Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


6-24-2008

DiCarlo v. St Mary Hosp
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Precedential

Docket No. 06-3579




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                                             PRECEDENTIAL

          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                    _____________

                         No. 06-3579
                        _____________

              JUSTIN DICARLO, On Behalf of
           Himself and All Others Similarly Situated,

                                        Appellant

                               v.

               ST. MARY HOSPITAL;
  BON SECOURS NEW JERSEY HEALTH SYSTEM, INC.;
        BON SECOURS HEALTH SYSTEM, INC.
                   _____________

       On Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the District of New Jersey
                  (D.C. Civil No. 05-cv-01665)
       District Judge: Honorable Dickinson R. Debevoise
                          ___________

         Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a),
                      March 11, 2008

             Before: FUENTES, CHAGARES, and
                 ALDISERT, Circuit Judges.

                 (Opinion Filed: June 24, 2008)

Ronald J. Aranoff
Brian S. Cohen
Bernstein, Liebhard & Lifshitz
10 East 40 th Street
22 nd Floor
New York, NY 10016
               Counsel for Appellant
Michael R. Griffinger
Gibbons
One Gateway Center
Newark, NJ 07102
            Counsel for Apellees

David S. Rosenbloom
McDermott, Will & Emery
227 West Monroe Street
Suite 5200
Chicago, IL 60606
             Counsel for Apellees


                   OPINION OF THE COURT


FUENTES, Circuit Judge

       Appellant Justin DiCarlo appeals the District Court’s
decision to grant appellees’ motion for judgment on the pleadings
pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(c). We will affirm
the District Court’s decision and adopt its well-reasoned opinion in
full.

                                 I.

       DiCarlo brought a class action lawsuit against St. Mary
Hospital (“St. Mary’s”), Bon Secours New Jersey Health System,
Inc. (“BSNJ”), and Bon Secours Health System, Inc. (“BSHSI”)
alleging breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and
fair dealing, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty, and
violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. See N.J. S TAT.
A NN. §§ 56:8-1 et seq. St. Mary’s is an acute care medical/surgical
hospital located in Hoboken, New Jersey, and operated by BSNJ.
BSHSI is a not-for-profit Catholic health care system comprised of
various facilities, including St. Mary’s. St. Mary’s accepts a
variety of discounted payments from various payers, including
Medicare, Medicaid, and insurance or managed care plans that

                                -2-
have negotiated discounts with the hospital. St. Mary’s also
provides free or discounted care to patients eligible for the New
Jersey Charity Care Program. See N.J. S TAT. A NN. §§ 26:2-H-
18.51 et seq.

        DiCarlo was admitted to St. Mary’s on August 13, 2004,
after experiencing an increased heart rate. At the time he was
admitted, DiCarlo was uninsured and did not qualify for Medicare,
Medicaid, or the New Jersey Charity Care Program. Upon his
arrival at the hospital, DiCarlo signed the following consent form:

       I hereby consent to the administration of such
       treatment, medication or anesthesia and the
       performance of such surgery as deemed necessary or
       advisable on myself or minor dependent. I also
       guarantee payment of all charges and collection
       costs for services rendered, and grant permission for
       release of information to my insurance company. I
       authorize payment directly to the hospital of the
       hospital benefits otherwise payable to me.

(App. 183 emphasis added.) A separate “Payment Agreement,”
which DiCarlo signed, further provided, “I understand that I am
responsible for the charges for the treatment I receive.” (App.
185.)

      Following his treatment and release, St. Mary’s charged
DiCarlo $3,483, excluding separately billed physicians’ fees. It is
undisputed that these charges are far greater than the hospital
would have been paid by privately insured patients, Medicare or
Medicaid patients, or patients eligible for the New Jersey Charity
Care Program.

                                II.

        In the District Court, DiCarlo’s primary argument was that
the practice of charging uninsured patients significantly higher
rates than insured patients and patients covered under Medicare,
Medicaid, or the New Jersey Charity Care Program, for the same
services and supplies, is wrongful and discriminatory. The District

                                -3-
Court granted the defendants’ motion for judgment on the
pleadings and dismissed DiCarlo’s complaint with prejudice. The
District Court discussed the policy concerns about the rising cost
of healthcare at length and found that the courts are ill-equipped to
determine what reasonable hospital costs are, or to make a policy
determination on behalf of the legislative branch. The District
Court also dismissed the breach of contract claim and the breach of
the duty of good faith and fair dealing claim because the consent
form contained a definite price term. In dismissing the New Jersey
Consumer Fraud Act claim, the District Court found that the
hospital’s billing practices were not covered by the Act. Finally,
the District Court found that it was unlikely that New Jersey courts
would expand St. Mary’s fiduciary duty to its billing practices,
analogizing it to the debtor-creditor relationship, and dismissed the
breach of fiduciary duty claim.

