A jury convicted Keith of three of the seven mail fraud counts contained in the indictment. He was sentenced to 21 months' imprisonment. Keith appeals.

Keith asserts that because his November 15, 1993 trial occurred after the seventy-day mandate of the Speedy Trial Act, his Speedy Trial Act rights were violated. See 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3161(c)(1). He contends that the latest day his trial could have commenced was October 28, 1993, seventy days after August 19, 1993, the day when the magistrate judge appointed counsel. Keith's argument is premised on the fact that the period of time covered by the continuance obtained on the government's motion (seventeen days) was not excludable. The government counters by asserting that the time at issue was excludable under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A).

We review the legal standards applied by the district court in making its ends of justice determination de novo and review the district court's findings under the Speedy Trial Act (the Speedy Trial Act or the Act), 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3161, under the clearly erroneous standard. United States v. Frey, 735 F.2d 350, 352 (9th Cir.1984).

Under the Act, the trial of a criminal defendant must "commence within seventy days from the filing date ... of the ... indictment, or from the date the defendant has appeared before a judicial officer of the court in which such charge is pending, whichever date last occurs." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3161(c)(1). The Act enumerates certain exceptions to the rule and excludes, among others, the period of delay:

resulting from a continuance granted by any judge on his own motion or at the request of the defendant or his counsel or at the request of the attorney for the Government, if the judge granted such continuance on the basis of his findings that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial. No such period of delay resulting from a continuance granted by the court in accordance with this paragraph shall be excludable under this subsection unless the court sets forth, in the record of the case, either orally or in writing, its reasons for finding that the ends of justice served by the granting of such continuance outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial.

Accordingly, a period of delay is excludable under Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A) only "if the judge granted such continuance on the basis of his findings that the ends of justice served by taking such action outweigh the best interest of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial." Notably, Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A) does not specify at what point in time an ends of justice finding must be made, but we have made clear that the district court may not grant an ends of justice continuance nunc pro tunc. See United States v. Carey, 746 F.2d 228, 230 (4th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1029, 105 S. Ct. 1398, 84 L. Ed. 2d 786 (1985). However, a court may enter its ends of justice finding after it grants the continuance, "sometimes as late as the filing of the defendant's motion to dismiss on Speedy Trial Act grounds," if it is clear from the record that the court conducted the mandatory balancing contemporaneously with the granting of the continuance. United States v. Doran, 882 F.2d 1511, 1516 (10th Cir.1989); see also United States v. Tunnessen, 763 F.2d 74, 76 (2d Cir.1985); United States v. Crane, 776 F.2d 600, 606-07 (6th Cir.1985); United States v. Bryant, 726 F.2d 510, 511 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Elkins, 795 F.2d 919, 924 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 952, 107 S. Ct. 443, 93 L. Ed. 2d 391 (1986); United States v. Edwards, 627 F.2d 460, 461 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 872, 101 S. Ct. 211, 66 L. Ed. 2d 92 (1980). In other words, "if findings are entered ex post facto, it must be clear from the record 'that [the court] did consider the factors identified by the statute when it granted the continuance.' " Doran, 882 F.2d at 1517 (quoting Elkins, 795 F.2d at 924); see also Frey, 735 F.2d at 353 ("district court erred by making nunc pro tunc findings to accommodate its unwitting violation of the Act"). The reasoning behind such an approach is clear:

Unless it is clear from the record that the trial court struck the proper balance when it granted the continuance, the twin purposes of the record requirement will be ill-served. The trial court will not focus properly on the correct balancing at the time the continuance is granted, and the appellate court will have to settle for reviewing retroactive rationalizations instead of contemporaneous reasoning. Allowing the granting of an ends-of-justice continuance to take place outside the boundaries discussed above also invites much wider use of this procedural device than Congress intended.

Doran, 882 F.2d at 1516; see also Tunnessen, 763 F.2d at 77 (Because "Congress intended that the decision to grant an ends-of justice continuance be prospective, not retroactive; an order granting a continuance on that ground must be made at the outset of the excludable period.").

Judge MacKenzie orally granted the government's motion for a continuance and subsequently entered a written order, noting that the continuance was granted on account of the Assistant United States Attorney's illness and that Keith agreed to the continuance. Judge MacKenzie did not state any statutory provision of the Speedy Trial Act in his order. At trial, in response to Keith's motion to dismiss, Judge Payne stated the ends of justice served by the continuance outweighed the best interest of the public and Keith in a speedy trial.

