IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                               Fifth Circuit

                                                               FILED
                                                          November 13, 2007
                               No. 06-61018
                                                         Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                 Clerk


SARAH N. RATLIFF,

                                        Plaintiff-Appellant,

CHARLES E. GIBSON, III; GIGI GIBSON;
THE GIBSON LAW FIRM, PLLC,

                                        Appellants,

v.

LAWRENCE E. STEWART, M.D., Elder,

                                        Defendant-Appellee.




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Southern District of Mississippi




Before REAVLEY, SMITH, and GARZA, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:


     In her suit alleging she was harmed by a dangerous drug, Sarah Ratliff,
instead of suing Edsel Stewart, the doctor who had prescribed the drug, sued
                                  No. 06-61018

Lawrence Stewart, his son and also a physician. The district court concluded
that “the plaintiff’s counsel’s conduct was totally without basis in law or fact and
that plaintiff’s counsel unnecessarily and vexatiously multiplied the proceedings
in this matter at the expense of defendant Stewart.” The court awarded Stewart
attorneys’ fees and expenses to be paid by Ratliff’s counsel, who appeal, arguing
that the court was without jurisdiction to make the award and that, in any case,
it abused its discretion in finding them at fault.
      Because the district court had collateral jurisdiction and did not abuse its
discretion, we affirm the jurisdictional ruling. Because the court incorrectly as-
sessed the amount owed, we vacate the award of $6,093.26 and render judgment
for $4,488.26.


                                         I.
      In November 2002, Sarah Ratliff sued drug companies and two doctors in
Mississippi state court over complications she claims she suffered from the pre-
scription of Stadol NS. On February 21, 2003, the pharmaceutical defendants
removed the action to federal court, alleging that the two physicians had been
fraudulently joined to defeat diversity. Judge Pickering was assigned the case.
      At some point in late summer or early fall of 2003, after removal, Dr. Law-
rence Stewart was served with process. Unfortunately, he was the wrong doctor.
Ratliff’s attorneysSSwho received the case on referral from Louis BurghardSS
knew, from the information sent with the referral, only that “Dr. Stewart” in Mc-
Comb, Mississippi, had prescribed the drug, and, without checking as to which
Dr. Stewart was being referred to, Ratliff’s attorneys sued the wrong Dr. Stew-
art, who was the correct Dr. Stewart’s son.
      Stewart repeatedly informed plaintiff’s counsel, by telephone and in writ-
ing, that they had sued the wrong doctor. Receiving no response, Stewart filed
an answer on September 24, 2003, and continued to argue to Ratliff’s lawyers

                                         2
                                       No. 06-61018

that he did not have any relevant information whatsoever, because he was not
involved in the facts constituting the suit. Ratliff’s attorneys, however, failed to
reach Ratliff to ask her to confirm or deny Stewart’s protestations.
       In the spring of 2004, Stewart moved to dismiss, or alternately for sum-
mary judgment, and requested attorneys’ fees. He attached an affidavit stating
that his only patient with the name of Sarah Ratliff had never been treatedSSby
him, at leastSSwith Stadol NS and that, in fact, that person named Sarah Ratliff
had told him she was not the Sarah Ratliff who was suing him. Ratliff’s attor-
neys filed a response in opposition to Stewart’s motion.
       It was at that point, after the response in opposition had been filed, that
Ratliff’s attorneys asked Ratliff whether they had sued the wrong doctor, and
she confirmed that they had. That communication was about seven months after
Stewart was sued, notwithstanding his repeated remonstrances. Ratliff’s attor-
neys thenSSfinallySSconfessed error, but not until more than one month after
they had learned from their client that they had incorrectly sued Stewart.
       According to letters dated in June and July 2004, counsel for Stewart
wrote Judge Senter concerning attorneys’ fees after Judge Senter’s law clerk had
contacted them to inform them that Ratliff’s attorneys had confessed error in
response to Stewart’s motion to dismiss. On July 21, 2004, a magistrate judge
granted Ratliff’s motion to substitute parties.1 On August 4, 2004, the case was
formally reassigned to Judge Senter,2 who on August 12 dismissed with
prejudice Ratliff’s suit against Stewart. The order of dismissal did not award
attorneys’ fees or costs, though Stewart had requested them.
       The case was again reassigned on January 3, 2005, when it was given to

