We think the District Judge improperly abstained in this action to enjoin the enforcement of two municipal ordinances and that injunctive relief should have been granted.

By the passage of two ordinances,1 the City of Statesville, North Carolina, sought to control the solicitation of memberships, for which there was a charge, in clubs, associations and unions by making it unlawful to distribute or place on vehicles handbills or circulars,2 and by requiring persons receiving pay for soliciting memberships in such organizations to obtain a license authorizing their activity.3 Failure or refusal to comply with the provisions of the ordinances constituted a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding fifty dollars or imprisonment not exceeding thirty days,4 and each day of noncompliance with the licensing ordinance was considered a separate offense.5

After being informed that the ordinances were in force and that violators would be prosecuted, and without applying for the required license, the United Steelworkers, joined by their representative, Kirk, whose duties as a paid union organizer included solicitation of union memberships verbally and by distribution of printed material, brought an action in the District Court to enjoin enforcement of the ordinances and for an order declaring them unconstitutional. The District Court denied injunctive relief and dismissed the complaint because it was of the opinion that the complaint did not allege facts sufficient to show imminent danger of irreparable loss and that assertion of constitutional claims defensively in any criminal proceeding which might be brought in the state court was an adequate remedy.6 Thereafter a motion for a new trial was timely filed, and, while that motion was under consideration, the Court's attention was called to the decisions of the Supreme Court in Dombrowski v. Pfister7 and Harman v. Forssenius.8 Later, while expressing the opinion that Dombrowski represented a change in the governing rules concerning injunctions against state criminal prosecutions, the court denied the motion for a new trial on the ground that such a change in the law was an insufficient reason for granting a new or vacating a judgment under either Rule 59 or Rule 60 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.

The subsequent notice of appeal brought the entire case here.

We think the District Court should have reconsidered its conclusion in the light of Dombrowski. A final judgment had been entered, but by reason of the motion for a new trial the case was still in the bosom of the court. The judgment had not acquired that finality which would have accrued to it if no motion for a new trial had been filed and the time for appeal had expired. Certainly, in this court, on the appeal of the case, we must govern ourselves by Dombrowski's teaching, and the District Court should have done so as long as the case was within its jurisdiction.

The abstention doctrine warrants refusal to exercise properly invoked federal jurisdiction to adjudicate the constitutionality of a state statute, if there is doubt about the statute's applicability to the challenger or to his conduct and when construction of the statute by the state court may remove the constitutional issue from the case.9 When, however, the statute is obviously applicable to the plaintiff and his course of conduct or when the statute is not susceptible to a construction that will otherwise avoid the necessity of deciding a constitutional question, a federal court may not properly stay its hand.10

The general statutory prohibition against federal injunctions staying proceedings in a state court11 is inapplicable because no such proceedings have been commenced.12 Nor, in the circumstances of this case, is the issuance of an injunction proscribed by the policy enunciated in Douglas v. City of Jeanette, 319 U.S. 157, 63 S. Ct. 877, 87 L. Ed. 1324 (1943).

The ordinances are patently unconstitutional, as we shall presently see. But until their constitutionality has been adjudicated, the threat of prosecution under them inevitably inhibits the exercise by Kirk and other union organizers of their first amendment rights. Distribution of union literature and solicitation of members for the union, the activity in which Kirk is engaged, is within the first amendment's protection of freedom of speech and of association.13 The fourteenth amendment restrains the City of Statesville from enforcing ordinances which prevent or substantially restrict exercise of those rights.14

Kirk has not been prosecuted under either ordinance. It may be that fear of prosecution has deterred him from distributing literature and soliciting union members within the limits of Statesville, in which event a chilling effect upon the constitutionally protected conduct posed by the threat to enforce the ordinances would be clearly present. Even if Kirk has gone about his business in violation of the ordinances and Statesville has simply delayed commencement of the enforcement proceedings, the threat of enforcement is strongly calculated to have a restraining effect. Kirk will not be likely to have distributed as many handbills as he otherwise would have and any solicitation of members in which he has engaged would be less open and obvious. And unless delay in prosecution diminishes the threat of prosecution, the threat becomes much heavier, for each day's delay in securing a license is a separate offense and the penalties mount rapidly.15 This is precisely the kind of situation in which injunctions against threatened prosecutions were held to be appropriate in Dombrowski.

The District Court was influenced by its opinion that the state courts would not enforce the ordinances. The fact that the antilitter ordinance was not enforced by Statesville's Recorder, did not deprive the threat of enforcement of that ordinance of its chilling effect as Dombrowski teaches. Nor is there any basis of objection in the fact that Kirk has not applied for a license. The license fee of $1 is not substantial, but compliance with P (a)3 of 14-13.1 may well have been impossible. In any event, he was not required to comply with the ordinance in order to attack its constitutionality.16

We conclude, therefore, that the District Court should have granted appropriate injunctive relief if the ordinances are unconstitutional, as the District Court apparently thought and as we hold.

The antilitter ordinance is plainly unconstitutional. A municipality may prohibit the distribution of commercial advertisements on its streets and the throwing of litter upon its streets and sidewalks, but its interest in keeping the streets clean does not warrant an ordinance forbidding the distribution to willing recipients of handbills expressing ideas and opinions.17

The ordinance here provides for a permit for distribution of such handbills, but the granting of such a permit is within the uncontrolled discretion of the chief of police and the city council. The ordinance contains no standards directed toward the exercise of their discretion. Without such standards, the ordinance gives them the right of wighholding permits for the distribution of proper, constitutionally protected literature. As such, it clearly cannot be squared with the fourteenth amendment.18

The license ordinance can fare no better.

If it were simply a revenue measure imposing a reasonable license fee upon solicitors of union memberships and upon salesmen of other ideas and of goods, we would have a different case. It is not that sort of measure. It is a regulatory ordinance prescribing the qualifications of union organizers. A similar statute was stricken in Hill v. State of Florida exrel. Watson,19 as being in conflict with the National Labor Relations Act.20

By 7 of that Act employees are guaranteed a free choice in the selection of their collective bargaining representatives. It was held in Hill that Florida could not limit that choice to representatives meeting qualifications and prerequisites which it prescribed.

The licensing ordinance is susceptible to the construction that a grant of a license is not required even to an applicant who meets all of its stated 'pre-requisites,' in which event the ordinance would offend the requirement of Staub v. City of Baxley,21 though Statesville disowns that construction. Statesville, however, cannot avoid by construction the fatal defect of the third 'prerequisite.' That requires an applicant to show that he has never had any affiliation with any 'organization or group listed by the Attorney General of the United States as subversive, or any organization of communistic nature or advocating the violent overthrow of the Government of the United States or any State.' That requirement is so vague and indefinite that a large proportion of the population must entertain grave doubt as to whether or not it applied to them. To exact an oath of such vague and extensive reach as a condition of the exercise of first amendment rights is itself a denial of due process.22

Nor is such membership a permissible basis for legislative prohibitions against the exercise of first amendment rights.23

Since the plaintiffs are entitled to injunctive relief against the enforcement of these unconstitutional ordinance, the judgment dismissing the complaint will be vacated and the case remanded to the District Court for entry of an appropriate injunctive order.

Reversed and remanded.