NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                             _____________

                                  No. 15-1865
                                 _____________

   KAREN CAMESI; ERIN O’CONNELL; LORI SHAFFER; DINAH BAKER,
      on behalf of themselves and all other employees similarly situated,
                                                                     Appellants

                                        v.

  UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER; UPMC; UPMC HEALTH
SYSTEM; UPMC BEDFORD MEMORIAL HOSPITAL; UPMC BRADDOCK; UPMC
      MCKEESPORT; UPMC NORTHWEST; UPMC PASSAVANT; UPMC
  PRESBYTERIAN; UPMC PRESBYTERIAN SHADYSIDE; UPMC SHADYSIDE;
 UPMC SOUTHSIDE; UPMC ST MARGARET; MAGEE WOMENS HOSPITAL OF
   UPMC; MERCY HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH; MONTEFIORE HOSPITAL;
 MONTEFIORE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL; WESTERN PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE
AND CLINIC; CHILDRENS HOSPITAL OF PITTSBURGH OF THE UPMC HEALTH
  SYSTEM; UPMC LEE; UPMC HORIZON; UPMC HOLDING COMPANY, INC.;
 UPMC HEALTH NETWORK, INC; JEFFREY A. ROMOFF; GREGORY PEASLEE;
    UPMC 401A RETIREMENT SAVINGS PLAN; UPMC 403B RETIREMENT
            SAVINGSPLAN; UPMC BASIC RETIREMENT PLAN
                         _______________

                 On Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                         (D.C. Civil No. 3:09-cv-00085)
                    District Judge: Honorable Cathy Bissoon
                                _______________

                Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                March 18, 2016

   Before: CHAGARES, RESTREPO and VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judges.

                             (Filed: March 21, 2016)
                                         OPINION*
                                       _____________

VAN ANTWERPEN, Circuit Judge.

       Appellants Karen Camesi, Erin O’Connell, Lori Shaffer, and Dinah Baker (the

“Camesi Named Plaintiffs”) appeal the final decision of the U.S. District Court for the

Western District of Pennsylvania denying their motion to vacate or reduce the amount of

costs awarded. For the following reasons, we will vacate the decision of the District

Court concerning costs and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                    I.     Factual Background and Procedural History

       In April 2009, Appellants, on behalf of themselves and all other employees

similarly situated, filed a complaint against University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and

multiple related entities (collectively “UPMC”), in the U.S. District Court for the

Western District of Pennsylvania for violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act

(“FLSA”).1 Appellants alleged that UPMC failed to comply with the FLSA through its

policy of automatically deducting thirty-minute meal breaks from the pay of certain

employees. Camesi v. Univ. of Pitt. Med. Ctr., No. 09-85J, 

, *1 (W.D.

Pa. Dec. 20, 2011) (hereinafter “Memorandum and Order to Decertify”). The District

Court, (Bissoon, J.), granted conditional (Stage I) certification of this collective action

under FLSA Section 16(b). Camesi v. Univ. of Pitt. Med. Ctr., No. 09-85J, 2009 WL


       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
       1
           Appellants alleged other causes of action, none of which are at issue on appeal.

                                               2
1361265, *6 (W.D. Pa. May 14, 2009). Upon notification, approximately 3,000 potential

collective action members opted in. (Appellee’s Br. 5).

      Shortly after the District Court granted conditional certification, “the parties

embarked on a long and contentious course of discovery.” Memorandum and Order to

Decertify, 

, at *2. The dispute centered on Appellants’ request for

certain electronically stored information (“ESI”). Twice, the District Court granted

Appellants’ motions to compel UPMC to produce ESI. (A-72, A-79). In the second order

to compel, the District Court found UPMC had not established “objectively reasonable

compliance” with the discovery rules. Camesi v. Univ. of Pitt. Med. Ctr., 

,

494 (W.D. Pa. 2010). UPMC twice moved for protective orders excusing them from

producing ESI, the first of which was denied, the second of which was rendered moot by

the Consent Order discussed below. (A-79, A-88). The District Court acknowledged that