       1
         Ratliff’s attorneys were no more careful the second time: Instead of substituting Law-
rence Stewart with the estate of Dr. Edsel Ford Stewart, they moved to replace him with “the
estate of the elder Dr. Lawrence E. Stewart, M.D.”
       2
        Judge Pickering received a recess appointment to the Fifth Circuit on January 16,
2004, requiring a reassignment of his cases.
                                              3
                                       No. 06-61018

Judge Starrett. Evidently that change did not reach Stewart, because on Janu-
ary 14, 2005, his counsel wrote Judge Senter another letter, again reminding
him of the request for attorneys’ fees.               That letterSSsent to the wrong
judgeSSwas addressed 156 days after Judge Senter entered dismissal in favor
of Stewart. On March 27, 2005, after a settlement agreement had been reached
in January of that year, Judge Starrett “dismissed [the case as] to all
defendants, with prejudice, with the parties to bear their own respective costs.”3
         On July 29, 2005, Judge Senter, from whom the case had been reassigned
in January of that year, sanctioned Ratliff and her attorneys pursuant to rule
11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Ratliff’s counsel filed a motion to
alter or amend that judgment, arguing that, among other things, the case had
been assigned to Judge Starrett. On August 10, 2005, Judge Senter vacated his
order.
         On August 18, 2005, Stewart filed a motion to consider the previously filed
request for attorneys’ fees to Judge Starrett, who, on March 24, 2006, adopted
Judge Senter’s rule 11 opinion and award. Ratliff’s counsel filed a motion to al-
ter or amend that order and judgment on the ground, inter alia, that the require-
ment of rule 11 had not been met because no separate motion had been made by
Stewart, meaning that rule 11(c)(1)(A) was not satisfied, and because there was
no show cause order by the court, meaning that rule 11(c)(1)(B) was not satisfied
either. On September 19, 2006, Judge Starrett agreed with Ratliff’s attorneys
as to rule 11 but found that sanctions were appropriate against Ratliff’s attor-
neys under 28 U.S.C. § 1927.4


         3
         Though this order appears to be a complete dismissal, it apparently was not. Dr.
O’Neal, the other physician sued, did not obtain a final order dismissing the claims against him
until April 28, 2006.
         4
         “Any attorney or other person admitted to conduct cases in any court of the United
States or any Territory thereof who so multiplies the proceedings in any case unreasonably and
                                                                                  (continued...)

                                               4
                                        No. 06-61018

                                               II.
       Determinations of subject matter jurisdiction are reviewed de novo. Urban
Developers LLC v. City of Jackson, 

, 297 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing USX
Corp. v. Tanenbaum, 

, 1457 (5th Cir. 1989)). The imposition of
sanctions pursuant to § 1927 is reviewed for abuse of discretion. “‘Generally, an
abuse of discretion only occurs where no reasonable person could take the view
adopted by the trial court.’” Dawson v. United States, 

, 896 (5th Cir.
1995) (quoting Lorentzen v. Anderson Pest Control, 

, 330 (7th Cir.
1995)). A district court necessarily abuses its discretion if its ruling is based on
an “erroneous view” of the relevant legal standards “or on a clearly erroneous
assessment of the evidence.” Whitehead v. Food Max, Inc., 

, 802-03
(5th Cir. 2003) (quoting Cooter & Gell v. Hartmax Corp., 

, 405
(1990)).


