NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 11-2423
                                     _____________

                           UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                            v.

                                  MILTON R. NANCE,
                                              Appellant
                                   _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. No. 2-09-cr-00193-001)
                      District Judge: Honorable Arthur J. Schwab
                                   _______________

                       Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   March 29, 2012

       Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, FUENTES, and JORDAN, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: September 18, 2012)
                                    _______________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   _______________

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       Milton Nance pled guilty in the United States District Court for the Western

District of Pennsylvania to possession of counterfeit money, bank fraud, and aggravated

identity theft. His plea agreement permitted him to appeal the portion of the District

Court‟s order denying his pre-trial motion to suppress, and Nance does challenge that
order. As part of this direct appeal, he also challenges the Court‟s order denying his

motion for the District Judge to be disqualified. For the reasons that follow, we will

decline to exercise our jurisdiction to review the merits of Nance‟s recusal claim, and will

affirm the District Court‟s order denying the motion to suppress.

I.     Background

       On January 12, 2008, Nance was serving a parole sentence in a half-way house.

After receiving a pass that day to leave the facility, he left and did not return. He began

to live in motels, and supported himself by producing counterfeit payroll checks,

purchasing a laptop computer, a printer/scanner/copier, and VersaCheck software to do

so. Less than a month later, he was arrested for attempting to cash a counterfeit payroll

check, and was sent to state prison on March 10, 2008 for parole violations.1

       On May 9, 2008, however, Nance was mistakenly released from prison, and

resumed his fraudulent conduct.2 On August 19, 2008, he attempted to pass a counterfeit

check at the AAA Motor Club in White Oak, Pennsylvania. A clerk at AAA contacted


       1
         These events were not Nance‟s first interaction with the criminal justice system.
As the District Court noted, Nance “earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Business
Administration from the University of Pittsburgh and applied his education to a career of
fraud and deceit.” (App. at 91.) In 1990, he was convicted in federal court on two
separate occasions for various fraud offenses. Between 2006 and 2008, he was convicted
of fraud related offenses in Pennsylvania state court on six different occasions.
       2
        From June 8 through June 23, 2008, Nance opened various accounts at Citizens
Bank using false information regarding his employment, address, and telephone numbers.
He then deposited eight counterfeit payroll checks into those accounts, and then withdrew
funds from those accounts causing losses to the bank totaling $4,799.91. Additionally,
sometime between August 16 and August 18, 2008, Nance deposited a counterfeit payroll
check at National City Bank, but was unsuccessful in withdrawing funds from that
account.

                                              2
police, and officers from the White Oak Police Department arrested Nance on

outstanding bench warrants for probation and parole violations. Incident to the arrest, the

officers removed all possessions from Nance‟s pockets.

       Because there was also an outstanding warrant for Nance‟s arrest from the

Pennsylvania State Police, the White Oak Police Department transferred Nance to the

custody of the State Police. When doing so, a member of the White Oak Police

Department provided two state troopers, James McCutcheon and Teko Angelicchio, with

an envelope containing Nance‟s possessions and told them that White Oak officers had

not examined those items. After transporting Nance to a State Police station to be

processed, Angelicchio began to search Nance‟s belongings and found counterfeit bills,

as well as a credit card and receipts apparently belonging to an individual named Clayton

Hoffer. Angelicchio also observed two cellular telephones, a computer thumb drive, and

a wireless internet card. At that point, Angelicchio stopped looking through Nance‟s

possessions and applied for a search warrant (the “First Search Warrant”) to search

through the remainder of those possessions. The probable cause affidavit supporting the

First Search Warrant included all of the possessions that Angelicchio had observed,

indicated that Nance was wanted for various forgery-related offenses, and requested “a

search warrant to search [Nance‟s] personal possessions … to determine if there [was]

any further contraband relating to the crimes of Forgery, Fraud or Theft.” (App. at 214.)

       A magistrate judge gave Angelicchio permission to execute the First Search

Warrant, and, after undertaking that search, Angelicchio and McCutcheon found receipts

for two computers and a laser jet printer among the seized possessions, which prompted

                                             3
McCutcheon to apply for an additional search warrant (the “Second Search Warrant”) to

search a motel room where Nance had been staying in Irwin Township, Pennsylvania.