UPMC had a “rocky start” complying with its ESI responsibilities, but ultimately

“engaged in meaningful, good faith efforts.” (Id. at A-2) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      In early 2011, the parties stipulated to a Consent Order, which the District Court

adopted, that had the effect of staying further ESI discovery pending motions regarding

Stage II certification. (Id. at A-88). 2 The parties filed cross-motions, accompanied by


      2
         Just before the court entered the Consent Order, in an email sent on December
10, 2010 to Appellants’ counsel, UPMC reported the following statistics regarding the
volume of ESI that its vendor had gone through, including: “24,324,587 source files
processed . . . 1,003,538 files/ 42,338,063 pages posted to Ontrack Inview[,] 593 gig of
files posted to Ontrack Inview.” (A-255). These statistics, which UPMC stated
represented only 77% of the data required by the order to compel, totaled over forty
                                            3
extensive briefing, to certify and decertify the collective action respectively. In December

2011, the District Court granted UPMC’s motion to decertify, and denied Appellants’

motion to certify. Memorandum and Order to Decertify, 

, at *1. After

this Court dismissed Appellants’ appeal of the Order to Decertify for lack of jurisdiction,

UPMC filed a bill of costs with the Clerk, to which Appellants filed objections. 3 (A-106,

A-138). Following briefing from both parties, the Clerk taxed costs in the amount of

$317,572.40 ($7,572.40 for transcript fees, $310,000 for copying costs) against

Appellants. (A-258–A-259). Appellants moved for the District Court to review the

taxation of costs, as well as to reduce or vacate the award. (A-107). The District Court

granted the motion for judicial review, and denied the motion to reduce or vacate costs.

(A-1–A-4). This timely appeal followed. (A-5).

                                    II.    Discussion4

       A.     Standard of Review

       We exercise plenary review over legal questions related to an award of costs. In re

Paoli R.R. Yard PCB Litig., 

, 458 (3d Cir. 2000). To the extent a district


million pages. (Id.). UPMC reported that its vendor estimated the total volume would “be
in the neighborhood of 55–65 million pages when . . . completed.” (Id.).
       3
         Appellants chose to move for “voluntary dismissal of their claims with prejudice
in order to secure a final judgment for purposes of appeal” pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 41(a). Camesi v. Univ. of Pitt. Med. Ctr., 

, 243 (3d Cir.
2013) (internal quotation marks omitted). We dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction
because the order decertifying the collective action was interlocutory and not an
appealable final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. 

       4
        The District Court had jurisdiction to hear the Camesi Named Plaintiffs’ federal
claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C §§ 1331 and 1337. We have jurisdiction to review final
orders of a district court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                             4
court’s ruling applies legal principles governing the award of costs, we review for abuse

of discretion. 

       The Camesi Named Plaintiffs advance two statutory grounds and an alternative

equitable ground on which they claim the District Court erred in entering the award of

costs. First, they allege the District Court violated 28 U.S.C. § 1920 by awarding costs

that are not recoverable under this Court’s standard in Race Tires America, Inc. v.

Hoosier Racing Tire Corp. 

(3d Cir. 2012).5 Second, they claim the District

Court incorrectly applied Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 54(d)(1) because

Section 216(b) of the FLSA “provides otherwise” for discovery costs. Alternatively, even

if the District Court’s award complied with governing law, they say it abused its

discretion by awarding costs that would render the Camesi Named Plaintiffs indigent by

requiring that they bear costs associated with the certification efforts of not only

themselves, but also the nearly 3,000 opt-in plaintiffs. (Appellants’ Br. 11–13).

       Whether the taxed costs are recoverable as “making copies” under § 1920(4) is a

threshold issue we must address before proceeding to Appellants’ additional statutory and

alternative equitable argument. On this issue, the District Court simply stated


       5
         Appellants raise two reasons why the taxed costs are not recoverable under
§ 1920(4). The first reason Appellants put forward is that the awarded costs include
nontaxable items under controlling Third Circuit precedent. The second reason
Appellants advance is that the awarded costs were not “necessary for use in the case”
under § 1920(4). (Appellants’ Br. 11–12) (internal quotation marks omitted). The first
reason is the focus of this opinion. To the extent that the second reason cannot, and need
not, be reached until the nature of the awarded costs is determined, we decline to do so at
this time.

