Filed: Jun. 02, 1997
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS For the Fifth Circuit No. 96-40539 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, VERSUS STEVEN LAKEITH ARMSTEAD, Defendant-Appellant. ***************************************************** No. 96-40560 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, VERSUS LEROY GRAHAM ARMSTEAD, Defendant-Appellant. Appeals from the United States District Court For the Eastern District of Texas June 2, 1997 Before GARWOOD, WIENER, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges. DeMOSS, Circuit Judge: Bef
Summary: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS For the Fifth Circuit No. 96-40539 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, VERSUS STEVEN LAKEITH ARMSTEAD, Defendant-Appellant. ***************************************************** No. 96-40560 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, VERSUS LEROY GRAHAM ARMSTEAD, Defendant-Appellant. Appeals from the United States District Court For the Eastern District of Texas June 2, 1997 Before GARWOOD, WIENER, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges. DeMOSS, Circuit Judge: Befo..
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UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
For the Fifth Circuit
No. 96-40539
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
STEVEN LAKEITH ARMSTEAD,
Defendant-Appellant.
*****************************************************
No. 96-40560
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
VERSUS
LEROY GRAHAM ARMSTEAD,
Defendant-Appellant.
Appeals from the United States District Court
For the Eastern District of Texas
June 2, 1997
Before GARWOOD, WIENER, and DeMOSS, Circuit Judges.
DeMOSS, Circuit Judge:
Before the Court are two consolidated appeals brought by
brothers Steven Lakeith Armstead and Leroy Graham Armstead (“the
Armsteads”) challenging the validity of the sentences imposed
following their guilty pleas. The Armsteads pleaded guilty to
stealing firearms from a licensed firearms dealer, a violation of
18 U.S.C. § 922(u). At sentencing, the district court used the
1995 Guidelines and enhanced the Armsteads’ base offense level by
four levels pursuant to United States Sentencing Guidelines
(U.S.S.G.) § 2K2.1(b)(5) on the ground that they possessed firearms
in connection with “another felony offense,” the state law crime of
burglary of a building. The Armsteads argue that the enhancement
was improperly applied because there was not “another felony
offense” in addition to the conduct underlying the firearms-
burglary offense. Finding no error, we affirm the decision of
district court to enhance the Armsteads’ sentence under §
2K2.1(b)(5). Leroy Armstead also argues that the district court
improperly enhanced his base offense level by two levels for
possessing stolen firearms under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4). The
application of the two level enhancement under the 1995 Edition of
§ 2K2.1(b)(4) violates the ex post facto clause of the Constitution
and, as such, we vacate Leroy Armstead’s sentence and remand for
resentencing.
BACKGROUND
On August 22, 1995, at approximately 3:45 a.m., the Jasper
Police Department received a call indicating that an alarm had been
sounded at the Phillips Pawn Shop, a licensed firearms dealer.
When officers arrived, they realized that the pawn shop had been
broken into and that a number of firearms had been stolen. The
2
manager reported that, in fact, 19 guns had been stolen, two of
which were recovered outside the building.
Later that day, the police received a call from a confidential
informant (“CI”) who told the officers that the suspects were in
Houston selling the stolen guns. The CI identified the suspects as
“Bellini” (Terry Bellini Barlow), “Speed Buggy” (Michael D. White),
“Worm” (Steven Smith, a/k/a Steven Armstead), and “Worm’s brother”
(Leroy Armstead). The officers then set up surveillance at several
locations frequented by the suspects.
Upon apprehending the perpetrators, the officers learned that
13 of the guns had been sold in Houston. They recovered the
remaining four firearms from the automobile used during the
defendants’ Houston trip. All of the defendants admitted their
roles in this crime except Barlow. No other firearms were found in
addition to those stolen from the pawn shop.
In December 1995, a federal grand jury returned a four-count
indictment against the four defendants. The Armsteads were both
named in Counts I and II of the indictment. Count I charged the
Armsteads with conspiracy to steal firearms from a licensed
firearms dealer, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371. Count II charged
them with stealing the firearms from a licensed dealer in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u). Leroy Armstead was charged with an
additional count, Count IV, felon in possession of firearms, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).
