Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


5-19-2008

Anton v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-2074




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                                                             NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                ___________

                                     No. 07-2074
                                     ___________

                                  JHONNY ANTON,
                                                          Petitioner

                                           v.

                 ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

                      ____________________________________

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A96-203-840)
                  Immigration Judge: Honorable Rosalind K. Malloy
                    ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                     May 1, 2008

   Before:    SCIRICA, Chief Circuit Judge, FUENTES and GARTH, Circuit Judges.

                             (Opinion filed: May 19, 2008)
                                     ___________

                                      OPINION
                                     ___________

PER CURIAM

      Jhonny Anton petitions for review of a final order of removal issued by the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). We deny his petition for the reasons that follow.
                                             I.

       Anton, a native and citizen of Indonesia, entered the United States in April 2001,

and failed to depart the country when his visa expired in October 2001. He was then

served with a notice to appear in May 2003. In September 2003, Anton admitted

removability and filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection

under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). He claimed that he was subject to past

persecution, and feared future persecution, because he is an ethnic Chinese Christian.

       In proceedings before the Immigration Judge (“IJ”), Anton alleged prior acts of

persecution on account of his ethnicity and Catholicism.1 He also submitted documentary

evidence detailing country conditions in Indonesia, including State Department country

and religious freedom reports. In an oral decision, the IJ determined that Anton was

ineligible for asylum because his request was untimely and he failed to establish the

extraordinary or changed circumstances necessary to excuse his delay. The IJ also denied

Anton’s further requests for withholding of removal and CAT relief.

       The BIA dismissed Anton’s appeal, finding “no reversible error in the [IJ’s]




   1
      These incidents include: (1) assaults and robberies on his way to and from school;
(2) an attack by a mob of native Indonesians at a shopping mall when he was in junior
high school; (2) extortion in connection with obtaining a government ID card and keeping
his father’s grave from being vandalized; (3) “being trapped in his store during the 1998
race riots for three days while native Indonesians rampaged against ethnic Chinese
businesses, homes, and cars;” (4) the looting of his cousin’s house during the 1998 riots;
and (5) the terrorist bombing of a church while he was attending Christmas Eve Mass at a
nearby house of worship. (Petitioner’s Br. at 18.)

                                             2
conclusion that [Anton] failed to show that his life or freedom would more likely than not

be threatened on account of a protected ground if he were removed to his native country.”

(AR000002 (citations omitted).) The BIA further concluded that the various acts of

mistreatment described by Anton are not sufficiently severe to constitute persecution, or

to establish a “pattern or practice” of persecution against Chinese Christians in Indonesia.

Finally, the BIA determined that Anton “has not shown that the [IJ] erred in concluding

that he failed to prove that he more likely than not faces ‘torture’” for purposes of CAT

relief. (Id.)

       Anton filed a timely petition for review.

                                              II.

       We have jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252. Because the

BIA concurred with the findings made by the IJ and then added its own supplemental

reasoning, we review both the BIA’s order and the IJ’s decision. See Jarbough v.

Attorney General, 

, 191 (3d Cir. 2007).

                                             III.

       Anton challenges the denial of his requests for withholding of removal and CAT

relief on the grounds that: (1) the past incidents of mistreatment he suffered are

sufficiently severe to constitute persecution; (2) the State Department religious freedom

reports demonstrate a “pattern or practice” of persecution against ethnic Chinese

Christians in Indonesia; (3) the IJ violated his procedural due process rights by failing to



                                              3
review the documentary evidence in the record, especially the State Department’s reports

regarding Indonesia; and (4) the reports likewise establish a clear probability that he

would be subject to conduct amounting to torture if returned to Indonesia. His various

contentions, however, must be rejected.2

                                             1.

       We consider first whether substantial evidence supports the IJ’s finding that Anton

did not suffer past persecution. See 

. There is adequate

evidentiary support to find that the unfortunate acts described by Anton are insufficiently

severe to constitute past persecution. As the BIA expressly recognized, “the concept of

persecution does not encompass all treatment that our society regards as unfair, unjust, or

even unlawful or unconstitutional.” Fatin v. INS, 

, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993).