                                             5
“Defendants have submitted declarations demonstrating, to the Court’s satisfaction, that

the charges asserted are recoverable under prevailing law.” (A-2). From the sparse

record, it is not readily apparent what activities constitute the ESI charges in the award of

costs. Accordingly, we are unable to review whether these activities are recoverable

under § 1920(4).

              1.     Recoverable Costs Under 28 U.S.C. § 1920(4)

       Rule 54(d)(1) establishes that “[u]nless a federal statute, these rules, or court order

provides otherwise, costs—other than attorney’s fees—should be allowed to the

prevailing party.” This rule creates a “strong presumption that costs are to be awarded to

the prevailing party.” In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB 

. By enacting 28

U.S.C. § 1920, Congress indicated that courts have discretion to tax certain enumerated

litigation expenses as “costs.” Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 

,

441–42 (1987). As relevant to the instant action, § 1920(4) defines the term “costs” in

Rule 54(d) to include “the costs of making copies of any materials where the copies are

necessarily obtained for use in the case.” Race Tires Am., 

(quoting

28 U.S.C. § 1920(4)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The clerk of court is tasked with taxing costs, which a court may review on a

motion. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). A district court reviews the clerk’s determination of

costs de novo. In re Paoli R.R. Yard PCB 

. A de novo review

entails “reviewing new evidence and circumstances that militate[] in favor of reducing

the earlier imposed costs award.” 

v. Arabian Am. Oil Co., 

, 233 (1964)).

                                              6
      As both parties acknowledge, our decision in Race Tires governs which costs are

taxable under § 1920(4). (Appellant’s Br. 11–12); (Appellee’s Br. 14–15). Examining the

history of § 1920(4), the plain meaning of the term “copy,” and Supreme Court

precedent, we derived no Congressional intent to “shift all the expenses of a particular

form of discovery—production of ESI—to the losing party.” Race Tires Am., 

(citing Crawford Fitting 

). From a myriad of ESI

discovery charges for which the prevailing party sought costs, we held that only “the

conversion of native files to TIFF6 . . . and the scanning of documents to create digital

duplicates” constituted “making copies of materials” under § 1920(4). 

(internal

quotation marks omitted). The Court discussed this second taxable activity, “scanning of

documents to create digital duplicates,” in the context of “the scanning of hard copy

documents” into an agreed upon format for the requesting party’s use in the case. 

, 171.

      Drawing parallels between ESI discovery and the “process employed in the pre-

digital era,” this Court emphasized that Congress authorized taxation only for a limited

subset of costs. 

Section 1920 enumerates costs for making copies, but not for

“charges necessarily incurred to discharge discovery obligations.” 

pre-digital

era discovery, ESI entails a “number of steps essential to the ultimate act of production.”


      6
        TIFF, an acronym for Tagged Image File Format, “[a] widely used and supported
graphic file format[ ] for storing bit-mapped images, with many different compression
formats and resolutions” was the “agreed-upon default format for production of ESI” in
Race Tires America, 

n.2, 167 (alterations in original) (quoting The
Sedona Conference, The Sedona Conference Glossary: E-Discovery & Digital
Information Management 50 (Sherry B. Harris et al. eds., 3d ed. 2010)).

                                            7


“[n]one of the steps that preceded the actual act of making copies in the pre-

digital era would have been considered taxable,” with ESI only the “functional equivalent

of ‘making copies’” is taxable. 

171 n.11. Accordingly, “all the other activity,

such as searching, culling, and deduplication . . . are not taxable.” 

       The level of “technical expertise” involved in “the activities leading up to the

making of copies” is immaterial to the determination of whether the activity is taxable

under § 1920(4). 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Race Tires acknowledged

that “extensive ‘processing’” may be “essential to make a comprehensive and intelligible

production” of ESI, requiring, among other things that “files . . . be transferred to

different media for production.” 

explicit that the need for extensive

processing “does not mean that the services leading up to the actual production constitute

‘making copies.’” 