In March 1996, the Armsteads entered a plea agreement with the
United States Attorney’s Office and pleaded guilty to Count II. In
3
return, the government dismissed the conspiracy charge under Count
I. The government also dismissed Count IV, the felon in possession
charge, against Leroy Armstead.
The probation officer’s presentence report (PSR), applying the
1995 Edition of the Guidelines Manual, fixed Steven Armstead’s base
offense level at 12, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(7). The
probation officer, using U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(1)(D), then added four
points because more than 12 firearms were involved in the offense.
Four more points were added pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5).
The probation officer interpreted § 2K2.1(b)(5) to require that
additional points should be added to Steven Armstead’s base offense
level because he used or possessed the stolen firearms in
connection with another felony offense, the state law crime of
burglary of a building. Steven Armstead then received a three
point reduction for acceptance of responsibility which resulted in
a total base offense level calculation of 17. With a base offense
level of 17 and a criminal history category of IV, Steven
Armstead’s guideline sentencing range was 37 to 46 months.
The probation officer relied on similar reasoning in
calculating Leroy Armstead’s base offense level. However, Leroy
Armstead received a substantially greater sentence due to his
extensive criminal history. The probation officer first arrived at
a base offense level of 20 pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A).
Four points were added because the total number of firearms
involved exceeded 12 and an additional four points were applied
under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) because Leroy Armstead used or
4
possessed these firearms in connection with another felony offense.
Two additional points were added to Leroy Armstead’s base offense
level under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4) due to the fact that the
firearms at issue were stolen. After applying the three level
reduction for acceptance of responsibility, Leroy Armstead’s base
offense level was 27. With a criminal history category of VI,
Leroy Armstead’s guideline sentencing range was 130-162 months.
Because the statutory maximum sentence of 120 months was less than
the applicable guideline range, Leroy Armstead’s sentence was
limited to 120 months.
The Armsteads filed timely objections to the PSR’s four-level
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). Leroy Armstead also
objected to the two level enhancement from U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(4).
The district court overruled both objections and adopted the PSR.
The district court then sentenced Steven Armstead to 46 months
imprisonment and three years supervised release. Leroy Armstead
was sentenced to 120 months imprisonment and three years supervised
release. The Armsteads filed timely appeals from the sentences
imposed by the district court.
ANALYSIS
A district court’s sentencing decision will be upheld unless
it was imposed in violation of the law, is a result of an incorrect
application of the guidelines, or the district court unreasonably
departed from the applicable guideline range. United States v.
Guadardo, 40 F.3d 102, 103 (5th Cir. 1994). The district court’s
5
fact findings at sentencing are reviewed for clear error, and any
interpretation of the Guidelines is subject to de novo review.
United States v. Kuban, 94 F.3d 971, 973 (5th Cir. 1996), cert.
denied,
117 S. Ct. 716 (1997).
1. Ex Post Facto Concerns
We begin our analysis with the question of whether the correct
edition of the Guidelines Manual was used in calculating the
Armsteads’ sentences. The district court used the 1995 Edition of
the Guidelines Manual. Pursuant to U.S.S.G. §§ 1B1.11(a) and
1B1.11(b)(1), a district court should apply the edition of the
Guidelines Manual in effect on the date the defendant is sentenced,
unless the application of such Guideline Manual would violate the
ex post facto clause of the Constitution, in which event, the
Guidelines in effect on the date of the offense should be used.
In this case, sentencing occurred after the effective date of
the 1995 Edition. However, in August 1995, when the Armsteads
violated 18 U.S.C. § 922(u), the 1994 Edition of the Guidelines
Manual was in effect. The 1994 Edition did not contain any
reference to § 922(u) nor did it specify which Guideline should be
used to calculate a base offense level for such violations. This
circumstance developed because the effective date of Public Law
103-159, which inserted the new subsection “(u)” in 18 U.S.C. §
922, was November 30, 1993. Obviously, the Sentencing Commission
did not have adequate time to prepare and file amendments to the
1994 Edition of the Guidelines referencing this new statute.
6
After ordering supplemental briefing from the parties on this
issue and reviewing the applicability of both the 1994 Edition and
the 1995 Edition of the Guidelines Manual to this case, we are
convinced that no ex post facto violation occurred as to the
application of § 2K2.1, except as later specified. In reaching
this conclusion, we were required to make two judgment calls.