The probable cause affidavit supporting the Second Search Warrant included all

information from the probable cause affidavit supporting the First Search Warrant and

added the following:

       On 08/19/08, a search warrant was obtained to search the personal
       possessions of Milton Randolph NANCE to determine if there was any
       further contraband relating to the crimes of Forgery, Fraud or Theft. As a
       result of the search warrant, receipts were observed with NANCE‟s
       possessions indicating that NANCE recently purchased a Compaq
       computer, a laser jet printer, and a Acer 3000 computer. … During the
       course of NANCE‟s arraignment before MDJ MAHADY, NANCE
       indicated that he was staying at the Motel 3, located in Irwin.

       I am requesting a search warrant to search the Motel 3 room #25, located at
       7578 Route 30, Irwin, Hempfield Twp., Westmoreland County, which is
       currently rented to Milton R. NANCE to search for further contraband
       relating to the crimes of Forgery, Fraud or Theft.

(Id. at 223.) Approval for the Second Search Warrant was granted and, while executing

that warrant in room 25 of the Motel 3, the troopers found a computer printer, a computer

box, a copier, various suspected fraudulent checks, and different forms of fraudulent

United States currency.3

       On June 9, 2009, Nance was charged in the District Court with, among other

things, uttering counterfeit obligations and securities, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 472

(“Count One”), bank fraud, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(1) (“Count Eight”), and

       3
         The troopers then applied for a third search warrant (the “Third Search Warrant”)
to search Nance‟s rented car, which was granted. When the troopers executed the Third
Search Warrant, they identified additional contraband.

                                              4
aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1) (“Count Twelve”). On

March 16, 2010, he filed a motion to suppress the physical evidence that was seized

pursuant to the Second Search Warrant.4

      Before the District Court ruled on Nance‟s motion to suppress, on August 31,

2010, his counsel, the Office of the Federal Public Defender (the “OFPD”), moved to

disqualify the District Judge from presiding over this case and 20 other pending cases

based on comments made by the District Judge in two unrelated cases in which the OFPD

served as defense counsel. The District Judge initially disqualified himself from Nance‟s

case, but, on September 20, 2010, after the government filed a motion for

reconsideration, the District Judge changed course and decided to continue to preside

over Nance‟s case.5

      On October 12, 2010, the OFPD filed a motion to stay the proceedings “pending

resolution of a Petition for Writ of Mandamus by the Court of Appeals for the Third

Circuit.” (App. at 747.) The government responded by filing a motion to oppose the stay

on October 18, 2010 and, in its response, indicated that Nance‟s claim “may be reviewed

on direct appeal” and, “[a]ccordingly, mandamus [was] not the only adequate means for


      4
         Nance also moved to suppress the physical evidence that was seized pursuant to
the First Search Warrant and Third Search Warrant, and statements that he made to police
officers. Because Nance does not argue those matters on appeal, we do not address them
further.
      5
         On July 31, 2012, after Nance appealed to us, the District Judge entered an order
directing that, if we were to remand Nance‟s case for a new trial or re-sentencing, it
should be assigned to another judge. Because we decline to exercise jurisdiction over
Nance‟s recusal claim, see infra Part II.A, we need not decide what effect the July 31,
2012 order may have on the recusal challenge.

                                            5
review of … Nance‟s disqualification motion.” (Id. at 771.) The Court denied the

motion to stay on October 21, 2010.

       After granting the government‟s motion for reconsideration, but before denying

the motion to stay, the District Court denied Nance‟s motion to suppress on October 18,

2010. With regard to the Second Search Warrant, the Court found that “[t]he

circumstantial evidence cited in the affidavit[] provided a substantial basis for the issuing

authority‟s decision that a sufficient nexus to issue [that] warrant[] existed between the

crimes, items sought, [and] the motel room … .” (App. at 103.) Thus, “[t]he affidavit[]

contained sufficient common facts to support the inference that Nance had been forging

or making counterfeit money and that he was transient, and therefore the items sought

might be found in his motel room … .” (Id.) The Court concluded that “[t]he

determination of the magistrate that there was probable cause set forth in … the

affidavit[] [was] fully supported by substantial evidence … .”6 (App. at 104.)