                                              III.
       The first question is whether the district court had jurisdiction to impose
sanctions under § 1927 more than a year after Stewart had been formally dis-
missed from the case. Ratliff’s attorneys argue that because the court entered
a final judgment long before awarding attorneys’ fees, and because the court’s
order did not reserve jurisdiction, the court was powerless to sanction them.
       Although the district court no longer had jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the dispute,5 the collateral jurisdiction doctrine permits courts to sanc

       4
           (...continued)

vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, expenses, and
attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” 28 U.S.C. § 1927.
       5
         Even if the dates are charitably construed in favor of Stewart (i.e., if we focus on the
amount of time between Judge Senter’s order dismissing Stewart on August 12, 2004. and the
letter incorrectly sent to Judge Senter from Stewart’s counsel on January 14, 2005, as distin-
guished from the time between the dismissal and the formal motion to Judge Starrett, the cor-
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                               5
                                       No. 06-61018

tion lawyers, even after a final judgment on the underlying merits. “It is well
established that a federal court may consider collateral issues after an action is
no longer pending. . . . Thus, even ‘years after the entry of a judgment on the
merits’ a federal court c[an] consider an award of counsel fees.” Cooter & 

(quoting White v. New Hampshire Dep’t of Employment Sec.,

, 451 n.13 (1982)).
       In Sprague v. Ticonic National Bank, 

(1939), the Court held
that, as part of its equitable powers, a federal court can grant one party “the en-
tire expenses of the litigation,” 

even if “it [is] after the end of the term
at which the main decree was entered,” 

“Sprague [concerned] the
power of a federal court to award counsel fees pursuant to an application filed
several years after the entry of a judgment on the merits.” 

n.13. “Since we view the petition for reimbursement as an independent pro-
ceeding supplemental to the original proceeding and not a request for a modifi-
cation of the original decree,” the lower court’s invocation of the traditional
equitable rule that “a final decree in a suit in equity could be revised only during
the term of court of its entry” was inapt. 

. “The pass-
age of time thus presented no bar to an award of fees. Although Sprague was de-
cided under the then-applicable rules of equity, the Court suggested that the
same result would follow under the new Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.”

n.13 (citing 

n.9).
       In White, the Court again discussed the power of federal courts to award

       5
           (...continued)

rect judge, on August 18, 2005), too much time had passed for the district court to retain sub-
ject matter jurisdiction over the underlying dispute. Here, Lawrence Stewart was expressly
dismissed from the case on August 12, 2004, by the final judgment, which stated that “this
case, as to Defendant Lawrence E. Stewart, M.D., is hereby DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.”
This was a final judgment. Cf. Live & Let Live, Inc. v. Carlsberg Mobile Home Props., Ltd.,

, 848 (5th Cir.1979) (per curiam) (“Where the judgment is, however, expressly
subject to matters which have not yet been resolved, it is not final.”).
                                              6
                                       No. 06-61018

attorneys’ fees after the underlying dispute has already been decided. At issue
was whether, under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, a party could request fees beyond the ten-
day time limit to “alter or amend [the] judgment.” FED R. CIV. P. 59(e). The
Court held that “a request for attorney’s fees under § 1988 raises legal issues col-
lateral to the main cause of actionSSissues to which Rule 59(e) was never intend-
ed to apply.” 

. Thus, even though filed “approximately
four and one-half months after the entry of a final judgment,” the motion for fees
was not untimely. 

       In Cooter & 

, the Court held that “district courts may
enforce Rule 11 even after the plaintiff has filed a notice of [voluntary] dismissal
under Rule 41(a)(1).” The Court noted that “[t]he district court’s jurisdiction,
invoked by the filing of the underlying complaint, supports consideration of both
the merits of the action and [separately] the motion for Rule 11 sanctions arising
from that filing,” and “nothing in the language of Rule 41(a)(1)(I), Rule 11, or
other statute or Federal Rule terminates a district court’s authority to impose
sanctions after such a dismissal.” 

upheld the sanction even
though it was “3 ½ years after [the] hearing on the motion and after dismissal
of the complaint [that] the District Court ordered respondents to submit a state-
ment of costs and attorney’s fees.” 