First, given that the 1994 Guidelines do not refer to § 922(u), we
had to determine what would be the proper guideline to use for this
offense under the 1994 Guidelines. Second, once we determined the
appropriate guideline to apply, we asked whether the application of
the 1995 Guidelines increases the defendants’ sentences when
compared with the application of the same guideline under the 1994
Edition. We address each decision now in more detail.
First, to ascertain the applicable guideline using the 1994
Edition, we found that no provision exists in that edition for
violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u). Appendix A of the 1994
Guidelines Manual directs us to U.S.S.G. § 2X5.1 to calculate the
guideline range for offenses not listed in the index, in this case,
§ 922(u) offenses. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 App. A. Section 2X5.1
states:
If the offense is a felony or Class A misdemeanor
for which no guideline expressly has been
promulgated, apply the most analogous offense
guideline. If there is not a sufficiently
analogous guideline, the provisions of 18 U.S.C. §
3553(b) shall control, except that any guidelines
and policy statements that can be applied
meaningfully in the absence of a Chapter 2 offense
guideline shall remain applicable.
U.S.S.G. § 2X5.1.
7
In our view, the most analogous guideline in the 1994 Edition
for the Armsteads’ offenses is U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. This guideline
deals with firearms offenses and enhancements for possession or use
of stolen firearms. This guideline is the applicable guideline for
all of the other subsections of § 922 which define criminal
conduct, with the exception of violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(q),
for which U.S.S.G. § 2K2.5 applies. In passing Public Law 103-159,
Congress expressly decided that the prohibited conduct in
subsection “(u)” would be a part of § 922. The maximum penalty
fixed by Congress for violations of § 922(u), ten (10) years,
reflects the same punishment as set out by Congress for other
violations of § 922. This new subsection “(u)” was intended to
protect the holders of federal licenses who import, manufacture or
deal in firearms from theft of their inventories. In fact, many of
these licenses are issued in accordance with other subsections of
§ 922.
Furthermore, in May 1995, the Sentencing Commission filed
proposed Amendment 522 with Congress. In this amendment, the
Commission itself determined that the proper guideline for handling
§ 922(u) violations would be U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. When dealing with
a new statutory crime, we believe the courts should defer to the
authority of the Sentencing Commission to define, by amending the
guidelines, which particular guideline will be applicable to the
new crime. See United States v. White, 869 F.2d 822, 826-26 (5th
Cir. 1989)(recognizing that Congress has the power to completely
divest the courts of their sentencing discretion and that Congress
8
granted broad authority to the Sentencing Commission guided by
specific goals and principles). Where, as in this case, evidence
of the Commission’s policies and goals are publicly available to
the courts, we should utilize these proposed new amendments in
making determinations as to “analogous guidelines” for sentencing
purposes under § 2X5.1. See Stinson v. United States, 113 S. Ct.
1913, 1915 (1993)(Commentary “that interprets or explains a
guideline is authoritative unless it violates the Constitution or
a federal statute, or is inconsistent with, or a plainly erroneous
reading of, that guideline.”). For these reasons, we hold that
“the most analogous offense guideline” to be applied for violations
of § 922(u) under the 1994 Edition is section 2K2.1.1
We now turn to compare the provisions of the 1994 Guidelines
with the 1995 Guidelines to determine if § 2K2.1, in the 1995
Guidelines, would produce a higher sentence than § 2K2.1 in the
1994 Guidelines and thus implicate the ex post facto clause. Both
editions contain identical provisions for determining a defendant’s
base offense level.
1
The Armsteads also rely on an analogous case from the Sixth
Circuit, United States v. Halliburton, 73 F.3d 110 (6th Cir. 1996).