                                III.

       We have jurisdiction over DiCarlo’s appeal pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the District Court’s grant of a
motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Rule 12(c).
Oxford Assocs. v. Waste Sys. Auth., 

, 144-45 (3d Cir.
2001). Judgment will only be granted where the moving party
clearly establishes there are no material issues of fact, and that he
or she is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. 

appeal, DiCarlo asserts that the District Court erred in
dismissing his contract claim because his allegations were
sufficiently pled to survive defendants’ motion. He further argues
that the District Court erred in finding that the price term was
definite and dismissing the implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing claim. DiCarlo also claims that defendants’ practice of
price gouging uninsured patients and charging unfair and
unreasonable prices constitutes unconscionable commercial
conduct under the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act. Finally, he
asserts that the District Court’s refusal to extend St. Mary’s
fiduciary duties to its billing practices was error.



                                 -4-
        Defendants assert that state and federal courts have rejected
theories similar to DiCarlo’s and dismissal here is additionally
supported by the New Jersey legislative landscape, wherein the
New Jersey Charity Care Program expressly rejected the type of
rate-setting regime DiCarlo’s seeks to reimpose judicially by this
lawsuit. They also assert that his claims must fail on the merits for
various independent reasons including: 1) the consent form he
signed was unambiguous; 2) he failed to allege actual damages, an
essential element to his contract claim; 3) billing is within the
professional services exception to the New Jersey Consumer Fraud
Act and such practices were not unconscionable; and 4) New
Jersey law does not recognize a hospital-patient fiduciary duty, and
if such were recognized it was not breached by defendants.

       The District Court’s opinion was thorough and did an
excellent job of addressing DiCarlo’s claims. While we are
sympathetic to the burdens on uninsured patients who need medical
care and recognize the severe economic hardships that the lack of
insurance imposes on them, we find that the District Court’s
rigorous and persuasive analysis correctly states the law with
respect to DiCarlo’s claims. Accordingly, we attach a copy of the
District Court’s opinion, adopt that opinion as our own, and affirm
the District Court’s decision to grant defendants’ motion for
judgment on the pleadings.




                                 -5-
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA            Document 30     Filed 07/19/2006   Page 1 of 16



NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                             UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY



 Justin DiCarlo, on Behalf of Himself and All Others
 Similarly Situated,

               Plaintiff,                              CIVIL ACTION NO. 05-1665
                                                       (DRD-SDW)
        v.

 St. Mary’s Hospital, Bon Secours New Jersey Health             OPINION
 System, Inc., and Bon Secours Health System, Inc.,

               Defendants.


LAW OFFICES OF JAN MEYER
Jan Meyer, Esq.
1029 Teaneck Road
Teaneck, New Jersey 07666

BERNSTEIN LIEBHARDT & LIFSHITZ, LLP
Keith M. Fleischman, Esq.
Robert J. Berg, Esq.
Robert J. Aranoff, Esq.
Brian S. Cohen, Esq.
10 East 40th Street, 22nd Floor
New York, NY 10016
       Attorneys for Plaintiff and the Class

GIBBONS, DEL DEO, DOLAN, GRIFFINGER & VECCHIONE, P.C.
Michael R. Griffinger, Esq.
Anthony M. Gruppuso, Esq.
One Riverfront Plaza
Newark, New Jersey 07102

McDERMOTT WILL & EMERY, LLP
David S. Rosenbloom, Esq.
Rachel M. Trummel, Esq.
227 Monroe Street
Chicago, IL 60606-5096
                                               1
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA                Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006        Page 2 of 16



        Attorneys for Defendants



DEBEVOISE, Senior District Judge

                                  I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        Plaintiff, Justin DiCarlo, brought this class action against Defendants, St. Mary’s Hospital

(“St. Mary’s), Bon Secours New Jersey Health System, Inc. (“BSNJ”), and Bon Secours Health

System, Inc. (“BSHSI”). Plaintiff alleges that on August 13, 2004, suffering from an increased

heart rate, he received an EKG and underwent blood tests at St. Mary’s. He had no health

insurance and did not qualify for Medicare or Medicaid. At the time of admission he agreed to

pay “all charges” associated with the care St. Mary’s provided to him. St. Mary’s charged him

$3,483.04 in accordance with its uniform Charge Master charges. These charges were far greater

than those that would have been paid by a privately insured patient, or one covered by Medicare

or Medicaid, and, according to Plaintiff, were unreasonable.