       On October 22, 2010, ten days before trial was scheduled to begin, and one day

after the denial of the motion to stay, the District Court held a pre-trial conference. At

that conference, the parties informed the Court that Nance was contemplating entering

into a plea agreement, and they provided a copy of that agreement to the Court. The




       6
        In the alternative, the Court concluded that “the record show[ed] that the
troopers‟ reliance on the [Second Search Warrant] issued by the magistrate was
reasonable and that the [Second Search Warrant] [was] executed in good faith reliance …
[on the Warrant, as permitted by United States v. Leon, 

(1984)].” (App. at
104.)

                                              6
Court ordered a brief recess so that defense counsel could discuss a few procedural

matters with Nance before going through a plea colloquy.

       After the recess, the pre-trial conference transitioned into a change of plea hearing,

and Nance entered a plea of guilty to Count One, Count Eight, and Count Twelve. The

plea agreement, dated October 18, 2010 and executed by Nance on October 22, 2010,7

permitted Nance to file a direct appeal of “the Court‟s order denying Nance‟s suppression

motions related only to the collection of physical evidence through an inventory search or

search incident to arrest and through the execution of federal and state search warrants

after Nance‟s arrest in August of 2008 by the Pennsylvania State Police.” (Appellant‟s

2/23/12 Ltr., Exhibit 1, at 5.)8 The plea agreement also provided that it did “not prevent

the interlocutory separate filing before the United States Court of Appeals of a mandamus

action to further attempt to have the … District Court Judge recused from this case.”

(Id.) On May 12, 2011, Nance was sentenced to 65 months‟ imprisonment and three

years‟ supervised release.

       This timely appeal followed.




       7
       The first page of the plea agreement is dated October 15, 2010, but all
subsequent pages are dated October 18, 2010.
       8
         The plea agreement provided to us in the Joint Appendix was unsigned. After
we directed the parties to file supplemental briefing on the appellate waiver issue, see
infra Part II.A., the OFPD provided an executed copy of the plea agreement. Therefore,
we cite to the executed plea agreement provided to us by the OFPD, and not to the
unsigned version contained in the Joint Appendix.

                                             7
                    9
II.    Discussion

       A.     Recusal

       Nance first argues that the District Judge committed reversible error by refusing to

disqualify himself because, Nance alleges, a reasonable layperson would reasonably

question the Judge‟s impartiality in cases in which the OFPD is counsel. The

government disagrees, arguing that we should enforce Nance‟s appellate waiver of the

recusal issue contained in the plea agreement that provides that he could only appeal that

issue through an “interlocutory separate filing before the United States Court of Appeals

of a mandamus action.” (Appellant‟s 2/23/12 Ltr., Exhibit 1, at 5.)

       Before deciding whether Nance is foreclosed by the terms of the plea agreement

from raising the recusal challenge on direct appeal, we must first determine whether the

government waived its right to enforce the appellate waiver because it did not raise it

until we requested supplemental briefing on the issue. The government acknowledges

that the “fail[ure] to raise … Nance‟s waiver of the recusal issue in its opening brief …

was an oversight, for which [it] apologizes,” but argues that the “oversight … does not

prevent this Court from considering the government‟s current argument that … Nance

waived his right under his plea agreement to pursue the recusal issue on direct appeal.”

(Appellee‟s 2/23/12 Ltr., at 5.) We agree. Even if we construe the government‟s failure

to raise the appellate waiver issue in its initial brief as a concession, we are not bound by

the government‟s initial position, and we can, and will, consider the appellate waiver

       9
         The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231, and we have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                              8
issue. See United States v. Borrero-Acevedo, 

, 15 n.3 (1st Cir. 2008)

(directing parties to file supplemental briefing on appellate waiver issue after government

took position in initial brief that waiver could not be enforced, noting the “court was not

bound by a party‟s concessions,” and ultimately enforcing appellate waiver).

       Three considerations come into play in determining whether the appellate waiver

prevents us from reviewing on direct appeal the merits of Nance‟s recusal claim: (1)

whether pursuing the recusal issue as part of his direct appeal falls within the scope of his

appellate waiver; (2) whether he knowingly and voluntarily agreed to the appellate

waiver; and (3) whether enforcing the appellate waiver would work a miscarriage of

justice. United States v. Corso, 

, 927 (3d Cir. 2008).