With respect to third-party ESI consultants,

whose skills often entail a substantial fee, we cautioned that “[n]either the degree of

expertise necessary to perform the work nor the identity of the party performing the work

of ‘making copies’ is a factor that can be gleaned from § 1920(4).” 

years, in light of growing concerns over the costs of ESI discovery, a

number of our sister circuits have adopted this Court’s approach of narrowly interpreting

“making copies” under § 1920(4). See In re Online DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 

, 925–26 (9th Cir. 2015); CBT Flint Partners, LLC v. Return Path, Inc., 

, 1333 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (differing from Race Tires with respect to metadata costs not

at issue in the instant action); Country Vintner of N.C., LLC v. E. & J. Gallo Winery, Inc.,

, 260 (4th Cir. 2013). But see Colosi v. Jones Lang LaSalle Ams., Inc., 781

                                              

, 296–98 (6th Cir. 2015) (agreeing with Race Tires’ concerns about the scope of

§ 1920(4), while finding its “construction overly restrictive”). In the midst of this fairly

uniform call for a narrow interpretation of § 1920(4), there is disagreement among the

federal circuit courts on the specifics of what costs, such as TIFF conversion and

character recognition, are recoverable. See U.S. ex rel. Long v. GSDMIdea City, L.L.C.,

, 131–32 (5th Cir. 2015) (acknowledging the growing split in the application

of Race Tires without weighing in). The increasing attention to the scope of § 1920(4)

and rising cost of ESI discovery requires that we fully understand the ESI charges at issue

when determining whether these are taxable.

              2.     Application

       Race Tires held that “only scanning and file format conversion can be considered

to be ‘making copies’” under § 

. From the limited record, it is

not readily apparent what ESI activities the charges at issue cover, or how these activities

constitute either of the two applicable types of taxable costs identified in Race Tires. The

District Court relied on two declarations from Peter Krill, a lead Case Manager for Kroll

Ontrack, UPMC’s ESI vendor, to find the charges taxable under prevailing law. (A-2).

However, neither the declarations, nor the District Court’s one-sentence statement that

the declarations sufficed, shed much light on where these activities fall with respect to



       7
        In Race Tires we also concluded that “the transfer of VHS tapes to DVD
involved 

. Since neither the facts, nor the parties, suggest that
“Process to Ontrack Inview” implicates this activity, we only discuss the holding of Race
Tires with respect to the scanning of hard copy documents and file format conversion.
See 

Tires. We find ourselves in the same position as the Ninth Circuit in a recent case

which raised this issue. As the Ninth Circuit stated after adopting this Court’s Race Tires

approach, “[t]he record before us leaves us unable to resolve whether . . . [the] specific

charges . . . are taxable under a narrow construction of § 1920(4).” In re Online DVD-

Rental Antitrust 

. Just as the Ninth Circuit did, we remand the issue

to the District Court for its determination in the first instance.

       The Camesi Named Plaintiffs assert that the ESI activities for which the District

Court awarded costs, labeled on the invoices from Kroll Ontrack as “process to Ontrack

Inview,” fall under this Court’s category of nontaxable pre-production costs. (Appellant’s

Br. 17) (citing Race Tires Am., 

). Appellants contend the District

Court erred in failing to meaningfully review UPMC’s requested costs, and accepted the

requested costs since they constituted only a fraction of UPMC’s total ESI bill. (Id. at 19)

(citing A-2). In their Brief in Support of Motion to Review Taxation of Costs, Appellants

asserted that an evidentiary hearing was necessary to determine whether the vague

descriptions of charges in Mr. Krill’s declarations constituted recoverable costs under

Race Tires. (A-107). Based on the declaration of the Camesi Named Plaintiffs’ ESI

expert, Peter Coons, Appellants describe the activities underlying the requested costs as

“uploading data, hosting data . . . and reviewing it through Kroll Ontrack’s review

program, prior to production to the opposing party.” (Appellants’ Br. 17). Since UPMC

never converted the requested ESI discovery to an agreed-upon format, nor scanned hard

copy documents into a readable format for the Camesi Named Plaintiffs, they maintain



                                               10
the charges for Ontrack Inview are not recoverable under this Court’s interpretation of §

1920(4). (Id. at 17–18).

