NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             _____________

                                  No. 09-3836
                                 _____________

                             CHRISTINE PERNA,

                                       Appellant

                                        v.

TOWNSHIP OF MONTCLAIR; TOWNSHIP OF MONTCLAIR COUNCIL;
ED REMSEN, Individually and under color of State law as Mayor for the
Township of M ontclair; TED M ATTOX, Individually and under color
of State law as a member of the council for the Township of Montclair;
JOYCE R. MICHAELSON, Individually and under color of State law as a
member of the council for the Township of Montclair; GERALD C.
TOBIN, Individually and under color of State law as a member of the council
for the Township of Montclair; ROBIN SCHLAGER, Individually and under
color of State law as a member of the council for the Township of Montclair;
JEROLD FREIER, Individually and under color of State law as a member
of the council for the Township of Montclair; SANDRA LANG, Individually
and under color of State law as a member of the council for the Township
of Montclair; JOSEPH M. HARNETT, Individually and under color of State
law as Tow nship M anager for the Tow nship of M ontclair;
                         XYZ CORP/ENTITIES (1-10);
                        JOHN AND JANE DOES (1-100)
                               _____________

                 On Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of New Jersey
                        District Court No. 2-05-cv-04464
                  District Judge: The Honorable Jose L. Linares


                Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                               January 27, 2011

            Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, and SMITH, Circuit Judges,
                              and STEARNS, District Judge *

                                 (Filed: February 2, 2011)


                                         OPINION


STEARNS, District Judge.

       Christine Perna brought claims of First Amendment retaliation and municipal liability

under the Federal Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. §1983, against the Township of Montclair, the

members of the Township Council, and Joseph M. Harnett, the Township Manager, based

on their decision to terminate her twenty-one years of employment with the Township.1 On

August 26, 2009, the District Court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment and

dismissed Perna’s remaining claims against Harnett and the Township.2 On September 25,

2009, Perna filed a timely notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction over her appeal pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the allowance of a motion for summary judgment.

Stratechuk v. Bd. of Educ., S. Orange-Maplewood Sch. Dist., 

, 603 (3d Cir.

2009), citing Pichler v. UNITE, 

, 385 (3d Cir. 2008). For essentially the reasons

stated in the District Court’s careful and comprehensive opinion, we will affirm the grant of


       *
       The Honorable Richard G. Stearns, United States District Judge for the United
States District Court of Massachusetts, sitting by designation.
       1
        Perna was hired by the Township as a clerk in 1984. At the time of her
termination, she was working in the Township’s Law Department as a legal secretary.
       2
       On September 27, 2006, Judge Linares granted a motion to dismiss Perna’s
claims for failure to train and for violations of the New Jersey Law Against
Discrimination. Perna does not appeal this earlier dismissal.
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summary judgment.

       Perna alleges that her employment in the Township’s Law Department was terminated

because of her union-related activities. In 2003, after the Township decided against giving

annual salary increases to nonunion Township employees earning in excess of $60,000 per

year, Perna and other affected employees sought to join Local 1040 of the Communications

Workers of America (Union). Perna states that she was indirectly encouraged by Harnett,

who had been recently hired as the Township Manager, to forgo Union membership in order

to be eligible for a promotion or other elevation of job status. Perna claims that when she

complied, she was terminated. (The “encouragement” is alleged to have been conveyed

through a Union representative who was negotiating the job classifications that would be

covered by any bargaining agreement with the Township). The Township, for its part,

maintains that Perna’s position was eliminated as part of a cost-saving plan implemented by

Harnett in 2004 that led to a net reduction of eight Township employee positions. Among

the jobs eliminated was Perna’s position in the Law Department.3

       The decision to abolish Perna’s position had its origins in a proposed restructuring of

the Law Department crafted by Alan Trembulak, the eventually successful candidate for the

position of (part-time) Township Attorney. Trembulak recommended reorganizing the Law

Department by adding a part-time Assistant Township Attorney. Perna’s $64,995 salary was

to be apportioned between the new Assistant Attorney and a part-time, lower-paid secretary.



       3
        The Township also argues that Perna’s “confidential” position as a legal
secretary made her ineligible for Union membership in any event.
                                              3
Trembulak, when he made the proposal, did not know that Perna had been an active

supporter of the Union.

       Under Ambrose v. Twp. of Robinson, Pa., 

, 493 (3rd Cir. 2002), we apply

a three-part test to analyze whether a public employee who alleges retaliation for her exercise

of First Amendment rights has set out a prima facie case. A plaintiff must show that she

engaged in a protected activity, and that the activity was a substantial or motivating cause of

her termination. The burden then shifts to the employer to demonstrate that the adverse

employment action would have taken place despite the protected conduct. 

of summary judgment are as rare as hen’s teeth in First Amendment retaliation cases, we will

affirm such an award where a plaintiff does not produce sufficient evidence to shift the

burden of persuasion to defendants.

       That an employee’s right to pursue affiliation with a Union is protected by the First

Amendment is beyond cavil. See Pickering v. Bd. of Educ., 

, 574-575 (1968);

Shelton v. Tucker, 

, 485-486 (1960). Although the Township disagrees, the

District Court found sufficient evidence creating a material dispute of fact as to Harnett’s

knowledge of Perna’s Union activity (imputable to the Township), a determination with

which we have no reason to quarrel.

        Perna’s evidence that her termination came in retaliation for her Union activities

consists principally of the testimony of Ted Mattox, a Township Council member. Mattox

stated in his deposition that he did not see any financial benefit in the elimination of Perna’s

position, and that the Council had discussed the fact that “it would be easy to get rid of Perna


                                               4
because she wasn’t in the Union.” Appellant Br. at 4. Perna contends that this statement

“clearly shows that defendants were motivated by [her] Union involvement when they made

the decision to eliminate her position.” 

She also claims that Harnett endorsed the

view that “when someone is a member of the Union and you want to terminate that position,

there may be bumping and seniority procedures.” 

       The District Court, however, determined that Harnett’s alleged knowledge of Perna’s

Union involvement, even when coupled with Mattox’s testimony, did not bridge the

causation prong of the Ambrose test. Almost two years separated the last of Perna’s Union

activities from her termination, acutely undermining her argument of a causal link between

the two.   “[A]lthough ‘mere passage of time is not legally conclusive proof against

retaliation,’ we have indicated that the passage of an extended period of time between

protected activity and an alleged retaliatory action weighs against a finding of a causal link

where there is no evidence of retaliatory animus during the intervening period.” Shaner v.

Synthes, 

, 505 (3d Cir. 2000), (quoting Krouse v. Am. Sterilizer Co., 

, 503-504 (3d Cir. 1997)). Here, the two-year hiatus, combined with the fact that the

proposal to eliminate Perna’s position originated with Trembulak, who was unaware of

Perna’s Union activities, leads us to conclude that the District Court’s finding on the

causation prong of Ambrose was correct.4


       4
        We need not address defendants’ alternative argument that they have satisfied
their burden under Mt. Healthy City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Doyle, 

(1977), in showing that “the same adverse action would have taken place in the
absence of the protected conduct.” Hill v. City of Scranton, 

, 125 (3d
Cir. 2005).
                                              5
      For this reason, the District Court’s decision to award summary judgment will be

affirmed.




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