The Halliburton defendants were convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 922(u)
for theft of firearms from a licensed firearms dealer and the
district court sentenced them under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1. The Sixth
Circuit reversed holding that U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1 most resembled the
charged conduct, in that case, theft. In so holding, the court
ignored the subsequent “clarifying” amendment in the 1995 Edition
of the Guidelines for § 2K2.1, which directed courts to use § 2K2.1
for violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u). This amendment was pending
in Congress and publicly available at the time of the Sixth
Circuit’s decision. According to U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(b)(2), we are
to consider subsequent clarifying amendments to the Guidelines. As
such, we decline to adopt the Sixth Circuit’s reasoning in
Haliburton.
9
Finding no changes to the main structure of § 2K2.1 itself, we
then look to the offense characteristics section, U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1(b). Section 2K2.1(b)(5) states:
If the defendant used or possessed any firearm or
ammunition in connection with another felony
offense; or possessed or transferred any firearm or
ammunition with knowledge, intent, or reason to
believe that it would be used or possessed in
connection with another felony offense, increase by
4 levels.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5). For the reasons discussed later in part 2,
the Armsteads’ conduct appears to satisfy the requirements for this
section. Consequently, if the 1994 Guidelines had been applied,
the Armsteads would have received a four-level increase in their
base offense levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5).
The 1995 Edition of the Guidelines expressly states that
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 should be used for offenses involving 18 U.S.C. §
922(u). See U.S.S.G. App. A. Section 2K2.1(b)(5), which was not
amended from 1994 to 1995, directs us to increase the Armsteads
base offense level by four points for using a firearm in connection
with another felony offense. As such, the four-level increase
under § 2K2.1(b)(5) is applicable to this case under either the
1994 or 1995 Editions of the Guidelines Manual. Consequently, we
hold that no ex post facto concerns are raised by the application
of § 2K2.1(b)(5) of the 1995 Edition of the Guidelines Manual.
However, Leroy Armstead also appealed from the district
court’s imposition of a two level enhancement assessed under the
1995 Edition of § 2K2.1(b)(4) because the firearms at issue were
stolen. In considering the ex post facto concerns raised by this
10
enhancement, for situations where “any firearm was stolen,” we
first consider enhancement under the 1994 Edition of the
Guidelines. Subsection (b)(4) increases a base offense 2 levels if
any firearm involved in the offense was stolen or had an altered or
obliterated serial number.
The 1994 Edition of the Guidelines, commentary note 12 states:
If the defendant is convicted under 18 U.S.C. §
922(I), (j), or (k), or 26 U.S.C. § 5861(g) or (h)
(offenses involving stolen firearms or ammunition),
and is convicted of no other offense subject to
this guideline, do not apply the adjustment in
subsection (b)(4) because the base offense level
itself takes such conduct into account.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, comment. (n.12) (1994) (emphasis added). As
stated earlier, this note does not refer to § 922(u) because that
subsection only became effective on November 30, 1993, and § 922(u)
is not mentioned anywhere in the 1994 Guidelines. Because we have
already determined that § 2K2.1 is “the most analogous guideline”
within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 2X5.1, we should likewise read
note 12 of the 1994 Edition as if it included new subsection “(u)”
in its reference to convictions under § 922. The listed § 922
offenses under note 12 all apply to offenses involving stolen
firearms or ammunition. The § 922(u) offense is one involving
stolen firearms. The second element of the note 12 commentary
requires a determination as to whether Leroy Armstead was
“convicted of no other offense subject to this guideline.” He
clearly was not convicted of any offense other than § 922(u) and,
therefore, subsection (b)(4)’s enhancement would not have been
applied to Leroy Armstead under the 1994 Edition of the Guidelines.
11
In the 1995 Edition of the Guidelines, the text of subsection
(b)(4) remained the same but commentary note 12 was amended. Note
12 now provides:
If the only offense to which § 2K2.1 applies is 18
U.S.C. § 922(I), (j), or (u), 18 U.S.C. § 924(j) or
(k), or 26 U.S.C. § 5861(g) or (h)(offenses
involving a stolen firearm or stolen ammunition)
and the base offense level is determined under
subsection (a)(7), do not apply the adjustment in
subsection (b)(4) unless the offense involved a
firearm with an altered or obliterated serial
number. This is because the base offense level
takes into account that the firearm or ammunition
was stolen.