       Nance first argues that the scope of his appellate waiver does not preclude him

from bringing his recusal claim on direct appeal. When considering “the scope of a plea

agreement‟s appellate-waiver provision, we are guided by the well-established principle

that plea agreements, although arising in the criminal context, are analyzed under contract

law standards.” 

quotation marks omitted). It is also well-

established that “the language of [an appellate] waiver, like the language of contract,

matters greatly to our analysis, and that such waivers must be strictly construed.” 

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). We do not allow

“a defendant to get the benefits of his plea bargain, while evading the costs [because]

contract law would not support such a result.” 

(citations and

internal quotations marks omitted).



                                              9
       The language contained in Nance‟s appellate waiver regarding the recusal issue is

clear. Nance “waive[d] the right to take a direct appeal from his conviction or sentence”

subject to three exceptions that are not pertinent to the recusal claim. (Appellant‟s

2/23/12 Ltr., Exhibit 1, at 4-5.) Although one of those exceptions provided that he may

appeal his conviction to challenge certain portions of the Court‟s order denying his

motion to suppress, the agreement provided that his “right to directly appeal … does not

include … any issues other than those specified [in that exception],except that th[e]

agreement does not prevent the interlocutory separate filing before the United States

Court of Appeals of a mandamus action to have the [District] Judge recused from this

case.” (Id., Exhibit 1, at 5.) Nance does not dispute that the plea agreement had an

appellate waiver that barred him from bringing a recusal claim on direct appeal, nor does

he contest that the letter “sets forth the full and complete terms and conditions of the

agreement between [him] and the [government], and there are no other agreements,

promises, terms or conditions, express or implied.” (Id., Exhibit 1, at 8.)

       Instead, Nance, citing to the contract law principle that “contract terms will not be

construed in such a manner so as to render them meaningless” (Appellant‟s 2/23/12 Ltr.,

at 2 (quoting USX Corp v. Liberty Mutual Ins. Co., 

, 200 (3d Cir. 2006))),

claims that to find that he “waived the right to challenge the district court‟s denial of his

motion to disqualify in this appeal would render meaningless th[e] portion of the plea

agreement wherein the government agreed that the appellate waiver did not prevent the

filing of a mandamus” (id.). That is so, says Nance, “because … on the very day that the

government agreed in the plea letter that the appellate waiver did not prevent [him] from

                                              10
filing a mandamus action, it simultaneously argued, in its response to [his] motion to stay

the proceedings, that the recusal claim „may be reviewed on direct appeal,‟” and that

“„mandamus is not the only adequate means for review of [his] disqualification motion.‟”

(Id. (quoting App. at 771).) Thus, Nance argues, construing “the plea agreement [to]

permit[] the government to argue, on the one hand, that an appeal is waived, but that the

waiver does not prevent the filing of a mandamus action, and then, at the same time,

claim that mandamus is unavailable because the claim can be raised on direct appeal,

would render the provision allowing the filing of a mandamus action meaningless.” (Id.)

       Nance‟s argument distorts the chronology of events. Factually, he is incorrect that

the government filed its opposition to his motion to stay on “the very day” that the plea

agreement was executed. (Id.) While it is true that the government‟s plea agreement

offer was dated October 18, 201010 – the same day that the government filed a response

to Nance‟s motion to stay – that plea agreement was not executed by Nance until October

22, 2010. And while it is also true that one paragraph of the government‟s 12-page

motion opposing the stay indicated that Nance‟s recusal claim could be brought on direct

appeal, the government was proceeding on the pre-plea agreement assumption that the

case was going to trial since the plea agreement had not been executed as of October 18,

2010. Even Nance recognized as much in his reply to the government‟s motion opposing

his stay when he stated that “[t]he government‟s claims … are wholly predicated on the

assertion that this case is proceeding to a jury trial on November 1, 2010.” (App. at 781.)

       10
        As noted in supra note 7, while the first page of the plea agreement was dated
October 15, 2010, the remaining eight pages were dated October 18, 2010.

                                            11
Indeed, had Nance decided not to sign the plea agreement and subsequently been

convicted after his trial, he could have raised the recusal issue on direct appeal. In that

light, we reject Nance‟s claim that the government‟s position in opposing a stay rendered

meaningless the plea agreement provision limiting his recusal claim to a mandamus

action. That plea agreement allowed Nance to proceed with filing a mandamus action in

connection with the recusal claim, something that Nance ultimately chose not to do.

Since the plain language of an appellate waiver “matters greatly,” United States v.