        Plaintiff’s complaint alleges breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair

dealing, violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act (“NJCFA”), unjust enrichment, and

breach of fiduciary duty on the part of Defendants. Because Plaintiff seeks to prosecute this

claim as a class action, and because the proposed class would include residents of multiple states,

this Court has jurisdiction over these state law claims by the terms of the Class Action Fairness

Act of 2005, which grants district courts original jurisdiction over “any civil action in which the

matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $5,000,000, exclusive of interests and costs,

and is a class action in which . . . any member of a class of plaintiffs is a citizen of a State

different from any defendant.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2). Defendants answered and moved for


                                                   2
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA              Document 30        Filed 07/19/2006       Page 3 of 16



judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c).

                      II. FACTS AS ALLEGED IN THE COMPLAINT

       Plaintiff, Justin DiCarlo, is a resident of Huntington Station, New York. (Compl. ¶ 15.)

Defendant St. Mary’s Hospital (“St. Mary’s”) is an acute care medical/surgical hospital located in

Hoboken, New Jersey. (Compl. ¶ 18.) Defendant Bon Secours Health System, Inc. (“BSHSI”) is

a not-for-profit Catholic health system consisting of numerous facilities in nine states, including

St. Mary’s Hospital. (Compl. ¶¶ 2, 19, Answer ¶¶ 1, 2.) Defendant Bon Secours New Jersey

Health System, Inc. (“BSNJ”) operates St. Mary’s Hospital, and has as its sole corporate member

BSHSI. (Compl. ¶ 17, Answer ¶ 1.)

       Plaintiff went to St. Mary’s Hospital on August 13, 2004, suffering from an increased

heart rate. (Compl. ¶ 26.) He did not have health insurance, and did not qualify for Medicare or

Medicaid (Compl. ¶ 27). As a condition of treatment, Plaintiff was required to sign a form

document which guaranteed payment of unspecified charges. (Compl. ¶ 28.) The document read

as follows:

       I hereby consent to the administration of such treatment, medication, or anesthesia
       and the performance of such surgery as deemed necessary or advisable on myself
       or my minor dependent. I also guarantee payment of all charges and collection
       expenses for services rendered, and grant permission for release of information to
       my insurance company. I authorize payment directly to the hospital of the
       hospital benefits otherwise payable to me. (Dfts’ Ex. C (1).)


St. Mary’s charged Plaintiff $3, 483.04 for the services provided, excluding separately billed

physician’s fees. (Compl. ¶ 26.) These are so-called “Charge Master” prices, charged in

accordance with a hospital index of prices for services, supplies, and medications provided by St.

Mary’s. (Compl. ¶ 3, Answer ¶ 3.) This is a greater amount than the hospital would receive


                                                 3
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30          Filed 07/19/2006       Page 4 of 16



from Medicare, Medicaid, or certain private insurance. (Compl. ¶ 3, Answer ¶ 3.) Plaintiff was

unaware of this difference in pricing at the time of his treatment. (Compl. ¶ 30.) Plaintiff

further alleges that these charges “far exceed actual costs,” and that the charges were “unfair,

unreasonable, discriminatory and highly inflated . . . .” (Compl. ¶¶ 31, 68).

       In addition to accepting discounted payments from government programs and private

insurers, St. Mary’s provides free or discounted care to patients eligible for the New Jersey

Charity Care Program, N.J.S.A. § 26:2-H-18.51 et seq. and implementing regulations, N.J.A.C. §

10:52-11.1 et seq., which employs a sliding scale based on the Federal Poverty Guidelines

promulgated by the United States Department of Health and Human Services to determine who

qualifies for charity care. (Answer ¶ 3.) Uninsured patients not qualifying for charity care, or

patients whose insurers did not have a contractual agreement with St. Mary’s for discounted

payments, are billed the full Charge Master rates. (Answer ¶ 3.)

