively reasonable.

The District Court also found, based on Johnson’s testimony, that Johnson had withheld from his

attorney the only potentially useful information he possessed for purposes of initiating plea

discussions with the government: the name of another individual who had committed a separate

robbery. After hearing the testimony from both Johnson and his former attorney, the District Court

found the attorney credible. The District Court also observed that, because Johnson did not call as

a witness the prosecutor who made the crucial 1988 sentencing statement, there was no evidence in

the record to explain that statement or connect it to an actual offer. Given the record evidence, the

District Court did not clearly err in finding that there was never an offer to convey. See Shire U.S.,

Inc., 329 F.3 at 352; Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a).

       As such, Johnson’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim, which must be evaluated under

the two-part test set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 

(1984), necessarily fails.

Relevant to Strickland, which applies not only to trials but also to pleas, see Hill v. Lockhart, 

(1985), the District Court determined that the performance of the attorney had met an

objectively reasonable standard and had not caused Johnson prejudice. For substantially the same

reasons set forth above, these findings were not clearly erroneous either.

                                                 III.

       We have considered the remaining arguments advanced by the parties and conclude that no

further discussion is necessary. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court will be affirmed.




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