Goodson, 

, 535 (3d Cir. 2008), and that language must be “strictly

construed,” United States v. Khattak, 

, 562 (3d Cir. 2001), we conclude that

Nance‟s recusal claim on direct appeal falls within the scope of his appellate waiver.

       We next consider Nance‟s argument that his waiver was not knowing and

voluntary. In assessing whether a waiver is knowing and voluntary, we must be

“satisfied that the district court „inform[ed] the defendant of, and determine[d] that the

defendant underst[ood] … the terms of any plea-agreement provision waiving the right to

appeal or to collaterally attack the sentence.‟” United States v. Mabry, 

, 239

(3d Cir. 2008) (alterations in original) (quoting Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(N)). Here, a

review of the transcript of the plea hearing reveals that the District Court complied with

its obligations under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)(1)(N). The Court

reviewed the terms of the appellate waiver with Nance, and Nance stated that he

understood the waiver‟s scope. Moreover, the government also reviewed the scope of the

waiver at the plea hearing and Nance responded that the government‟s summary of the



                                             12
terms was accurate. Those colloquies indicate that Nance knowingly and voluntarily

waived his right to file a direct appeal on the recusal issue.

       Nonetheless, Nance alleges that “the contradictory statements made by the

government in the plea letter and its simultaneously-filed response to [his] stay motion …

created ambiguity about whether and how [he] could seek relief from the district court‟s

denial of the disqualification motion.” (Appellant 2/23/12 Ltr., at 3.) Nance relies on

United States v. Saferstein, in which we observed “that a statement made by the

sentencing court during the [plea] colloquy can create ambiguity where none exists in the

plain text of the plea agreement.” 

, 243 (3d Cir. 2012). Nance argues that

“[j]ust as „a defendant cannot be expected to distinguish and disregard [a court‟s

statements] that deviate from the language of a particular provision in a lengthy plea

agreement[,]‟ the same is true here of the government‟s statements that deviated from the

language in the agreement.” (Appellant‟s 2/23/12 Ltr., at 3 (alterations in original)

(quoting 

).) The principle from Saferstein that Nance relies

on, however, does not help him here. Unlike in Saferstein where the court‟s statements at

the plea hearing injected ambiguity into an otherwise unambiguous plea agreement, here

the District Court‟s colloquy at the plea hearing plainly reaffirmed the terms of the clear

and unambiguous appellate waiver contained in Nance‟s plea agreement. Saferstein does

not stand for the proposition, as Nance implies, that an opposing party‟s statement in a

context outside the plea process can modify the unambiguous terms of the plea

agreement. Therefore, we conclude that Nance‟s plea was knowing and voluntary.



                                              13
       Finally, Nance argues that, even if we determine that bringing his recusal claim on

direct appeal falls within the scope of the appellate waiver, and that the plea agreement

was knowingly and voluntarily executed, we still should “nevertheless permit him to

challenge the district court‟s denial of the motion to disqualify because enforcing the

appellate waiver would result in a miscarriage of justice.” (Appellant‟s 2/23/12 Ltr., at

4.) It is true that “[t]here may be an unusual circumstance where an error amounting to a

miscarriage of justice may invalidate the waiver.”11 

. Nance

proposes that the unusual circumstance here that amounts to a miscarriage of justice is

that his counsel was ineffective by failing to preserve his right to bring the recusal claim

on direct appeal.12 Specifically, Nance asserts that “[i]n light of the simultaneous and

contradictory statements about whether and how [he] could seek relief from the district

court‟s denial of the disqualification motion, it was incumbent upon counsel to act to

ensure that [he] would have the right to raise the recusal issue.” (Appellant 2/23/12 Ltr.,

at 5.) Thus, Nance concludes, counsel‟s failure to ensure that the recusal claim could be




       11
          We have “cho[sen] not to earmark specific situations” that would invalidate a
knowing and voluntary waiver. 

; see 

Circuit‟s approach” to consider “certain factors” such as “[t]he clarity of the error,
its gravity, its character …, the impact of the error on the defendant, the impact of
correcting the error on the government, and the extent to which the defendant acquiesced
in the result,” but noting that “the governing standard to apply … is whether the error
would work a miscarriage of justice” (citation omitted)).
       12
         Nance does not assert, however, that the government‟s statements in opposing
his motion to stay equate to a miscarriage of justice and thus warrant barring enforcement
of the appellate waiver.