Similarly, if the only offense to which § 2K2.1
applies is 18 U.S.C. § 922(k)(offenses involving an
altered or obliterated serial number) and the base
offense level is determined under subsection
(a)(7), do not apply the adjustment in subsection
(b)(4) unless the offense involved a stolen firearm
or stolen ammunition. This is because the base
offense level takes into account that the firearm
had an altered or obliterated serial number.
U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1, comment. (n.12) (1995) (emphasis added). This
amended commentary clearly permits the sentencing court to enhance
an offense by two levels under subsection (b)(4) if the base
offense is not calculated under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(7). Leroy
Armstead’s base offense was calculated under § 2K2.1(a)(4)(A) and,
therefore, his offense may be enhanced under this subsection.
While the Commission refers to this amendment as a
“clarifying” amendment, it is clear that the new commentary note 12
provides for a substantive change in the sentencing treatment of
defendants that have violated statutes governed by § 2K2.1. “To be
ex post facto, a law first `must be retrospective, that is it must
apply to events occurring before its enactment’; and second `must
12
disadvantage the offender’ it affects.” United States v. Suarez,
911 F.2d 1016, 1021-22 (5th Cir. 1990)(quoting Miller v. Florida,
482 U.S. 423, 430 (1970)). “A sentence that is increased pursuant
to an amendment to the guidelines effective after the offense was
committed violates the ex post facto clause.” United States v.
Domino,
62 F.3d 716, 720 (5th Cir. 1995).
In this case, subsection (b)(4) of the 1995 Edition of the
Guidelines was applied to enhance Leroy Armstead’s sentence.
Therefore, his guideline sentence for the instant offense is higher
than it would have been under the guidelines applicable when the
offense was committed, the 1994 Edition. The ex post facto clause
operates to bar such a retrospective increase in Leroy Armstead’s
sentence. See U.S. CONST. art. 1, § 9, cl. 3. For these reasons,
we hold that Leroy Armstead should not have received a two level
increase in his base offense level under § 2K2.1(b)(4) and Leroy
Armstead’s sentence should have been calculated using the 1994
Edition of the Guidelines Manual.2
2. “Another Felony Offense” - U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5)
The Armsteads pleaded guilty to Count II of the indictment,
which charged them with violating 18 U.S.C. § 922(u).3 The
2
Because the remaining substantive sections of § 2K2.1 have
not been changed from the 1994 Edition to the 1995 Edition, it is
irrelevant which edition is used for purposes of our remaining
analysis.
3
18 U.S.C. § 922(u) states:
[I]t shall be unlawful for a person to steal or
unlawfully take or carry away from the person or
the premises of a person who is licensed to
engage in the business of importing,
13
Armsteads contend that the district court erred in assessing a four
point enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5) because such an
enhancement constitutes a double jeopardy violation. The Armsteads
maintain that the § 2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement punishes them twice for
the same underlying conduct, stealing the firearms from the pawn
shop.
Furthermore, the Armsteads contend that the four-level
enhancement was improperly applied because they were not involved
in “another felony offense” other than the conduct underlying the
theft-of-firearms offense. They argue that none of the stolen
firearms were used or possessed during the commission of the
burglary itself and, as such, it cannot be said that the stolen
firearms were “used or possessed in connection with another felony
offense” under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(5).
In response to the Armsteads’ objection to the § 2K2.1(b)(5)
enhancement, the probation officer relied on U.S.S.G. §
1B1.3(a)(1)(B), which provides that the application of the cross
references in Chapter Two shall be determined based upon the
following:
in the case of a jointly undertaken criminal
activity (a criminal plan, scheme, endeavor, or
enterprise undertaken by the defendant in concert
with others, whether or not charged as a
conspiracy), all reasonably foreseeable acts and
omissions of others in furtherance of the jointly
undertaken criminal activity, that occurred during
the commission of the offense of conviction, in
manufacturing, or dealing in firearms, any
firearm in the licensee’s business inventory that
has been shipped or transported in interstate or
foreign commerce.
14
preparation for that offense, or in the course of
attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for
that offense.
