UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                                       No. 96-4951
TREVOR M. HENRY, a/k/a Ivory
Hardy,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of West Virginia, at Huntington.
Joseph Robert Goodwin, District Judge.
(CR-95-183)

Argued: March 6, 1998

Decided: June 19, 1998

Before WIDENER and WILKINS, Circuit Judges, and
MOON, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Virginia,
sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jane Moran, Williamson, West Virginia, for Appellant.
Miller Allison Bushong, III, Assistant United States Attorney,
Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Rebecca A.
Betts, United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appel-
lee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Trevor M. Henry ("Henry") seeks reversal of his convictions of
conspiracy to possess cocaine base with intent to distribute in viola-
tion of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846 and aiding and abetting pos-
session with intent to distribute cocaine base in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 2 and 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). He raises five issues on appeal:
(1) whether the district court properly found him competent to stand
trial, (2) whether the district court properly denied his motion to sup-
press evidence, (3) whether the district court properly admitted testi-
mony regarding his foreign accent, (4) whether the United States
committed prosecutorial misconduct, and (5) whether the district
court properly denied his motion for judgment of acquittal. Finding
no reversible error, we affirm.

I.

On March 17, 1995, at 9:55 p.m. and 10:23 p.m., informant John
Addison ("Addison") made two controlled buys of cocaine base from
an apartment at 1703 Rear Tenth Avenue in Huntington, West Vir-
ginia. Each time Addison knocked on the door of the apartment, and
someone inside uncovered a slot in the door and said only, "Money."
Each time Addison passed a marked fifty dollar bill through the slot.
Then a spoon containing crack cocaine was extended to him through
the slot.

About an hour after the second buy, the police officers supervising
Addison's buys applied for a search warrant. They had not been able
to see the numerical address of the building because of poor lighting.
Instead, they consulted a street directory and concluded incorrectly
that the address was 1701 Rear Tenth Avenue. Officer Robert Martin
typed a statement on a form he titled "Affidavit for Search Warrant."
He did not sign the affidavit, but beneath his statement he typed his

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name, "Huntington P.D.," and the date. Officer Hall filled out the
search warrant form. The magistrate read Officer Martin's unsigned
affidavit, administered the oath to him, and then issued the search
warrant, signing the form filled out by Officer Hall. J.A. at 31-32,
49-53.

At about 1:10 a.m., the officers returned to the apartment where the
drugs had been purchased. They knocked several times and
announced they were police with a search warrant. They heard "run-
ning feet" and a commotion in the apartment, but no one answered the
door. They broke down the door. They observed water running full
force in the bathroom. They continued to hear persons running on the
floor below them and also heard the sound of breaking glass. The
police apprehended three suspects, including Henry. On the ground
outside the apartment building, and amid broken glass from a
smashed window, the police found $970, including the marked bills
from the earlier controlled buys. Henry had $384 on his person. Addi-
tionally, the police found several rocks of crack cocaine on a glass
plate with a spoon. Henry's fingerprints were on the plate.

More than a month after Henry's arrest, on May 26, Corporal Rick
Eplin ("Eplin") took a second set of fingerprints from Henry at the
police station. He asked Henry where he was born, and Henry
answered that he had been born in Jamaica. Although Henry had pre-
viously been given a Miranda warning, the district court suppressed
the statement because Eplin had not given Henry a new Miranda
warning before questioning him. However, at trial the court allowed
Eplin to testify that he had heard Henry's accent while taking his fin-
gerprints and recognized it as Jamaican. Eplin testified that he was
familiar with a Jamaican accent because one of his neighbors who is
Jamaican speaks with the same accent.

Addison testified that the word "money" had been spoken to him
with a Jamaican accent. On the night of the controlled buys, however,
Addison told Officer Martin that the person who passed the cocaine
to him "had like a Nigerian accent, some kind of accent." J.A. at 47.

II.

Henry argues that he was not competent to stand trial because of
his inability to communicate with counsel or the court regarding his

                    3
case. The test of mental competency is "whether[a defendant] has
sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable
degree of rational understanding-and whether he has a rational as well
as factual understanding of the proceedings against him." Dusky v.
United States, 

, 402 (1960) (citation omitted). The dis-
trict court found that Henry was competent to stand trial. Whether a
defendant is competent to stand trial is left to the sound discretion of
the trial court, and its determination will not be set aside on appeal
unless clearly "arbitrary or unwarranted." Hall v. United States, 

, 658 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1969).