In our view, it is clear that Judge MacKenzie's order did not meet the procedural requirements of Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A). While it is true that Judge MacKenzie states a reason for granting the government's motion for a continuance in his written order--the illness of counsel for the government--it does not refer to the Act, let alone the ends of justice section of the Act. Furthermore, it is also unclear whether the district court conducted the necessary balancing as required by Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A) when it granted the government's motion for a continuance. Under such circumstances, we cannot conclude that Judge MacKenzie's order met the technical procedural requirements of Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A).

It is also clear that Judge Payne's actions did not cure the deficiencies of Judge MacKenzie's order. As noted above, it is unclear whether Judge MacKenzie performed the necessary weighing as required by Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A) at the time he granted the government's motion for a continuance. That being the case, we cannot conclude that the procedural requirements of Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A) were met because it must be clear from the record that the judge granting the continuance conducted the mandatory balancing contemporaneously with the granting of such continuance. Doran, 882 F.2d at 1516; Tunnessen, 763 F.2d at 76.

We are left then with the question of whether Keith can take advantage of the delay caused by the continuance. In general, a defendant cannot waive his right to a speedy trial under the Act. United States v. Kucik, 909 F.2d 206, 210-11 & n. 4 (7th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1070, 111 S. Ct. 791, 112 L. Ed. 2d 853 (1991); see also United States v. Willis, 958 F.2d 60, 63 (5th Cir.1992); United States v. Berberian, 851 F.2d 236, 239 (9th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1096, 109 S. Ct. 1567, 103 L. Ed. 2d 934 (1989); United States v. Ray, 768 F.2d 991, 998 n. 11 (8th Cir.1985); United States v. Pringle, 751 F.2d 419, 434-35 (1st Cir.1984); United States v. Carrasquillo, 667 F.2d 382, 388-90 (3d Cir.1981).2 The reasoning behind this general rule rests on the notion that a defendant cannot waive the public's interest in a speedy trial. See Willis, 958 F.2d at 63 ("Allowing the defendant to waive the Act's provisions would compromise the public interest in speedy justice.... The Act's central intent to protect society's interests requires that a defendant's purported waiver of his rights under the Act be ineffective to stop the speedy trial clock from running.").

Despite the apparent breadth of this categorical rule, numerous courts have created an exception to it, essentially preventing a defendant from taking advantage of the discrete period of time covered by a continuance occasioned by a defendant's consent and/or waiver. See, e.g. Kucik, 909 F.2d at 211 (defendant may not rely on period covered by a continuance for a dismissal where he "actively participate[d]" in obtaining the continuance); Pringle, 751 F.2d at 434 (where waiver caused or contributed to the delay, defendant cannot take advantage of that time in seeking a dismissal); see also Willis, 958 F.2d at 64 (noting that "dismissal of an indictment is inappropriate when a defendant requests a continuance under erroneous interpretation or application of one of the Act's provisions and the district court simply errs in its application of the Act to the defendant's request."). The underlying fabric of these decisions is that a defendant should be prevented from using the Act as a sword and a shield; sandbagging the court and the government by agreeing to a continuance and then later urging a dismissal using the time covered by the continuance. As the court in Pringle noted:

If we were to find that the delay caused by the waiver did not stop the speedy trial clock, then we would be rewarding the defendants by enhancing their chances of dismissal. In essence, defendants would have successfully worked both sides of the street, lulling the court and prosecution into a false sense of security only to turn around later and use the waiver-induced leisurely pace of the case as grounds for dismissal.

Pringle, 751 F.2d at 434.

The courts, however, differ as to when a defendant is precluded from taking advantage of the time covered by a continuance that is occasioned by a defendant's consent and/or waiver. For example, Kucik and Pringle seem to have adopted a broad principle that a defendant's participation in a request for a continuance prevents him from relying on that period covered by the continuance in obtaining a dismissal. Kucik, 909 F.2d at 211; Pringle, 751 F.2d at 434. In contrast, the court in Willis rejected the breadth of Kucik and Pringle, noting that a defendant's mere "request for or acquiescence in a continuance" does not prevent the defendant from using that time for dismissal. Willis, 958 F.2d at 64. Rather, a defendant cannot make use of the discrete period of time covered by a continuance unless the "defendant requests a continuance under an erroneous interpretation or application of one of the Act's provisions and the district court simply errs in its application of the Act to the defendant's request." Id. The court in Willis reasoned: "Our holding that the provisions of the Act are non-waivable would be meaningless if we adopted the rule that the defendant waives his ability to move for dismissal of the indictment simply by asking for or agreeing to a continuance." Id. Finally, the court in Willis noted that dismissal would be appropriate "where the district court grants a continuance based solely upon a defendant's 'waiver' without identifying an applicable exception or performing an ends of justice analysis under Sec. 3161(h)(8)." Id.