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). The probation officer determined that
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) was properly applied and should not be considered
double counting because subsection (b)(5) takes into consideration
the increased danger when firearms are used or possessed in
connection with another felony offense. This conduct should be
considered relevant conduct in light of § 1B1.3(a)(1)(B). The
probation officer also contends that the “[other] felony offense”
is the state law crime of burglary of a building, which is
different from the violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u). The Armsteads
did possess the stolen firearms in connection with the state law
felony of burglary.
The district court adopted the PSR and specifically stated:
I find that there’s no double counting for the
four-level increase, because subsection (b)(5)
takes into consideration the danger when firearms
are possessed or used in connection with another
felony offense, and that (b)(5) does not
additionally punish him for the firearms being
stolen.
I find further that 922, subsection “u”, of 18
U.S. Code is different from the general theft
statute, and possessing the stolen firearms under
922(u) is not double counting when addressing
behavior under U.S. Code section 2111.
Although he wasn’t charged with burglary in
the federal indictment, he was and is charged by
the State of Texas. In that regard, he and his co-
defendants jointly agreed and did possess, although
they didn’t use them, stolen firearms in connection
with the burglary, and that ... objection ... is
overruled.
To determine the propriety of the application of U.S.S.G. §
15
2K2.1(b)(5), we must ascertain whether the Armsteads used or
possessed the stolen firearms “in connection with another felony
offense.” In this case, the district court found that the
Armsteads engaged in the state law crime of burglary and the
federal crime of theft of a firearm from a licensed firearms
dealer, and that the district court applied § 2K2.1(b)(5)
accordingly.
We have wrestled with the construction of § 2K2.1(b)(5) on at
least two other occasions. See United States v. Fadipe, 43 F.3d
993 (5th Cir. 1995); United States v. Condren,
18 F.3d 1190 (5th
Cir. 1994). In Fadipe, we vacated a sentence enhancement under §
2K2.1(b)(5) because the gun in question was not used “in connection
with” the bank fraud committed by the defendant.
Fadipe, 43 F.3d
at 995. We held that “[t]he mere possession of a gun near the
instruments involved in a fraudulent loan application scheme is
insufficient to prove that the gun was used `in connection with’
the bank fraud felony for purposes of the application of U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1(b)(5).”
Id.
In Condren, however, we affirmed the district court’s
application of § 2K2.1(b)(5) based on the increased danger inherent
with the possession of firearms during the commission of another
felony offense. See
Condren, 18 F.3d at 1197-98; United States v.
Guerrero,
5 F.3d 868, 873 (5th Cir. 1993). Condren is
distinguishable from Fadipe in that proof existed that Condren
could have used or possessed the firearms at issue in connection
with the other crime, drug distribution. Condren pleaded guilty to
16
being a felon in possession of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(1) and his sentence was enhanced under § 2K2.1(b)(5) because
the PSR indicated that Condren possessed a loaded .22 caliber
revolver in connection with the distribution of cocaine. Condren,
18 F.3d at 1191-92. The district court made findings that Condren
possessed the firearm while in possession of small quantities of
crack cocaine and marijuana seed. The district court also found
that Condren possessed the firearm at the same time that he
possessed the controlled substances. This Court held that the
district court properly enhanced Condren’s sentence based on his
possession of a firearm in connection with the felony crime of drug
distribution.
Id. at 1198.
For sentencing purposes, the “in connection with” prong must
only be proved by a preponderance of the evidence. See United
States v. Angulo, 927 F.2d 202, 205 (5th Cir. 1991). Further, for
purposes of enhancing a sentence under § 2K2.1(b)(5), a close
relationship between the firearm and the other felony offense need
not be shown.
Condren, 18 F.3d at 1198. As a result, we held that
“[u]nder the ordinary and natural meaning of `in connection with’
as found in § 2K2.1(b)(5), ... we cannot credit either Condren’s
contention that the quantity of drugs involved was too small, or
the possible contention that the source of the firearm was too
unrelated, to support the enhancement.”
Id.
In the present case, the Armsteads pleaded guilty to stealing
firearms from a licensed firearms dealer in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(u). The State of Texas has also charged the Armsteads with
17
the crime of burglary of a building, a felony. While no evidence
exists to show that the Armsteads possessed or used firearms before
they broke into the pawn shop, they most certainly possessed
firearms once they entered the pawn shop and picked up the guns.