       Numerous governmental bodies and agencies have looked into, and expressed concern

about, the problem of disparate pricing of health care for uninsured patients. The Oversight and

Investigations Subcommittee of the United States House of Representatives Energy and

Commerce Committee held hearings on the subject, in June of 2004, at which executives from

major health insurers criticized the practice, and two large hospital companies have chosen to

discontinue it. (Compl. ¶¶ 34, 36.) The Attorneys General of Florida and Minnesota have also

criticized the practice, the latter having issued a lengthy report on the issue in January of 2005.

(Compl. ¶¶ 48, 49, 50.) The lack of health insurance is a national problem affecting vast

numbers of people, and it often imposes severe economic hardship. (Compl. ¶¶ 37, 38, 41, 42,

43, 44, 45, 46, 47.)

       Plaintiff seeks to prosecute this suit as a class action, the class consisting of:
                                                   4
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006       Page 5 of 16



       All persons who received any form of healthcare treatment from Bon Secours,
       including all member hospitals of Bon Secours Health System, Inc., who were
       uninsured at the time of treatment, and who were charged, billed, and not given an
       adjustment in their bill such that a greater amount than the Medicare
       reimbursement rate for the same service was billed or collected by Bon Secours.
       (Compl. ¶ 51.)

Plaintiff asks to be permitted to explore the reasonableness of the hospital’s charges during

discovery, and intends to use as measures of reasonableness “the hospital’s costs, functions, and

services, what the services are ordinarily worth in the community – i.e., what people ordinarily

pay for the services, the hospital’s internal factors and similar charges of other hospitals in the

community, as well as the hospital’s budgetary needs.” (Pl.’s Sur-Reply Br. at 3.)


                                         III. DISCUSSION

                 Standard of Review for Dismissal under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c)

       A motion for judgment on the pleadings will be granted, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(c),

if, on the basis of the pleadings, the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Allah v.

Brown, 

, 280 (D.N.J. 2004). The court will accept the complaint’s well-

pleaded allegations as true, and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the non-

moving party, but will not accept unsupported conclusory statements. 

Breach of Contract

       At the outset the Court must reject Defendants’ argument that Plaintiff’s breach of

contract claim fails because, not having paid the hospital charges, Plaintiff has suffered no

damages. To have standing to assert a breach of contract claim, plaintiffs need not “wait until

lawsuits against them were filed or collection agents began harassing them or their credit files

were red-flagged.” Pruitt v. Allstate Ins. Co., 

, 356 (Ill. App. Ct. 1996). The

expense is incurred, whether paid or not, at the time the patient enters a hospital with the
                                                  5
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006        Page 6 of 16



understanding that he or she is liable for all or part of the charges for the services to be rendered.

Dillione v. Deborah Hosp., 

, 555-56 (App. Div. 1971).

       It is Plaintiff’s contention with respect to the contract claim that the contract between

himself and St. Mary’s contained an open price term and that, therefore, the law implies an

agreement to pay only a reasonable price. In light of prices that uninsured patients and medicare,

medicaid, and charity patients pay, Plaintiff argues that the charges he was required to pay were

unreasonable on their face and an inquiry into the extent of their unreasonableness is required.

       Plaintiff cites Restatement (Second) of Contracts, § 204, which provides that “[w]hen the

parties to a bargain sufficiently defined to be a contract have not agreed with respect to a term

which is essential to a determination of their rights and duties, a term which is reasonable in the

circumstances is supplied by the courts.” See also NBCP Urban Renewal P’ship v. City of

Newark, 

, 73 (Tax 1997), aff’d, 

(App. Div. 1998) (citing Tessmar

v. Grosner, 

, 201 (1957)). Plaintiff cited out-of-state cases in which the courts held

that an agreement that a hospital patient signed that obligated the patient to pay the hospital’s

“charges” or “regular charges” failed to fix a price and a reasonable price would be implied, e.g.,

Doe v. HCA Health Servs. of Tenn., 

(Tenn. 2001); Payne v. Humana Hosp.

Orange Park, 

(Fla. 1995).