With the benefit of these decisions, we believe that the court in Willis was correct when it noted that the non-waiver rule would be meaningless if a defendant who simply requests or acquiesces to a continuance is consequently precluded from using that period of time covered by the continuance in seeking dismissal under the Act. Accordingly, while we agree with much of the reasoning of Pringle and Kucik, we decline to embrace the broad principle established in those cases because to hold otherwise would allow the narrow exception to swallow the rule. Moreover, the broad principle as adopted in Pringle and Kucik would appear to find a waiver when a defendant consents to a continuance occasioned on any reason, including the district judge's desire to go fishing. Such an approach is clearly inconsistent with the Act. As the court in Willis explained:

It is the responsibility of the district court to ensure that a request for a continuance in a criminal case which threatens to delay trial past the 70-day mark falls within one of the Act's exceptions. Congress's intent in providing for the dismissal sanction was "to serve as a deterrent for the failure of the United States Attorney or the court to comply with the Act."

Willis, 958 F.2d at 64 (quoting Pringle, 751 F.2d at 434). However, we also believe the rule formulated in Willis is too narrow because we believe that dismissal is not always mandated when the district court fails, in granting the continuance, to identify a section of the Act or to perform an ends of justice analysis, and also because we believe the rule permitting an exception to the non-waiver principle should not be limited to situations when it is the defendant who requests the continuance.

Rather, the appropriate inquiry, in our view, is whether, after a careful review of the record in its entirety, the reasons underlying the district court's granting of the continuance, as agreed to by the defendant, set forth a sufficient factual basis which would support an ends of justice finding under the Act. If the underlying reasons for the granting of the continuance, as agreed to by the defendant, support an ends of justice finding under the Act, the defendant should not be at liberty to take advantage of that discrete period of time covered by the continuance. If not, the defendant should be entitled to use that time to obtain a dismissal under the Act. In our view, such an approach clearly serves the interests of the public and the defendant in a speedy trial, and is faithful to the mandate of Congress that courts assume part of the responsibility in strictly complying with the Act. Accordingly, we hold that if a defendant affirmatively consents to a motion for a continuance and the reasons for the granting of that motion as garnered from the record are sufficient to support a finding that the ends of justice would be met by granting the motion, the defendant cannot take advantage of that discrete period of time covered by the continuance in asserting a violation of the Speedy Trial Act.

In this case, it is clear, and not disputed, that Keith affirmatively agreed to the government's motion for a continuance due to the illness of counsel for the government. It is also clear from the record, as Keith concedes, that the reason the district court granted the motion (the illness of counsel for the government) justified an ends of justice finding under Sec. 3161(h)(8)(A). Therefore, we believe that Keith cannot take advantage of that seventeen-day discrete period of time covered by the continuance granted on the government's motion in asserting a violation of the Speedy Trial Act. Because Keith cannot take advantage of this time, his trial commenced before the running of the speedy trial clock.

Keith also contends that the district court erred when it enhanced his offense level by two levels for obstruction of justice. The Sentencing Guidelines provide:

If the defendant willfully obstructed or impeded, or attempted to obstruct or impede, the administration of justice during the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of the instant offense, increase the offense level by 2 levels.

U.S.S.G. Sec. 3C1.1. When a defendant objects to an increase in his offense level for obstruction of justice for perjury, the district court "must review the evidence and make independent findings necessary to establish a willful impediment to or obstruction of justice, or attempt to do the same, under the perjury definition [set out by the court]." United States v. Dunnigan, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S. Ct. 1111, 1117, 122 L. Ed. 2d 445 (1993). The Court in Dunnigan defined perjury as the giving of "false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake or faulty memory." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 1116.

At trial, Keith testified that he was the owner of the pickup truck and that he had not reported his ownership of the vehicle with the intent to defraud Nationwide. The government introduced evidence establishing that the vehicle was not owned by Keith, but rather by his father. At sentencing, the district court made a factual finding that Keith had perjured himself in his trial testimony:

I find with respect to the obstruction of justice that Mr. Keith was testifying under oath[,] that at the time he gave false testimony concerning a material matter, in particular the ownership of the car, the general nature of his conduct and intent[,] and that his testimony was given with the willful intent to provide the false testimony rather than as a result of any confusion or mistake or accident or a faulty memory[;] and therefore the two-point enhancement for obstruction of justice has been established by a preponderance of the evidence.

(J.A. 169-70).

It is clear that there was a sufficient basis in the record for the district court to conclude that Keith gave "false testimony concerning a material matter with the willful intent to provide false testimony, rather than as a result of confusion, mistake or faulty memory." Dunnigan, --- U.S. at ----, 113 S. Ct. at 1116. Accordingly, the district court did not err in enhancing Keith's offense level by two levels for obstruction of justice. U.S.S.G. Sec. 3C1.1.

For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.