This subsequent possession of firearms satisfies the nexus
requirement for possession as stated by this Court, because those
firearms were possessed and could have been used to facilitate the
crimes at issue. See Condren, 18 F.3d at 1194-1198.
The Armsteads’ “possession” of the firearms appears to invoke
the enhancement under 2K2.1(b)(5). To insure that the firearms
were possessed “in connection with another felony offense,” we
press on. The phrase “in connection with,” as used in §
2K2.1(b)(5), is not defined by the Guidelines. For guidance, we
turn to the Guidelines’ relevant conduct provision, U.S.S.G. §
1B1.3(a)(1)(B). This provision directs us to determine Chapter 2
adjustments based on “all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions
of others in furtherance of the jointly undertaken criminal
activity that occurred during the commission of the offense of
conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in the course of
attempting to avoid detection or responsibility for that offense.”
Part K of Chapter 2 expressly refers to offenses “involving
public safety.” Section 2K2.1(b)(5) was added in 1991 out of
concern about crimes of violence, drug offenses, and the use or
possession of firearms in connection with these offenses. Such an
enhancement for use or possession of a firearm “in connection with
another felony offense” illustrates this increased concern for
18
public safety. Further, given its ordinary and natural meaning, we
hold that the Armsteads’ possession of firearms was “in connection
with” their state law burglary crime.
Having satisfied ourselves that the firearms were possessed
“in connection with” the offense, we are left with the interpretive
dilemma of deciding whether the state crime of burglary constituted
“another felony offense.” The Guidelines define “felony offense”
to mean “any offense (federal, state or local) punishable by
imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, whether or not a
criminal charge was brought, or conviction obtained.” U.S.S.G. §
2K2.1, comment. (n.7). The dilemma arises when we ascertain
whether the burglary constituted “another” offense even though it
arose contemporaneously with the primary offense, theft of firearms
from a licensed firearms dealer.
We could unearth no other circuit court decision which has
directly addressed this issue. Other circuit courts have applied
§ 2K2.1(b)(5) to other felony offenses; however, those offenses
were clearly distinct from the underlying firearms offense. See
United States v. Wyatt, 102 F.3d 241 (7th Cir. 1996) (enhancement
for possession of firearm in connection with marijuana
distribution), cert. denied,
117 S. Ct. 1325 (1997); United States
v. Sturtevant,
62 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 1995) (enhancement for
possession of firearm in connection with state crime of assault and
battery); United States v. Collins,
90 F.3d 1420 (9th Cir. 1996)
(defendant convicted of being a felon in possession of firearm
received enhancement pursuant for possession of a firearm in
19
connection with attempted burglary of check cashing business);
United States v. Whitfield, 50 F.3d 947 (11th Cir.) (defendant who
was convicted of storing a stolen firearm received enhancement for
possession of a firearm in connection with state law burglary),
cert. denied,
116 S. Ct. 234 (1995); United States v. Routon,
25
F.3d 815 (9th Cir. 1994) (enhancement for possession of a firearm
in connection with unlawful possession of stolen car). No case has
directly addressed the application of the § 2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement
to violations of 18 U.S.C. § 922(u).
The government relies primarily on United States v. Guerrero,
5 F.3d 868 (5th Cir. 1993), in support of the district court’s
application of the four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(5).
Guerrero involved a dispute over the calculation of a base offense
level under a different guideline provision, U.S.S.G. §
4B1.4(b)(3)(A). In that case, the defendant burglarized two
residences and stole a number of firearms. The defendant had prior
felony convictions and pleaded guilty to 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1),
924(a), possession of a firearm by a felon, and 18 U.S.C. §§
922(j), 924(a)(2), possession of a stolen firearm. This Court
affirmed the district court’s imposition of a base offense level of
34 under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A).
Id. at 874. We explained that
the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Smith v. United States,
113 S. Ct.
2050, 2055 (1993), suggests that the meaning of § 4B1.4(b)(3)(A)’s
“in connection with” language “does not necessarily exclude
20
possessing the firearms as fruits of the crime the possessor is
contemporaneously committing.”4 Id. at 872.
In United States v. Kuban, 94 F.3d 971, 975-76 (5th Cir.