       While Plaintiff’s contentions have facial persuasiveness, they fail to take into account the

peculiar circumstances of hospitals, such as St. Mary’s, and the bearing these circumstances have

upon the interpretation of contracts between a patient and the hospital. St. Mary’s has a uniform

set of charges (casually known as the “Chargemaster”) that it applies to all patients, without

regard to whether the patient is insured, uninsured, or a government program beneficiary. As

Plaintiff in his complaint and in his briefs recites, St. Mary’s accepts a variety of discounted
                                                   6
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006       Page 7 of 16



payments in different situations. It negotiates differing discounts with some managed care payors

and insurance companies. It accepts discounted payments if the patient is covered by a

government program that legislatively imposes discounts. It has provided discounts to uninsured

patients based on demonstrated financial need pursuant to its Charity Care policy and the

requirements of the New Jersey Charity Care Program, N.J.A.C. § 10.52-11.8, providing free

care to those demonstrating income up to 200% of the Federal Poverty Level and providing

services at a reduced rate for patients with incomes greater than 200% but not less than 300% of

the Federal Poverty Level. All of these charges and computations were based on St. Mary’s

uniform set of charges.

       The form signed by Plaintiff read, in relevant part, “I also guarantee payment of all

charges and collection costs for services rendered . . . .” (Answer ¶ 68, Ex. C(1)). The Court

finds that in the context of this case, the price term was not in fact open, and that “all charges”

unambiguously can only refer to St. Mary’s uniform charges set forth in its Chargemaster. If the

price term is deemed unambiguous, a court may not use extrinsic evidence to determine the

parties’ intent or make a different contract for the parties than the one already made. Schor v.

FMS Fin. Corp., 

, 191-92 (App. Div. 2002). A party cannot introduce

extrinsic evidence “for the purpose of modifying or enlarging or curtailing its terms,” and may

only employ such evidence “to aid in determining the meaning of what has been said.” Driscoll

Constr. Co. v. State Dep’t. of Transportation, 

(App. Div. 2004) (quoting

Casriel v. King, 

, 51 (1949)).

       The price term “all charges” is certainly less precise than price term of the ordinary

contract for goods or services in that it does not specify an exact amount to be paid. It is,

however, the only practical way in which the obligations of the patient to pay can be set forth,
                                               7
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA                Document 30          Filed 07/19/2006        Page 8 of 16



given the fact that nobody yet knows just what condition the patient has, and what treatments will

be necessary to remedy what ails him or her.1 Besides handing the patient an inches-high stack

of papers detailing the hospital’s charges for each and every conceivable service, which he or she

could not possibly read and understand before agreeing to treatment, the form contract employed

by St. Mary’s is the only way to communicate to a patient the nature of his or her financial

obligations to the hospital. Furthermore, “it is incongruous to assert that [a hospital] breached

the contract by fully performing its obligation to provide medical treatment to the plaintiff[] and

then sending [him] [an] invoice[] for charges not covered by insurance.” Burton v. Beaumont

Hosp., 

, 719 (E.D. Mich. 2005).

        This case, and other similar cases being brought throughout the country, arise out of the

anomalies which exist in the American system of providing health care. A court could not

possibly determine what a “reasonable charge” for hospital services would be without wading

into the entire structure of providing hospital care and the means of dealing with hospital

solvency. These are subjects with which state and federal executives, legislatures, and regulatory

agencies are wrestling and which are governed by numerous legislative acts and regulatory

bodies. For a court to presume to address these problems would be rushing in where angels fear

to tread. What Plaintiff is asking the Court to do here is, put simply, to solve the problems of the

American health care system, problems that the political branches of both the federal and state

governments and the efforts of the private sector have, thus far, been unable to resolve. Like

other similar suits filed in other federal courts, this action seeks judicial intervention in a political



        1
        This variation among hospital patients raises the question whether class action status
would be appropriate for this case. Each member of the class would have had a different
condition, requiring different remedies, and a different calculation of a “reasonable” fee.
                                                 8
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006       Page 9 of 16



morass.2

       Hospitals in New Jersey are already highly regulated entities. New Jersey’s Charity Care

Program offers free or discounted care to patients with demonstrated financial need. N.J.S.A.

26:2-H-18.51 et seq. and implementing regulations, N.J.A.C. 10:52-11.1 et seq. Hospitals also

require the permission of the state government, subject to certain exceptions, to expand or offer

new services. N.J.S.A. 26:2H-7. The entirety of N.J.S.A. 26:2H, in fact, relates to the regulation

of health care facilities, and N.J.S.A. 26:2J regulates health insurance in the state. Additionally,

the federal government regulates the operation of hospitals in a number of respects. See, e.g., 42

U.S.C. § 1395dd (requiring that hospitals participating in Medicare provide screening and

emergency treatment to anyone, whether a Medicare beneficiary or not).