                                             14
raised on direct appeal in addition to being raised in a mandamus action “constitutes

ineffective assistance of counsel sufficient to overcome an appellate waiver.”13 (Id.)

       “We have repeatedly expressed our strong preference for reviewing allegations of

ineffective assistance of counsel in collateral proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 rather

than on direct appeal.” United States v. Sandini, 

, 312 (3d Cir. 1989).14 In

the context of a collateral attack, we acknowledge that we have said that a miscarriage of

justice may exist in a case “raising allegations that counsel was ineffective or coercive in

negotiating the very plea agreement that contained the waiver.” 

.

We also note, however, that an appellate waiver does not “become[] unenforceable

simply because a defendant „claims‟ … ineffective assistance of counsel.” United States

v. Monzon, 

, 118 (2d Cir. 2004). Rather, the record must “reveal[] that the

claim that the waiver was the result of ineffective assistance of counsel was meritorious.”

the merits of such a claim “cannot be determined on the basis of the

record on appeal, it is appropriate to enforce the appeal waiver.” 

nothing in the record reveals that Nance‟s counsel was ineffective in negotiating the plea

agreement. But because the ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim may “involve

       13
          We note the irony of the OFPD, as Nance‟s counsel on appeal, asserting that one
of its own attorneys was ineffective in the District Court proceedings to preserve Nance‟s
right to bring the recusal issue on direct appeal.
       14
          Although Nance says that we have “noted with approval the Seventh Circuit‟s
holding that „ineffective assistance of counsel qualifies as a miscarriage of justice
sufficient to overcome a waiver-of-appeal provision‟” (Appellant‟s 2/23/12 Ltr., at 4
(quoting United States v. Shedrick, 

, 298 n.6. (3d Cir. 2007) (citing United
States v. Joiner, 

, 645 (7th Cir. 1999)))), the ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim in Shedrick itself was brought in a collateral proceeding under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2255.

                                             15
allegations and evidence that are either absent from or not readily apparent on the

record,” 

, we decline, on direct appeal, to pass judgment on the

effectiveness of counsel and will permit the waiver to stand.

       In sum, because Nance‟s recusal claim in this context falls within the scope of his

appellate waiver, he knowingly and voluntarily agreed to that waiver, and he asserts no

miscarriage of justice that we can review on direct appeal that would bar us from

enforcing that waiver, we decline to exercise jurisdiction to review the merits of the

recusal claim here.

       B.     Motion to Suppress

       Nance also argues that the District Court erred when it denied his motion to

suppress because he alleges that the probable cause affidavit attached to the Second

Search Warrant lacked any facts or reasonable inferences that could lead a magistrate to

conclude that a nexus existed between Nance‟s alleged criminal activity and room 25 at

the Motel 3.15 We disagree.


       15
          The government asserts that, because Nance did not raise that argument before
the District Court, it was “not addressed in the District Court‟s Order[,] and [is] not
exempted from the terms of the appellate waiver.” (Government‟s Br. at 18.) In Nance‟s
motion to suppress, however, he argued:
       [That] there is not an iota of information that provides a nexus between Mr.
       Nance‟s offenses and the places to be searched. In other words, the warrant
       requests assume that because of the evidence seized and information
       learned, the police should be permitted to search any room … associated
       with Mr. Nance anywhere in the world.
(App. at 163.) Although Nance did not argue that nexus was specifically lacking
to room 25 of the Motel 3, Nance did sufficiently challenge whether there was
adequate nexus to his motel room, and we thus reject the government‟s assertion
that he waived his right to bring this argument on appeal.

                                            16
       The Fourth Amendment guarantees that the government may not search or seize

an individual‟s property without a warrant based on “probable cause, supported by …[an]

affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the … things to be

seized.” U.S. Const. amend. IV. “Probable cause exists when „there is a fair probability

that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.‟” United

States v. Grubbs, 

, 95 (2006) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 

, 238

(1983)). “An affidavit [for a warrant] must provide the magistrate with a substantial

basis for determining the existence of probable cause … .” 

.

        “We exercise plenary review of the District Court‟s denial of [a] motion to

suppress.” United States v. Zimmerman, 

, 432 (3d Cir. 2002) (citation

omitted). “Thus, we apply the same standard the District Court … appl[ied] and

determine whether the magistrate who issued the warrant had a „substantial basis‟ for

determining that probable cause existed.” 