Dr. Robert B. Alexander ("Dr. Alexander") who treated and evalu-
ated Henry, reported to the district court that:

          Mr. Henry is not suffering from a mental disease or defect.
          He does understand the roles of judge, jury, prosecutor, and
          defense attorney. He also understands the concept of the
          plea bargain. He has only average intelligence, but a good
          memory and has shown competency in the area of legal
          research and in providing explanations for damaging evi-
          dence. He has as much working knowledge as an average
          citizen. He is willing to assist his attorney, and has formed
          a fairly good working relationship. Although there are cer-
          tainly disagreements, and a stubbornness as demonstrated by
          his focus on a defense not seen as viable by his attorney, this
          is within the normal limits. These observations led the
          undersigned to form the opinion that Mr. Henry is legally
          competent to assist in his defense.

J.A. at 100.

Dr. Alexander's statement acknowledges the working difficulties
of Henry and his attorney. These difficulties do not undermine the
doctor's opinion that Henry was competent to assist in his defense.
The Dusky standard does not require that a defendant approve of the
tactical methods of his counsel, but that a defendant have a rational
understanding in consulting with his attorney and a rational as well
as factual understanding of the proceedings against him. See 

. The record does not show that the trial court abused
its discretion in finding that Henry was competent to stand trial.

                    4
III.

Henry asserts that the district court erred in refusing to suppress
evidence seized under the allegedly invalid search warrant. He con-
tends that the search warrant is invalid because the officers did not
have probable cause, the warrant application contained inaccuracies,
the officer did not sign the affidavit he swore to, and the magistrate
was not detached and neutral. We review the district court's factual
findings underlying its legal conclusions for clear error and its legal
conclusions de novo. United States v. Rusher, 

, 873 (4th
Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1992).

A.

The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution requires that "no War-
rants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affir-
mation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
persons or thing to be seized." U.S. Const. amend. IV. A search war-
rant must be issued by a neutral and detached magistrate. United
States v. Clyburn, 

, 616 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1994).

B.

The affidavit stated that Addison twice bought drugs in controlled
buys at the apartment. Officer Martin applied for a warrant within an
hour of the second buy. J.A. at 48. Officer Martin's statement marked
"Affidavit for Search Warrant" describing the information received
from a credible confidential informant regarding drug activity at the
apartment and two controlled drug buys at the apartment which had
yielded a substance that had tested positive for crack cocaine,
affirmed under oath about an hour after the buys, provided probable
cause for the magistrate to believe that drugs were still on the prem-
ises at the time she issued the warrant. See United States v. Leon, 

, 913-15 (1984).

C.

Henry argues that the magistrate served only as a"rubber stamp,"
but he fails to offer any evidence that the magistrate was not neutral

                    5
and detached. The evidence is to the contrary. The magistrate first
read the affidavit provided by Officer Martin as he personally stood
before her. She had him swear to his typed statements, and only then
did she issue the search warrant which had been filled out by Officer
Hall, one of Martin's companion officers. J.A. at 49.

D.

Henry argues that the warrant was invalid because the officers cited
the wrong address in their warrant application. Although the street
number was not accurate, the description of the house in the search
warrant was sufficient to direct the officers to the correct house, the
one at which Addison had made the drug purchases. The particularity
requirement of the Fourth Amendment tests whether"the officer with
a search warrant can with reasonable effort ascertain and identify the
place intended." Steele v. United States, 

, 503 (1925)
(citations omitted). "An erroneous description in the warrant, how-
ever, does not necessarily invalidate a warrant and subsequent
search." United States v. Owens, 

, 463 (4th Cir. 1988).
The scope of a lawful search is "defined by the object of the search
and the places in which there is probable cause to believe it may be
found." United States v. Ross, 

, 824 (1982). Limitations
on the execution of search warrants should be examined in light of
"the need to allow some latitude for honest mistakes that are made by
officers in [this] dangerous and difficult process." Maryland v.
Garrison, 

, 87 (1987). Moreover,"when an officer acts
in good faith reliance on a facially valid warrant, the purpose of the
exclusionary rule would not be furthered by suppression of relevant
and probative evidence." 

(discussing United
States v. Leon, 

(1984)). No Fourth Amendment viola-
tion occurred because the description was set out with sufficient par-
ticularity to identify the premises to the officers: it targeted the
specific apartment the searching officers identified as the one from
which drugs had been sold, and the officers indeed searched the prem-
ises for which probable cause existed. The officers acted in good faith
and did not realize during the course of executing the warrant that
they had misstated the apartment number in applying for the warrant.1
_________________________________________________________________
1 Henry does not allege, and it does not appear from the record, that the
officers realized their mistake while executing the warrant. See Appel-
lant's Brief at 31-34; J.A. at 258-306.

