NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                   ______

                                    No. 11-1882
                                   _____________

    JOSEPH A. ANTKOWIAK, on behalf of himself and all others similarly situated

                                          v.

   TAXMASTERS; TAXMASTERS, INC.; TMIRS ENTERPRISES LTD; TM GP
  SERVICES, LLC; TM GP SERVICES, LLC, d/b/a Taxmasters; PATRICK R. COX;
                     JEFFREY AARON STEINBERG,
                                  Appellants
                            _____________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                          (D.C. Civil No. 2:10-cv-03331-LS)
                    District Judge: Honorable Lawrence F. Stengel
                                       ______

                  Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                December 06, 2011

       Before: HARDIMAN, BARRY, and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed : December 22, 2011)
                                        ______

                             OPINION OF THE COURT
                                     ______

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

      Appellants TaxMasters, TaxMasters, Inc., TMIRS Enterprises, Ltd., TM GP

Services, LLC, Patrick R. Cox, and Jeffrey Aaron Steinberg (hereinafter “TaxMasters”)
appeal the District Court’s denial of its motion to compel arbitration. For the reasons that

follow, we will vacate and remand.

                                          I. Facts

       Because we write solely for the parties, we recount the facts and proceedings only

to the extent required for resolution of this appeal. TaxMasters, a “tax resolution” firm

based in Houston, Texas, advertises on national television that it can “solve” delinquent

taxpayers’ problems with the IRS. TaxMasters’s advertisements encourage distressed

taxpayers to call the company’s toll-free number for a “free consultation” with a “tax

consultant.” On December 29, 2008, Appellee, Joseph Antkowiak, called the toll-free

number to obtain assistance with his tax problems. During the consultation, Antkowiak

was told that TaxMasters could represent him for $4,000 and that, if he couldn’t afford to

pay in one lump sum, he could make an initial down payment and pay through an

installment plan. Antkowiak agreed to the installment plan, under which he was required

to make an initial down payment of $500. Although the parties dispute when Antkowiak

actually made this down payment, 1 TaxMasters has taken the position with other




1
  TaxMasters claims that Antkowiak did not make the down payment until he returned a
signed written Engagement Agreement on January 7, 2009. Antkowiak, however, claims
that he gave TaxMasters his credit card information during the initial phone call and that
TaxMasters charged his card prior to him signing the Engagement Agreement. Although
TaxMasters has charged other customers’ credit cards on the same day as the initial
phone consultation, App. 163–64, and prior to the Engagement Agreement being signed,
App. 189, the present record does not include financial records which show when
Antkowiak’s card was actually charged.
                                             2
customers that the initial phone call creates a “legal binding agreement” under which the

customer is liable for the full contract price. 

.

       After the December 29 phone consultation, TaxMasters sent Antkowiak a copy of

the “Engagement Agreement,” a written document containing an arbitration clause as

well as other specific terms and conditions of the contract. Based on the documented

experience of other customers, TaxMasters does not always disclose all of these terms

and conditions, including the arbitration clause, during the phone consultation. See App.

118–75. For example, TaxMasters’s representatives do not always disclose that the down

payment is non-refundable, see 

the Engagement Agreement relieves

TaxMasters of any orally professed obligation to begin working on the customer’s case

“immediately” upon receiving the first payment. See App. 166. The arbitration clause

contains the following four conditions: (1) a requirement that Antkowiak, but not

TaxMasters, use arbitration to resolve all claims; 3 (2) a bar on class action arbitration; (3)

a forum-selection clause specifying Harris County, Texas, as the forum for all disputes;

and (4) an expense provision requiring Antkowiak to “bear all costs of arbitration.”




2
 TaxMasters has taken this position irrespective of whether it performed any further
services and whether or not there was a subsequent written agreement. See App. 189.
3
  The Engagement Agreement provides: “Client agrees that any and all claims. . . that
Client has . . . shall be settled by binding arbitration.” App. 285. The District Court
interpreted this to mean that the agreement imposes a unilateral arbitration requirement
on Antkowiak. Although the provision also provides that “[e]ither party may demand
arbitration by filing with the American Arbitration Association,” TaxMasters has not
objected to the District Court’s interpretation in its appeal.
                                               3
Consistent with the experience of other customers, Antkowiak states that TaxMasters did

not disclose the arbitration clause during his phone consultation. 4

       On January 7, 2009, Antkowiak faxed a signed copy of the Engagement

Agreement to TaxMasters and thereafter made two additional payments of $500.

Antkowiak stopped making payments, however, when it became apparent that

TaxMasters was not working on his case. After TaxMasters threatened to take legal

action if Antkowiak did not pay the remaining $2,500 due on his account, Antkowiak

filed a class action suit alleging deceptive sales practices and improper debt collection

activities in violation of the Truth in Lending Act, the Fair Debt Collection Practice Act,

and various Pennsylvania statutes. TaxMasters responded by filing a motion to compel

arbitration pursuant to the arbitration clause. The District Court denied TaxMasters’s

motion based on its conclusion that the arbitration clause is unconscionable under

Pennsylvania law. 5 Although the District Court did not expressly find any of the four

individual arbitration terms to be specifically unconscionable, it found that, when

bundled together, the four terms created an unconscionable agreement. Antkowiak v.