1996), the defendant pleaded guilty to knowingly possessing
firearms that had been shipped in interstate commerce in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court enhanced his sentence
under § 2K2.1(b)(5) based on the defendant’s related state law
crime of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon. The defendant
argued that the enhancement “doubly punished” him for his
possession of a firearm, which was contemporaneous with the
aggravated assault. This Court affirmed the district court’s
enhancement, noting that “by its own terms, section 2K2.1(b)(5)
mandates enhancement when the requisite conditions for application
of that section been met.”
Id. at 976 & n.10.
The facts of the present case are somewhat analogous to
Guerrero and Kuban and we reach a similar result. The Armsteads
burglarized a pawn shop and stole a number of firearms. In
connection with the state law crime of burglary, § 2K2.1(b)(5)
permits the district court to enhance a sentence on the grounds
that the firearms were possessed contemporaneously with the crime.
While no evidence suggests that the Armsteads possessed
4
In Guerrero, we expressed some concern that §§ 2K2.1(b)(4)
and 2K2.1(b)(5) could enhance a defendant’s sentence twice for
essentially the same conduct; however, we left the discussion of
that matter for another day. See Guerrero, 5 F.3d at 873 n.10. In
this case, only Leroy Armstead’s offense level was enhanced under
both § 2K2.1(b)(4) and § 2K2.1(b)(5), and we have set aside the §
2K2.1(b)(4) enhancement as not permissible under the applicable
1994 guidelines. Consequently, the concern expressed in Guerrero
is not present here.
21
firearms before they entered the pawn shop, once inside, they
possessed firearms and could have used them in furtherance of
“another felony,” the state law crime of burglary. As a result,
the four-level enhancement appropriately reflects the concern for
public safety which the Guidelines sought to achieve. Amendment
374 of the Guidelines also supports this holding by noting that
“[t]he firearms statutes often are used as a device to enable the
federal court to exercise jurisdiction over offenses that otherwise
could be prosecuted only under state law.” U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend.
374. In this case, the enhancement sanctions the state law crime
of burglary as “another felony offense.” Nothing in the Guidelines
suggests that contemporaneous crimes cannot be considered when
enhancing a sentence. In fact, the relevant conduct provisions of
§ 1B1.3 appear to readily permit such an enhancement. Therefore,
in order to appropriately sanction the state crime of burglary in
connection with the Armsteads’ 18 U.S.C. § 922(u) offense, the §
2K2.1(b)(5) enhancement was proper.5 See United States v. Hawkins,
69 F.3d 11, 14 (5th Cir. 1995) (double counting is permitted under
the Guidelines unless expressly forbidden).
For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the district court
properly enhanced the Armsteads’ sentences under § 2K2.1(b)(5)
5
Steven Armstead also argues that the four-level enhancement
under § 2K2.1(b)(5) is unconstitutional under Bailey v. United
States, 116 S. Ct. 501 (1995). This argument lacks merit because
Bailey dealt with the issue of what actions constituted “use” of a
firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Section 2K2.1(b)(5) expressly
provides for an enhancement based on the defendant’s “use or
possession” of that firearm. Steven Armstead does not dispute that
he possessed firearms.
22
because they possessed firearms “in connection with another felony
offense.”
CONCLUSION
The two level sentence enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(4)
violates the ex post facto clause and may not be applied to
increase Leroy Armstead’s sentence in this case. For the reasons
stated above, we vacate Leroy Armstead’s sentence and remand for
resentencing in accordance with this opinion. Although we
recognize that this is a close case with respect to the application
of the § 2K2.1(b)(5) enhancements to Steven and Leroy Armstead’s
sentences, the Guidelines do not direct us to forbid such
enhancements. In the absence of a directive from the Sentencing
Commission, we hold that the district court properly enhanced the
Armsteads’ sentences under §§ 2K2.1(b)(5). The application of the
four level enhancement for both Steven and Leroy Armstead is,
therefore, affirmed.
LEROY ARMSTEAD’S SENTENCE IS VACATED AND REMANDED FOR
RESENTENCING. IN ALL OTHER RESPECTS, THE DECISION OF THE TRIAL
COURT IS AFFIRMED.
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