                    6
E.

Henry also argues that the affidavit was not proper because it was
not signed, citing the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and West
Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure. Even if these rules required a
signed affidavit, they would not control in this case. Here, a local
police officer, not federal agents, asked for the warrant. The evidence
was being offered in a federal proceeding. Therefore, neither the war-
rant limiting strictures of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure nor
the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure apply. 

. Instead, the limits set forth by the Fourth Amendment
safeguard the defendant's rights. 

does not
require a signed and sworn affidavit, but only that probable cause be
supported by oath or affirmation. 

. Because
the officer swore to the information in the presence of the magistrate,
the warrant is valid.

IV.

The district court admitted Eplin's testimony regarding Henry's
accent, which Eplin heard when he took Henry's fingerprints. Henry
claims this testimony unconstitutionally prejudiced him and should
have been suppressed. "The sound of a defendant's voice, even if
heard during privileged communications, is not itself testimonial, and
therefore is not protected by the Fifth Amendment privilege against
self-incrimination." United States v. Oriakhi , 

, 1299 (4th
Cir. 1995) (citing United States v. Dionisio, 

, 8 (1973); Doe
v. United States, 

, 210 (1988)). The sound of Henry's
voice and his accent are physical evidence and are not shielded by the
Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. See
Pennsylvania v. Muniz, 

(1990). 2
_________________________________________________________________
2 In passing, Henry contends that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel
in an interrogational setting was violated by Eplin's actions. Appellant's
Br. at 38. Henry does not appear to have offered this argument for the
district court's consideration. In any case, the contention is meritless.
The Sixth Amendment right to counsel is intended to protect the layman
at critical confrontations with the government after the initiation of the
adversary process with respect to a particular crime. United States v.
Gouveia, 

, 189 (1984). Corporal Eplin's identification of
Henry's accent during fingerprinting was not a critical stage of the pro-
ceedings. 

.

                    7
Henry also contends that because Eplin was not a linguist, the trial
court erred in admitting his opinion regarding the origin of Henry's
accent. Lay witnesses' opinions must be rationally based on the wit-
nesses' perception and helpful to the determination of a fact in issue.
Fed. R. Evid. 701. A trial court's admission of evidence is a matter
of discretion and should be affirmed absent a clear abuse of discre-
tion. United States v. Webster, 

(4th Cir.), cert. denied,

(1981). Eplin explained the basis for his opinion that the
accent was Jamaican--he had a Jamaican neighbor. This provided a
rational basis for his testimony which was helpful to the fact finder
in determining if the person who passed the drugs was Jamaican.
Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion.

V.

Henry's allegation of prosecutorial misconduct is based on the
prosecutor's introduction of testimony that the police attempted to
record the controlled buys. Henry's counsel objected when the Assis-
tant U.S. Attorney directed his witness toward discussion of the
attempt to tape the buys. During a sidebar conference, the Assistant
U.S. Attorney and Henry's attorney came to an agreement that it was
permissible for the Assistant U.S. Attorney to introduce testimony
that an unsuccessful attempt was made to tape the drug buys.

The Assistant U.S. Attorney kept his witness's testimony within
the framework of this agreement and Henry's attorney did not further
object. J.A. at 253-60. The test for reversible prosecutorial miscon-
duct requires the prosecutor's conduct to have been improper and
such conduct must have prejudicially affected defendant's substantial
rights so as to deprive defendant of a fair trial. United States v.
Francisco, 

, 120 (4th Cir. 1994). The record does not sup-
port the claim that the Assistant U.S. Attorney was guilty of miscon-
duct.

VI.

In considering Henry's motion for judgment of acquittal after a
jury verdict of guilty, we are required to view the evidence in the light
most favorable to the government to see whether any rational trier of

                     8
fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Jackson v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1979).

Construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the govern-
ment, Addison made two controlled buys at the residence in which
Henry and two others were arrested within three hours. The person
who sold the drugs to Addison had a Jamaican accent. Of the three
individuals the police found in the apartment, only one, Henry, had
a Jamaican accent. The prior statement by Addison that the accent
was Nigerian went to Addison's credibility, which was for the fact
finder to resolve. Henry attempted to flee along with the others when
the police arrived. Flight from the scene of a crime may indicate con-
sciousness of guilt, which is evidence of illegal conduct. See, e.g.,
United States v. Ellis, 

, 926 (4th Cir. 1997), cert. denied,

(1998). When arrested, Henry had $384 on his person.
Henry's fingerprints were found on the glass plate with several grams
of crack cocaine. All of these circumstances were sufficient for a
rational fact finder to believe beyond a reasonable doubt that Henry
conspired to distribute and possess with intent to distribute cocaine
base and aided and abetted the possession with intent to distribute
cocaine base. The district court properly denied the motion for acquit-
tal.

Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

AFFIRMED

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