       The Court is ill-equipped to examine “the hospital’s costs, functions, and services, what

the services are ordinarily worth in the community – i.e., what people ordinarily pay for the

services, the hospital’s internal factors and similar charges of other hospitals in the community,

as well as the hospital’s budgetary needs,” (Pl.’s Sur-Reply Br. at 3), in order to make a policy

determination that the political branches have been unwilling or unable to make themselves.

       Even though it has been reversed in pertinent part, the district court opinion in Kolari v.

New York-Presbyterian Hosp., 

(S.D.N.Y. 2005), rev’d in part, ___ F.3d ___

(2nd Cir. 2006) is instructive. In the lead complaint in that action, plaintiff Kolari sued, among

others, New York-Presbyterian Hospital (“the Hospital”). Kolari, an uninsured person, was

admitted to the Hospital and treated for eleven nights for burns. He received a bill for


       2
        For a list of other claims dismissed by federal courts around the country, see Kolari v.
New York–Presbyterian Hosp., 

, 567 n.2 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), rev’d in part,
Kolari v. New York-Presbyterian Hosp., ___ F.3d ___, 

(2nd Cir. July 11,
2006).
                                                 9
 Case 2:05-cv-01665-DRD-MCA               Document 30         Filed 07/19/2006     Page 10 of 16



approximately $58,000, for which he subsequently received telephone calls and letters

demanding payment and threatening litigation.

       Kolari asserted a number of federal law claims. He sought relief under 26 U.S.C. §

501(c)(3), asserting third party beneficiary status under the express or implied contract between

the Hospital, as a charitable entity, and the United States. Independent of his third-party

beneficiary status, Kolari sought direct relief under § 501(c)(3), which provides that

organizations founded and operated exclusively for charitable purposes shall be exempt from

taxation. Further, Kolari asserted a claim under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15

U.S.C. § 1692, charging that the hospital engaged in “aggressive, abusive, and humiliating

collection practices.” Kolari charged that the Hospital violated the Emergency Medical

Treatment and Active Labor Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1395(dd), et seq., and that it violated his rights

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States

Constitution. Kolari’s final federal claim was that the Hospital, by accepting federal tax

exemptions and charging as it did, breached a charitable trust to provide mutually affordable

medical care to its uninsured patients.

       In addition to his federal claims, Kolari asserted state law claims that parallel the claims

asserted in the instant case. The court decided those claims, exercising supplemental jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1367 (a). The first of the state law claims was a contract claim in which Kolari

alleged that the Hospital breached the contract he was required to sign prior to his hospital

admission in which the Hospital promised to charge him a fair and reasonable fee for the services

provided.3 Rejecting this claim, the district court stated:


       3
         The Amended Complaint alleged that prior to a patient’s admission into a defendant
hospital the hospital required the patient to sign a form contract promising to pay, in full,
                                                  10
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       When asked at oral argument for an example of a rate charged to Plaintiffs by the
       NYP Defendants that is objectively inflated, Plaintiffs’ counsel suggested that the
       NYP Defendants would be charging an objectively inflated rate were they to
       charge $1 million for a single aspirin. Counsel’s ability to conceive of an
       objectively inflated rate does not amount to an allegation of such a rate in this
       case. In fact, counsel never argued that the rates charged to the named plaintiffs
       were objectively unreasonable, much less alleged it. Instead, and despite my
       many attempts to extract a single, independent basis for this claim, Plaintiffs’
       counsel repeatedly insisted that a comparison of the rates charged to Plaintiffs
       with the rates charged to insured and Medicare- or Medicaid-eligible patients
       demonstrated the price inflation. Relying on such a comparison, however, would
       directly contravene established New York law. Because the Amended Complaint
       alleges no other facts which, if proven, would render the Hospital’s charges
       unreasonable and because it was apparent at oral argument that counsel is unable
       to plead any additional facts, Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim is dismissed.

(citations to record omitted).

