This appeal was taken from an order of the United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia, affirming the administrative denial of "black lung" benefits sought pursuant to the regulations enacted under the Federal Coal Mine Health Safety Act of 1969, as amended, 30 U.S.C. § 901, et seq. (the "Act"). We affirm.

The claimant does not directly challenge the administrative decision denying his claim, but rather, he contends: (1) that he was denied a fair hearing due to the bias of the Administrative Law Judge; (2) that the Administrative Law Judge erred due to his failure to grant claimant's request for interrogatories;1 and, (2) that the Secretary did not give Full Faith and Credit2 to a decision of the Industrial Commission of Virginia which determined that claimant had pneumoconiosis.

First, our review of the record does not support the claim that the Administrative Law Judge was biased; there simply are no facts in this case demonstrating abuses similar to those found in Graver v. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, 405 F. Supp. 631 (E.D.Pa.1975) relied on by the claimant. Claimant received an unbiased hearing.

Second, although claimant did request that interrogatories be submitted to a physician who reread the relevant X-rays at the sole request of the Administrative Law Judge, we find no denial of a fair hearing in the judge's refusal to grant those interrogatories. The Act and regulations providing for the administration of "black lung" claims do not provide specifically for the granting of interrogatories. Therefore, the determination of when to approve such requests was within the discretion of the Administrative Law Judge, and we perceive no abuse of discretion in his ruling.

Claimant relies on Phillips v. Mathews, 412 F. Supp. 238 (W.D.Va.1976), arguing that the denial of a request for interrogatories directed to a re-reading physician deprives a claimant of an opportunity for a fair trial. The court in Phillips noted that not only did the Secretary rely heavily on the re-readings, but also that "the interrogatories (which were) presented by plaintiff (raised) many pertinent questions." 412 F. Supp. at 239. In this case, claimant's letter to the Administrative Law Judge raised only the issues of "the number of X-rays they read and various other questions as to other relevant facts." Our review of claimant's request, and of the record as a whole, does not indicate an abuse of discretion by the Administrative Law Judge in denying claimant's requested interrogatories.

Third and finally, claimant contends that the Secretary refused to give Full Faith and Credit to the finding of the Industrial Commission of Virginia (the "commission") that claimant suffered from pneumoconiosis. Whether or not the Secretary is bound by the decision of the commission involves much more than the bare assertion that the Full Faith and Credit clause applies, for the doctrine of Full Faith and Credit can be used for many purposes. Here, apparently, the claimant advances Full Faith and Credit as a vehicle for applying collateral estoppel.3 We must therefore review that doctrine and its potential application to this case.

Collateral estoppel has been described as follows:

(W)here the second action between the same parties is upon a different cause or demand . . . the judgment in the prior action operates as an estoppel, not as to the matters which might have been litigated and determined, but "only as to those matters in issue or points controverted, upon the determination of which the finding or verdict was rendered. . . ."Crowe v. Leeke, 550 F.2d 184, 187 (4th Cir. 1977), quoting Commissioner v. Sunnen, 333 U.S. 591 at 598, 68 S. Ct. 715, 92 L. Ed. 898 (1948). More simply stated, "collateral estoppel 'means . . . that when a (sic) issue of ultimate fact has once been determined by a valid and final judgment, that issue cannot again be litigated between the same parties in any future law suit' ". Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 443, 90 S. Ct. 1189, 1194, 25 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1970).

Applying these standards, we hold that collateral estoppel does not bind the Secretary to the commission's determination of pneumoconiosis. The same parties defendant were not involved in the two forums nor was there any privity between the parties which would bind the Secretary to the previous adjudication.

We recognize that many courts have taken a more liberal approach to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, as reflected by the district court's opinion in Eisel v. Columbia Packing Co., 181 F. Supp. 298 (D.Mass.1960):

(W)here a plea of collateral estoppel is raised against a plaintiff who had a full trial in a prior action, the decisive question is not whether there is mutuality of estoppel. Nor is the decisive question whether there is technical privity between the second defendant and the first defendant. Instead of such wooden tests, inquiries should be made as to whether plaintiff had a fair opportunity procedurally, substantively and evidentually to pursue his claim the first time.

181 F.Supp. at 301 quoted in North Carolina v. Charles Pfizer & Co., Inc., 537 F.2d 67, 73 (4th Cir. 1976). Even this more liberal approach presupposes that the party against whom collateral estoppel is sought to be imposed also was a party, or in privity with a party, when the issue was first litigated.4

Therefore, we hold that claimant was not denied a fair hearing and that the Secretary was not bound by the determination of the Industrial Commission of Virginia. Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is