       The reasoning in Cooter & Gell is on point here. The Court observed that
“[l]ike the imposition of costs, [and] attorney’s fees, . . . the imposition of a Rule
11 sanction is not a judgment on the merits . . . . Rather, it requires the
determination of a collateral issue: whether the attorney has abused the judicial
process, and, if so, what sanction would be appropriate.” 

“Such a
determination may be made after the principal suit has been terminated.” 

also Knighton v. Watkins, 

, 797 (5th Cir. 1980) (“[A] motion for attor-
ney’s fees [under § 1988] is unlike a motion to alter or amend a judgment. It does not imply
a change in the judgment, but merely seeks what is due because of the judgment.”).
                                               7
                                       No. 06-61018

       Moreover, the holding in Cooter & Gell is more than just a statement of
jurisdiction: It also directly concerns the proper interpretation of rule 11’s sub-
stantive reach. “Baseless filing puts the machinery of justice in motion, burden-
ing courts and individuals alike with needless expense and delay. Even if the
careless litigant quickly dismisses the action, the harm triggering Rule 11’s con-
cerns has already occurred. Therefore, a litigant who violates Rule 11 merits
sanctions even after a dismissal.” 

       In Willy v. Coastal Corp., 

(1992), the Court went so far as to
hold that a district court can constitutionally impose rule 11 sanctions even in
cases where it is later determined that the court lacked subject matter jurisdic-
tion over the underlying dispute.7 “The District Court order . . . is one that is
collateral to the merits. . . . Such an order implicates no constitutional concern
because it ‘does not signify a district court’s assessment of the legal merits of the
complaint.’ It therefore does not raise the issue of a district court adjudicating
the merits of a ‘case or controversy’ over which it lacks jurisdiction.” 

38 (quoting Cooter & 

).8
       Requests for attorneys’ fees and expenses under § 1927SSlike those under
rule 11SSare similarly part of a court’s collateral jurisdiction. In Jackson Marine
Corp. v. Harvey Barge Repair, Inc., 

, 991 (5th Cir. 1986), we stated
that “[a] request for fees under either Rule 11 or § 1927 requires the district
court to make a determination which is collateral to the merits of a claim.” We


       7
         Ratliff’s attorneys argue at length that the district court never had jurisdiction over
this case and should not have granted summary judgment or the motion to dismiss. Although
the court lacks subject matter jurisdiction and cannot grant summary judgment, it is not true
that the court cannot dismiss a party. See, e.g., Dahiya v. Talmidge Int’l, Ltd., 

,
210 (5th Cir. 2004). In any event, under Willy, even if the court lacked jurisdiction over the
subject matter, sanctions constitutionally still can be imposed.
       8
         See also Friends for Am. Free Enter. Ass’n v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 578
(5th Cir. 2002) (“The district court retains power to issue sanctions under Rule 11 even though
the action is no longer pending before it.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
                                               8
                                         No. 06-61018

held that, because of the collateral nature of requests under § 1927, “the trial
court was not precluded by Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) from considering the issue of
sanctions more than ten days after entry of final judgment on the merits.” 

amply demonstrate that it is within the constitutional
power of the district court to award attorneys’ fees and costs, even though Stew-
art already had been formally dismissed. Likewise, though the court here used
§ 1927, and not rule 11, there is no reason why the substantive reach of § 1927
is not also sufficiently extensive to apply where collateral jurisdiction is exer-
cised,9 especially given that § 1927’s text does not compel a contrary reading.10
       Just as with rule 11, § 1927 is concerned with “baseless filings” that
“burden[] courts and individuals alike with needless expense and delay,” and “a
litigant who violates [§ 1927, like one who violates rule 11,] merits sanctions
even after a dismissal.” Cooter & 

. Therefore, a district
court has § 1927 available in its quiver where a party “unreasonably and vexa-
tiously” “multiplies [judicial] proceedings,” § 1927, even if the subject matter of
the suit has already been decided, and, indeed, even if the court constitutionally