       Kolari also asserted a breach of good faith and fair dealing claim, stemming from alleged

contracts between the hospital defendants and the State and City of New York by virtue of the

hospital defendants’ exemptions as charitable organizations. The court dismissed that claim

because of the plaintiffs’ inability to demonstrate the existence of a contract between the

hospitals and the government entities. Similarly, the court dismissed Kolari’s (and the other

plaintiffs’) claims against the hospitals asserting i) violation of the New York General Business

Law § 349, ii) unjust enrichment, and iii) constructive fraud. The court dismissed all of Kolari’s

federal and state-law claims with prejudice. The entire opinion reflected the court’s opening

observation:

       “Plaintiffs have come to the judicial branch for relief that may only be granted by
       the legislative branch. This action is one of dozens of similar bootless actions


unspecified and undocumented charges for medical care that are pre-set by the hospital in its sole
discretion. Apparently, Kolari was not required to sign such a form until his follow-up visits to
the Hospital, and other plaintiffs were not required to sign such forms at any time. The district
court, in the portion of its opinion dealing with the contract claim, appeared to act on the
assumption that Kolari and the other plaintiffs had been required to sign such forms.
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       filed in twenty-three district courts across the United States on behalf of uninsured
       and indigent patients, wherein Plaintiffs argue, without basis in law, that private
       non-profit hospitals are required to provide free or reduced-rate services to
       uninsured persons. More specifically, Plaintiffs claim that the rates charged by
       the defendant hospital to uninsured patients are unreasonable merely because
       various insurers have negotiated with the hospital to pay lower rates – an
       economically efficient outcome for both sides that is fully sanctioned by New
       York law.”

.

       The plaintiffs in Kolari appealed that portion of the district court’s order that dismissed

with prejudice three of plaintiffs’ state-law claims, namely, the claims asserting breach of

contract, breach of duty of good faith and fair dealing, and violation of the New York General

Business Law § 349. Plaintiffs did not appeal the dismissal of their federal law claims or any

other state-law claims. The Court of Appeals did not reach the merits of the three state-law

claims that were the subject of the appeal, holding that the district court, having dismissed the

federal claims that provided its jurisdiction, should not have exercised jurisdiction over the state

claims and should have dismissed them without prejudice so that they could be asserted in state

court. On remand, the district court was to “disturb its order [of dismissal] only with respect to

the three appealed claims.” Kolari v. New York-Presbyterian Hosp., ___ F.3d ___, 

at *5 (2nd Cir. July 11, 2006). The district court’s opinion, insofar as it relates to the

merits of the three state-law claims, was not addressed by the Court of Appeals. It thus remains

instructive with respect to the contract claim in the instant case, and supports this court’s

conclusion that the contract claim should be dismissed.

                   Count 2: Breach of Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

       “A plaintiff may be entitled to relief under the covenant [of good faith and fair dealing] if

its reasonable expectations are destroyed when a defendant acts with ill motives and without any

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legitimate purpose.” Brunswick Hills Racquet Club, Inc. v. Route 18 Shopping Ctr. Assocs., 

, 226 (2005) (citation omitted). Furthermore, “[a] defendant may be liable for a breach

of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing even if it does not violat[e] an express term of a

contract.” 

original, internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendants

seek to dismiss Count 2 on the grounds that the duty of good faith and fair dealing cannot “alter

the clear terms of an agreement and may not be invoked to preclude a party from exercising its

express rights under such an agreement.” Fleming Co., Inc. v. Thriftway Medford Lakes, Inc.,

, 846 (D.N.J. 1995). Because the contract, as discussed above, did contain a

definite price term, Count 2 will be dismissed.

                   Count 3: Violation of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act

       The New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act, N.J.S.A. 56:8-1 et seq., prohibits:

       [t]he act, use, or employment by any person of any unconscionable commercial
       practice, deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation, or the
       knowing concealment, suppression, or omission of any material fact with intent
       that others rely upon such concealment, suppression or omission, in connection
       with the sale or advertisement of any merchandise or real estate, or with the
       subsequent performance of such person as aforesaid, whether or not any person
       has in fact been misled, deceived, or damaged thereby . . . .

N.J.S.A. 56:8-2.

       The term “merchandise” generally includes services. N.J.S.A. 56-8-1(c). However, the

New Jersey courts have consistently held that professionals are not covered by the Consumer

Fraud Act. “[A]lthough the literal language may be construed to include professional services, it

would be ludicrous to construe the legislation with that broad a sweep in view of the fact that the

nature of the services does not fall into the category of consumerism.” Neveroski v. Blair, 

, 379 (App. Div. 1976). While the holding of Neveroski, that real estate brokers

are not covered by the Consumer Fraud Act, is no longer good law due to the subsequent
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amendment of the Act to include sales of real estate, the New Jersey Supreme Court recently

cited this dictum approvingly. Macedo v. Dello Russo, 

, 344 (2004). The court in

Macedo went on to say, “Thus, forty years after the [Consumer Fraud Act] was enacted, our

jurisprudence continues to identify learned professionals as beyond the reach of the Act so long

as they are operating in their professional capacities.” 