Accordingly, mere criminal conduct, such as simple robbery, does not ordinarily

constitute persecution. See Lie v. Ashcroft, 

, 536 (3d Cir. 2005).

                                             2.

       Anton also contends that he was entitled to withholding of removal because there

exists a “pattern or practice” of persecution against ethnic Chinese Christians. See 8




   2
      The IJ denied Anton’s request for asylum as untimely, concluding that he failed to
satisfy the changed or extraordinary circumstances standard for a late application. 8
U.S.C. §§ 1158(a)(2)(B), (D). An administrative determination that an asylum
application was untimely is generally unreviewable by this Court. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3).
In any case, Anton did not challenge the timeliness determination in either his appeal to
the BIA or to this Court.

                                              4
C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(2). While it is true that 2005 State Department religious freedom

report for Indonesia (the most recent such report in the record) refers to continuing acts of

violence against Christians by various private actors, and notes that the government

occasionally tolerates such conduct, it is clear that the record contains substantial

evidence to support the IJ and BIA’s conclusions that such acts do not rise to the level of

a “pattern or practice” of persecution. The 2005 religious freedom report found that the

Indonesian government generally respected freedom of religion; Catholicism was an

officially recognized faith; most of the population continued to enjoy a high degree of

religious freedom; and notable advances in religious tolerance and cooperation occurred

over the reporting period. The 2005 State Department country report similarly states that

instances of anti-Chinese discrimination declined during the reporting period and that

recent reforms increased religious and cultural freedoms for Indonesians who are Chinese

Christians. Consequently, it is clear that the denial of Anton’s withholding of removal

“practice or pattern” claim was supported by substantial evidence.

                                              3.

       Anton further asserts that the IJ and BIA violated his right to procedural due

process. He contends that the IJ and BIA failed to review the documentary evidence in

the record (in particular, the State Department reports) and did not properly consider his

“pattern or practice” claim, and as such did not provide him with the “individualized

determination of his interests” that due process requires. Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 

542, 549 (3d Cir. 2001). To prevail on such a claim, Anton must demonstrate “substantial

prejudice.” Singh v. Gonzales, 

, 541 (3d Cir. 2006).

        A review of the record reveals that both the BIA and the IJ appropriately took into

account Anton’s documentary evidence. The IJ, in addition to noting the various State

Department reports submitted by Anton as exhibits, emphasized that “the Department of

State report reflects that, while there were many laws discriminating against Chinese in

the past, many of these discriminatory laws have been abolished” and that “conditions for

ethnic Chinese, while not perfect, certainly have improved.” (AR000108.) The BIA

stated that it did not wish to diminish the “seriousness” of discrimination encountered by

Anton and “similarly situated ethnic Chinese individuals” and then cited this Court’s

ruling in Lie as “finding no pattern or practice of persecution against Chinese Christians

in Indonesia.” (AR000003.) Moreover, Anton was accorded both a meaningful

opportunity to be heard as well as an “individualized determination” based on the actual

record in this case.3 See Abdulai v. Ashcroft, 

42, 549-50 (3d Cir. 2001).

Consequently, Anton cannot show “substantial prejudice,” and his due process claim must

fail.

                                             4.



   3
      The fact that the BIA and the IJ considered Anton’s “pattern or practice” claim
distinguishes this case from our ruling in Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 

(3d Cir.
2006), in which we held that the IJ erred in failing to even consider the petitioners’ claim
of a “pattern or practice” of persecution against Chinese Christians in Indonesia. 

                                              6
       Finally, the denial of Anton’s claim for relief under the CAT is also supported by

substantial evidence. For an act to constitute “torture” under the convention, it must,

among other things, “caus[e] severe physical or mental pain or suffering.” Auguste v.

Ridge, 

, 151 (3d Cir. 2005) (citation omitted) (emphasis added). As the BIA

noted, Anton “has not claimed that he was tortured in the past or pointed to any reason

why he would be singled out for torture by or with the acquiescence of the Indonesian

government.” (AR000003.) Accordingly, his torture claim must likewise be rejected.

                                            IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we deny the petition for review.




                                             7