        UPMC contends that it only requested costs for “digital duplication,” which are

recoverable under Race Tires as the “functional equivalent of making copies.”

(Appellee’s Br. 15–16) 

n.11) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Appellees cite the explicitly nonrecoverable costs under Race Tires, which they did not

request, as evidence of how they “scrupulously followed” Race Tires. (Id. at 15). Citing

courts applying Race Tires to allow for costs of scanning and converting electronic

documents, UPMC asserts that the requested costs at issue are comparable. (Id. at 16).

        Mr. Krill’s declarations, which UPMC offered the District Court in support of its

bill of costs, do not provide a sufficient description of the ESI activities involved for this

Court to determine if they are taxable under Race Tires. The invoices Mr. Krill’s

declarations reference provide no clarification, as the requested costs are simply labeled

“Process to Ontrack Inview.” (A-168, A-170). In his first declaration, made in October

2013, Mr. Krill stated that the charge labeled “Process to Ontrack Inview” “was for the

digital duplication of data from UPMC’s systems onto Kroll Ontrack’s system.” The only

clarification of what this entailed is the statement that “[e]ssentially, it involves

electronically copying documents and data that UPMC had electronically stored.” (A-

171).

        The supplemental declaration Mr. Krill executed in February 2014 largely restates

his previous description of “Process to Ontrack Inview” and only expands on which

activities the requested charges do not cover. (A-208–A-209). Referencing activities Race

                                             11
Tires indicated are not taxable, Mr. Krill stated that “[n]one of the charges . . . are for

‘imaging hard drives.’ Nor are the ‘Process to Ontrack Inview’ charges the result of

searching for, culling, preserving or de-duping electronic documents.” (Id. at A-208). Mr.

Krill also stated that the requested “charges do not represent a hosting fee and are not for

database management.” (Id.). Mr. Krill noted that Kroll did invoice UPMC for the

abovementioned activities which Race Tires explicitly held are not taxable under §

1920(4), but did not request costs for these items. (Id. at A-209).

       For the Camesi Named Plaintiffs, Mr. Coons’ declaration asserted that “Process to

Ontrack Inview” is a nonrecoverable processing cost based on the nature of the Ontrack

Inview system. (Id. at A-175–A-177). Citing Kroll’s own description of Ontrack Inview

as of the time of his declaration, Mr. Coons stated that “Ontrack Inview is a software

system developed and operated by Kroll Ontrack and is described by Kroll as a ‘. . .

document review application [that] integrates advanced searching, categorizing,

redacting, annotating . . . and more in one easy-to-use interface.’” (Id. at A-176) (first and

second alterations in original). Based on his knowledge of Ontrack Inview and Mr.

Krill’s description of the charges in his initial declaration, Mr. Coons concluded that,

“‘Process to Ontrack Inview’ refers exclusively to the intermediary steps taken to prepare

collected ESI for attorney review within the Ontrack Inview electronic discovery review

software system for the convenience of the producing party.” (Id. at A-177). Mr. Coons

supported his assessment by noting that, due to the Consent Order and the Order to

Decertify, UPMC never actually produced any tangible discovery, in an electronic or

hard copy format. (Id.).

                                             12
       UPMC’s contention that “digital duplication,” which it uses to describe the

activities underlying “Process to Ontrack Inview,” is the functional equivalent of making

copies, is not supported by Race Tires. In Race Tires, we did not state that “digital

duplication” is the “functional equivalent of making copies,” despite UPMC’s assertion.

(Appellee’s Br. 15–16) 

n.11). The term “digital duplication”

does not appear in Race Tires, nor have any of our sister circuits employed this term in

the context of § 1920(4). As 

, the term “digital duplicates” is used once in

Race Tires, to refer to “the scanning of 

.

       As a description of one of the activities this Court held to be recoverable under

§ 1920(4), the term “digital duplicates” in Race Tires appears to refer to the act of

copying material from a hard copy or a digital format to a readable format produced for

the use of the requesting party. 

the invoices at issue in Race Tires, Kroll

Ontrack’s invoices, as well as Mr. Krill’s declarations, “are notable for their lack of

specificity and clarity as to the services actually performed.” 