       Plaintiff attempts to distinguish Defendants’ activities as not related to the provision of

treatment, and thus not in any professional capacity, on the basis of Blatterfein v. Larken

Associates, 

(App. Div. 1999), which held that an architect who

misrepresented building materials to a house purchaser was acting as a sales agent rather than as

a professional architect, and could therefore be liable under the Consumer Fraud Act. 

Macedo, however, held that a doctor’s advertising was “in his professional capacity,” 

, and overcharging for professional services has been held to be outside the scope

of the Consumer Fraud Act in the attorney context. Vort v. Hollander, 

, 62

(App. Div. 1992). Plaintiff’s citations to Lemelledo v. Beneficial Management Corp. of

America, 

(App. Div. 1996), aff’d, 

(1997), do not relate to this

case, since the question in Lemelledo was whether application of the Consumer Fraud Act was

pre-empted by regulations of the Department of Banking and Insurance, not whether the Act

applied to professionals. See 

. In light of these cases, the contention that

Defendants’ billing practices are covered by the Consumer Fraud Act is unsupportable, and this

Count will be dismissed.

                                   Count 4: Unjust Enrichment

       In order to state a claim for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must allege “both that defendant

received a benefit and that retention of that benefit . . . would be unjust.” Cameco, Inc. v.
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Gedicke, 

, 218 (App. Div. 1997). While Plaintiff correctly observes that “a

benefit conferred need not mirror the actual loss of the plaintiff,” In re K-Dur Antitrust Litig.,

, 544 (D.N.J. 2004) (citation omitted), in this case Plaintiff does not purport

to have given anything at all to Defendants. In the absence of a benefit conferred, there can be no

claim for unjust enrichment, and Count 4 will be dismissed.

                                Count 6: Breach of Fiduciary Duty

        New Jersey has recognized that doctors owe a fiduciary duty to patients in making

medical decisons, Perna v. Pirozzi, 92 N.J. 444,464 (1983), and that nonprofit hospitals owe a

fiduciary duty to the public with regard to staffing decisions. See, e.g. Greisman v. Newcomb

Hosp., 

, 402. Doe v. Bridgeton Hosp., 

(1976), also recognized that

hospitals have to make their facilities available for abortions. 

Both of these holdings

are concerned with the capacity of hospitals to provide medical services. See also Grodjesk v.

Jersey City Med. Ctr., 

, 414 (speaking of a hospital’s “duty to provide proper

and adequate facilities for patient care.”). No case cited by either party has ever extended a

hospital’s fiduciary duty to its billing practices. Plaintiffs concede that the issue is “a case of first

impression in New Jersey,” Pl.’s Sur-Reply Br. at 15, but argue that the “policy that may be

distilled” from the cited cases ought to impose a fiduciary duty here. Pl.’s Opp. Br. at 28.

Defendants’ reference to New Jersey Economic Development Authority v. Pavonia Restaurant,

, (App. Div. 1998), for the proposition that debtors and creditors do not exist

in a fiduciary relationship, is not squarely on point, given that there was no adversarial bargaining

or equal availability of information in this case. Compare 

It is clear however, that in

general New Jersey does not find fiduciary duty in the debtor-creditor context, and, given that the

cases cited by both sides relate only to the provision of care and not the payment therefor, it is
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unlikely that the New Jersey courts would expand a hospital’s fiduciary duty to its billing

practices. In the absence of a fiduciary duty, no cause of action exists for its alleged breach, and

Count 6 will therefore be dismissed.

                           Count 5: Declaratory and Injunctive Relief

         Because Plaintiff has failed to make any claims that would entitle him to relief, the

requests for declaratory and injunctive relief will be denied.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

         For the reasons discussed above, Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings will

be granted. The court will enter an order implementing this opinion.

                                                              /s/ Dickinson R. Debevoise
                                                         DICKINSON R. DEBEVOISE, U.S.S.D.J.
Dated:          July 19, 2006




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