4
  To the extent that Antkowiak formed an oral agreement during the phone call, the
Engagement Agreement contains an integration clause stating: “[A]ll prior contracts and
agreements between the parties of any kind and executed at any time prior to the date of
this agreement shall . . . be deemed to be modified to include and adopt the arbitration
terms of this agreement.” App. 285. Antkowiak’s argument that he received no
consideration for this modification is addressed below.
5
 The District Court also granted in part and denied in part TaxMasters’s Rule 12(b)(6)
motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim.
                                              4
TaxMasters, 

, 446–47 (E.D. Pa. 2011). Thereafter, TaxMasters filed

a timely appeal.

                                      II. Legal Background

       We have appellate jurisdiction over this dispute pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(3).

When a district court rules on a motion to compel arbitration, we review the decision de

novo. Kaneff v. Del. Title Loans, Inc., 

, 620 (3d Cir. 2009). Motions to

compel arbitration are decided under the same standard applied to motions for summary

judgment. 

is only proper if “there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a). A party opposing a motion to compel arbitration bears the burden of proving the

arbitration clause unenforceable. Green Tree Fin. Corp.-Ala. v. Randolph, 

,

92 (2000). All reasonable inferences from the evidence are to be granted to the party

opposing arbitration. 

.

       Under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), arbitration clauses are just as “valid,

irrevocable, and enforceable” as any other contractual obligation, 9 U.S.C. § 2, and

cannot be invalidated by “defenses that apply only to arbitration or that derive their

meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.” AT&T Mobility LLC v.

Concepcion, 

, 1746 (2011). Accordingly, courts may only invalidate

arbitration clauses on the grounds of “generally applicable contract defenses, such as

fraud, duress, or unconscionability.” 

Assocs., Inc. v. Casarotto, 

, 687 (1996)).

                                             5
       In Pennsylvania, unconscionability is a general defense to contract formation.

Salley v. Option One Mortg. Corp., 

, 119 (Pa. 2007). For a contract to be

unconscionable, it must be both procedurally and substantively unconscionable. Gay v.

CreditInform, 

, 392 (3d Cir. 2008). Procedural unconscionability exists

when the party challenging the contractual provision had “an absence of meaningful

choice in accepting [it].” Denlinger, Inc. v. Dendler, 

, 1068 (Pa. Super.

Ct. 1992) (citing Witmer v. Exxon Corp., 

, 1228 (Pa. 1981)). Substantive

unconscionability exists when the contractual provision is “unreasonably favorable” to

the party who imposed it. 

.

                                         III. Discussion

       A) Procedural Unconscionability

       We agree with the District Court’s conclusion that, under the facts of this case, the

arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable. Contracts of adhesion are per se

procedurally unconscionable under Pennsylvania law. McNulty v. H & R Block, Inc., 

, 1273 n.6 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2004); see also Nino v. Jewelry Exch., Inc., 

, 201 (3d Cir. 2010). A contract of adhesion is a “form contract prepared by one

party, to be signed by the other party in a weaker position, [usually] a consumer, who has

little choice about its terms.” 

; cf. 

(“[T]he times in which consumer contracts were anything other than adhesive are

long past.”). Here, Antkowiak produced admissions showing that TaxMasters considers

a customer liable for the full contract price agreed to during the phone consultation

                                             6
irrespective of whether the customer ever signed the Engagement Agreement. 6

Antkowiak has also produced evidence from tape-recorded phone consultations showing

that TaxMasters’s representatives do not disclose the arbitration clause during the initial

phone call, see App. 118–75, and Antkowiak states that he was not informed of the

clause. We believe this evidence and the reasonable inferences arising therefrom are

sufficient to demonstrate that the arbitration agreement was a contract of adhesion. For

these reasons, we agree that the arbitration agreement is procedurally unconscionable.

There remains, however, the question of whether the agreement is also substantively

unconscionable.

       B) Substantive Unconscionability

       In its discussion, the District Court expressed significant concern with the class

action waiver. This concern, however, was based on case law that has subsequently been

overruled by the Supreme Court. 

(2011); Litman v.

Cellco P’ship, 

, 231 (3d Cir. 2011) (stating that Concepcion’s “broad and

clear” holding preempts “impos[ing] class arbitration despite a contractual agreement for

individualized arbitration”). Because it is unclear to what extent the District Court’s

concern with the class action waiver influenced its conclusion that the arbitration


6
  Antkowiak has produced an October 26, 2009 letter from TaxMasters wherein
TaxMasters informed a customer that the phone consultation created a “legal binding
agreement.” App. 189. TaxMasters refused the customer’s request for a refund, even
though he had never signed the Engagement Agreement. TaxMasters also informed the
customer that he was “liable for the remaining fee of $7,150.00,” even though
TaxMasters had not provided any additional services following the consultation. 

is unconscionable in toto, we will remand to ensure that the disposition of this

case is consistent with Concepcion.