As with the

invoice charges for “Process to Ontrack,” the invoices in Race Tires included “thousands

of dollars in charges for ‘EDD processing,’ without explaining what that activity

encompasse[d].” 

. Mr. Krill’s declarations do not demonstrate that the requested

charges involved the creation of digital duplicates as contemplated by this Court in Race

Tires. Mr. Krill did not assert that any ESI materials were scanned for the purposes of

“converting computer data into a readable format in response to plaintiffs’ discovery

requests.” 

v. Deere & Co., 

, 591 (7th Cir. 2009))

(internal quotation marks omitted). Reviewing the record, we are not satisfied that the

                                            13
vague and undefined term “digital duplication” falls under any of the activities this Court

held taxable in Race Tires. 

.

      Our concern with the term “digital duplication” stems from this Court’s distinction

between taxable and nontaxable copying in the digital era, and UPMC’s reliance on

general, undefined terms to describe the activities underlying over $310,000 of costs.

Race Tires acknowledged that while imaging hard drives, which is a form of copying

from one electronic source to another to allow for searching and reviewing, is part of the

“‘processing’ of ESI . . . essential to make a comprehensive and intelligible production,”

it does not constitute “making copies” for the purposes of § 1920(4). 

171 n.11;

see Sedona Conference, The Sedona Conference Glossary: E-Discovery & Digital

Information Management 27 (Sherry B. Harris et al. eds., 3d ed. 2010) (defining “[t]o

image a hard drive” as “to make an identical copy of the hard drive”).

      Even the term “scanning,” as used in Race Tires, applied only to the “scanning of

hard copy documents” as “making copies” for the requesting 

(emphasis added). This is not necessarily the same as “scanning . . . UPMC’s electronic

documents” to digitally duplicate these on the Kroll Ontrack system for the benefit of the

responding party, rather than to produce to the requesting party. (A-209) (emphasis

added). Nothing in the record clearly states that the digital duplication of UPMC’s

records was to create a readable format for the Camesi Named Plaintiffs, rather than for

UPMC’s own review and benefit. It is not apparent if Appellants had access to these

materials, or in what format they would have received the ESI discovery, if not for the

stay and Consent Order.

                                            14
       Central to this Court’s reasoning in Race Tires was that the prevailing party

undertook the ESI activities for its own benefit and not to produce materials for the

requesting party. See 

(citing Race 

) (stating

that in “Race Tires, the prevailing party’s reason for imaging its hard drives—to facilitate

counsel’s review of discoverable documents rather than to create the actual production—

steered the Third Circuit’s analysis”). Based on Mr. Krill’s declarations, the requested

charges for “digital duplication” seem to describe digitally moving all the ESI discovery

Appellants requested from UPMC’s system onto Kroll’s system for review. UPMC does

not assert, and Mr. Krill did not articulate, that the duplication at issue was to produce a

readable format for Appellants’ use, as contemplated by Race Tires. Without further

information on what “Process to Ontrack Inview” entails, we are unable to confidently

state that the charges requested are taxable costs under § 1920(4). The fact that “[UPMC

has] requested a little more than one-third . . . of the total ESI services paid to their

Vendor, Kroll Ontrack,” as the District Court noted in denying Appellants’ request to

vacate to reduce the award of costs, is not dispositive of the taxable nature of these

services. (A-2).

                                    III.   Conclusion

       We are well aware that district judges are often faced with multiple issues and it is

sometimes difficult to know in advance what will be challenged on appeal. Nevertheless,

as we cautioned in Race Tires, “[t]he highly technical nature of the services simply does

not exempt parties who seek to recover their electronic discovery costs under § 1920(4)

from showing that the costs fall within the subsection’s limited allowance for ‘the costs

                                            15
of making copies of any 

. For the foregoing reasons, we will

vacate the District Court’s order denying the Camesi Named Plaintiffs’ motion to vacate

or reduce the amount of costs awarded, and remand to the District Court for proceedings

consistent with this foregoing opinion. We will not retain jurisdiction. The District Court

may want to consider holding an evidentiary hearing or taking additional evidence to

determine if these costs are taxable pursuant to our narrow construction of § 1920(4).




                                            16