“reviewing

courts should [not] simply rubber stamp a magistrate‟s conclusions,” we accord them

“great deference.” 

quotation marks omitted).

        A magistrate judge is tasked with “„mak[ing] a practical, common-sense decision

whether … there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found

in a particular place.‟” United States v. Jones, 

, 1056 (3d Cir. 1993)

(ellipsis in original) (quoting 

). “[I]t is well established that direct

evidence is not required for the issuance of a search warrant.” 

whether there is a sufficient nexus to justify a search, “probable cause can be, and often

is, inferred by considering the type of crime, the nature of the items sought, the suspect‟s

                                              17
opportunity for concealment and normal inferences about where a criminal might hide

[the contraband].” 

quotation marks omitted). “Because

probable cause is a „practical, nontechnical conception,‟ we are concerned with „the

factual and practical considerations of everyday life on which reasonable and prudent

men, not legal technicians, act.‟” Unites States v. Stearn, 

, 554 (3d Cir.

2010) (quoting 

).

       In this case, there was a substantial basis for the magistrate judge to determine that

there was probable cause to believe that contraband was located in room 25 of the Motel

3. First, it was reasonable for the magistrate judge to infer that there was evidence of

criminal activity wherever Nance was residing. The affidavit to the Second Search

Warrant explained that Nance was found in possession of two counterfeit bills, a credit

card in another person‟s name, a hotel receipt in that person‟s name, and receipts

indicating that Nance had recently purchased two computers and a laser jet printer,

known to be tools used by counterfeiters. That affidavit also indicated that Nance

possessed a computer thumb drive and a wireless internet card. Moreover, that affidavit

explained that Nance was wanted for, among other crimes, forgery and unlawful use of a

computer.

       Second, it was reasonable to infer that Nance had been residing at room 25 at the

Motel 3. The affidavit provided that Nance had indicated at his arraignment that he was

staying at the Motel 3. The affidavit then stated that room 25 at Motel 3 was currently

rented to Nance, and requested authorization to search that room for further evidence of

forgery, fraud, or theft. The affidavit would have been more clear if it had stated that the

                                             18
officers went to the Motel 3, asked an employee if Nance was staying there, and that the

employee had informed them that Nance was staying in room 25, but the fact remains

that the affidavit stated that Nance was renting room 25 at the Motel 3, a motel where

Nance had admitted that he was residing. Cf. 

(acknowledging

that while the officer “might have been able to supply the magistrate judge with a

stronger link to the defendants‟ residences, … he did bring the evidence he had to a

magistrate judge, who determined that there was probable cause to issue the warrants”).

       “[W]e are mindful that a grudging or negative attitude by reviewing courts

towards warrants is inconsistent with the Fourth Amendment‟s strong preference for

searches conducted pursuant to a warrant.” 

quotations marks

omitted). “Admittedly most of the information in the affidavit served to link [Nance] to

the crime[s] in general.” 

information, however, “in conjunction with

the other facts in the affidavit … provided a sufficient link between [room 25 of the

Motel 3] and the crime[s].” 

judge had a substantial basis

for determining, based on reasonable inferences, that evidence of criminal activity was

located where Nance was residing, and that Nance was residing in room 25 of the Motel

3. Thus, probable cause existed to search that location.16


       16
         Because we find that the magistrate had a substantial basis to find probable
cause, we need not address whether the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule
under Leon applies here. See United States v. Williams, 

, 74 (3d Cir. 1993)
(“Suppression is therefore inappropriate when an officer executes a search in objectively
reasonable reliance on a warrant‟s authority.” (citing Leon)). We do, however, note one
disturbing portion of the Second Search Warrant that would give us pause if we had to
determine whether the good faith exception did apply. The application for the Second
Search Warrant included among the items to be searched and seized “all computer
                                            19
III.   Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm.




internal and peripheral storage devices” and provided that those “items [would] be seized
and then later searched for evidence relating to the possession and / or distribution of
child pornography.” (App. at 222.) However, there was no evidence presented in the
probable cause affidavit to support a search for child pornography, and the mention of it
appears to be a “cut and paste” error. In addition to noting the carelessness of the affiant,
we caution both issuing magistrate judges and executing officers to ensure that all items
listed to be searched and seized are supported by probable cause.

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