       We also believe that prior precedent demands further factual development with

respect to the substantive unconscionability of the “bear all costs” provision. While the

requirement that Antkowiak bear all arbitration costs is notably more one-sided than

expense provisions we have previously considered, 7 the provision is only substantively

unconscionable if it prevents Antkowiak from vindicating his rights in the arbitral forum.

See Green 

–91. To make this showing, we have required a party

challenging an expense provision to show (1) the projected costs that would apply and (2)

the party’s inability to pay those costs. See Parilla v. IAP Worldwide Servs. VI, Inc., 

, 283–85 (3d Cir. 2004); Alexander v. Anthony Int’l, L.P., 

, 268–69

(3d Cir. 2003). Because this evidence is not currently in the record, we will remand for

further factual development to determine the projected costs that Antkowiak will bear and

his ability to pay them. 8 We reject TaxMasters’s assertion, however, that its post-

litigation offer to pay Antkowiak’s arbitration costs has any bearing on this inquiry. See

7
 Under the expense provisions we previously considered, arbitration costs were either
split equally among the parties, e.g., Nino v. Jewelry Exch., Inc., 

, 198 (3d
Cir. 2010), or were imposed on the losing party, e.g., Parilla v. IAP Worldwide Servs. VI,
Inc., 

, 273 (3d Cir. 2004). Here, the clause imposes all of the costs on
Antkowiak, irrespective of the outcome.
8
 As part of the determination of the projected costs, the District Court should determine
whether the expense provision encompasses attorney fees. See, e.g., 

(finding that provision requiring payment of attorney’s fees conflicted with fee-
shifting statute and thereby deprived party of ability to vindicate its federal rights).

                                             8


; 

; Spinetti v. Serv. Corp. Int’l, 

, 217 n.2 (3d Cir. 2002).

       Finally, if after further factual development the District Court finds that the

expense provision is substantively unconscionable, an analysis should be conducted to

determine if it can be severed from the remainder of the arbitration clause. Consistent

with the “equitable override” principle in general contract law, see 

–89 (discussing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 184(1)), an unconscionable

provision can be severed from the remainder of an arbitration agreement (1) if the

provision is not “an essential part of the agreed exchange,” or (2) if the provision does

not evince “a systematic effort to impose arbitration . . . as an inferior forum.” 

–07 (quoting 

; 

). Since a

finding of non-severability would render moot TaxMasters’s objection to the District

Court’s use of a “totality-of-the-circumstances” or “bundling” approach, it is unnecessary

to decide here whether such an approach is available under Pennsylvania law.

       C) Consideration

       In his reply brief, Antkowiak provides an additional basis for invalidating the

arbitration agreement. According to Antkowiak, the Engagement Agreement materially

modified the binding oral contract that he and TaxMasters formed during the phone

consultation. See J.W.S. Delavau, Inc. v. E. Amer. Transp. & Warehousing, Inc., 

, 681 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2002) (“[O]nce a contract has been formed, its terms may

be modified only if both parties agree to the modification and the modification is founded

                                              9
upon valid consideration.”). Since Antkowiak claims he received no additional

consideration for signing the Engagement Agreement, he claims any of the Agreement’s

provisions (including the arbitration clause) that materially alter the oral contract are void

for lack of consideration. Even if we were to assume that this is an appropriate matter for

a court, and not an arbitrator, to decide, see Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. Cardegna,

, 445 (2006), the argument is unavailing. The Engagement Agreement

imposes many specific responsibilities upon TaxMasters. 9 Unless all of these

responsibilities were agreed to during the phone call (an unlikely scenario which runs

directly counter to Antkowiak’s own evidence 10), the Engagement Agreement would not

fail for lack of consideration. Accordingly, we find no merit in this argument.

       D) Defendants’ Standing to Compel Arbitration

       Antkowiak also argues that TMIRS is the only defendant with standing to compel

arbitration. Antkowiak bases this argument on the fact that TMIRS is the only defendant

actually named in the Engagement Agreement. However, because this raises a question


9
  For just a few examples, TaxMasters agreed to “analyze Client financial data submitted
in the form requested by [TaxMasters],” “prepare the IRS Form 656 for submission of an
offer in compromise with the IRS of federal tax obligations,” “contact the IRS to seek
reinstatement of the settlement forms previously held by Client,” and “[n]egotiat[e] on
behalf of client with IRS agents to establish payment plans and other alternatives to
payment plans.” While Antkowiak may perceive this additional consideration as trivial
in nature, it is more than a mere “peppercorn” and not for this court to weigh.
10
  Antkowiak has provided the complete transcript of a phone consultation between
TaxMasters and another customer. See App. 118–75. At no point during this
consultation does TaxMasters’s representative spell out all of the specific responsibilities
which TaxMasters assumes under the Engagement Agreement.
                                             10
of contract interpretation, it is a matter for an arbitrator, not a district court, to decide.

See Green Tree Fin. Corp. v. Bazzle, 

, 453 (2003) (“[M]atter[s] of contract

interpretation should be for the arbitrator, not the courts, to decide.”).

                                        IV. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the District Court’s decision and remand

for proceedings and findings consistent with this opinion.




                                                11