       9
         Though rule 11 and § 1927 are not identical, see, e.g., Matta v. May, 

,
413-14 (5th Cir.1997) (“Unlike Rule 11, § 1927 sanctions are, by the section’s plain terms, im-
posed only on offending attorneys; clients may not be ordered to pay such awards.”), they large-
ly run in parallel. See, e.g., Travelers Ins. Co. v. St. Jude Hosp., Inc., 

, 1418 (5th
Cir. 1994) (“The decision whether to use § 1927, or Rule 11 , or both, is within the discretion
of the district court . . . .”); Click v. Abilene Nat’l Bank, 

, 545 (5th Cir. 1987)
(“There is, moreover, no obvious reason to differentiate sanctions imposed under Rule 11 from
the sanctions that the district court may enter pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 or 28 U.S.C.
§ 1927.”); Brown v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 

, 1244 (5th Cir. 1986) (“We are
not inclined to disturb the district court’s determination of an appropriate sanction . . . . Either
Rule 11 or 28 U.S.C. § 1927 . . . authorizes the award of such sanctions, including reasonable
attorney’s fees, as the court deems appropriate to the violation before it.”).
       10
             See Steinert v. Winn Group, Inc., 

, 1223-24 (10th Cir. 2006) (“We . . .
conclude that § 1927 sanctions are not untimely if sought or imposed after final judgment”
though “[w]ith that said . . . resort to § 1927 should not be unnecessarily or unreasonably de-
layed. . . . Although we believe that the district court should have curtailed the parties’ nearly
four-year odyssey over attorney fees, we will not invalidate the fee award on the record before
us . . . .”).
                                                 9
                                       No. 06-61018

lacks jurisdiction over the principal dispute.
       Ratliff’s attorneys incorrectly argue that the collateral jurisdiction of the
district court was extinguished before the attorneys’ fees and costs were award-
ed. The above-cited authority is unambiguous on this point: Constitutionally,
a party can obtain attorneys’ fees even where its “application [is] filed several
years after the entry of a judgment on the merits.” 

n.13
(citing 

).11 Thus, Ratliff’s attorneys’ argument, to be
successful, must be that the court’s collateral jurisdiction expired under the fed-
eral rules or some statute. As our discussion of Cooter & Gell suggests, that is
a steep hill to climb, and the cases offered by Ratliff do not change the result.
       Ratliff’s attorneys’ best case is Thomas v. Capital Security Services, Inc.,

(5th Cir. 1987), on reh’g en banc, 

(5th Cir. 1988).
There, we stated that because the “motion requesting an award of attorney’s fees
came after the plaintiffs had appealed the district court’s decision on the merits
and the court’s denial of the motion came while the plaintiff’s appeal was pend-
ing before this court, the [doctrine of collateral jurisdiction] applies.” 

From this, Ratliff’s attorneys argue that the district court could award sanctions
only because the federal courts were still considering the case. But, they argue,
if the appellate process ends or the time to appeal has lapsed, collateral jurisdic-
tion also ends.
       We disagree. First, in Thomas we did not explicitly set forth the rule that
Ratliff’s attorneys offer. Though the proposed rule may be a possible implication
that can be drawn from this language in Thomas, it is not the only possible in-
terpretation. We note, for instance, that unlike here where the fees were re-
quested in the motion to dismiss, in Thomas the request for fees came after the
district court’s decision on the merits, and it could be that particular feature of

       11
         Though the facts underlying Sprague occurred before the adoption of the federal rules,
the constitutional aspect of the decision is still applicable.
                                              10
                                         No. 06-61018

the case that was being referenced. Whether additional restrictions, under the
federal rules, apply where attorneys’ fees are sought after the final judgment is
rendered is not a question now before us.12 Likewise, Thomas was decided before
the Supreme Court shed light on the contours of the doctrine of collateral
jurisdiction in Cooter & Gell and Willy.
       The other cases relied on by Ratliff’s attorneys are similarly unconvincing.
They cite Hertz Corp. v. Alamo Rent-A-Car, Inc., 

(11th Cir. 2004),
for the proposition that district courts have jurisdiction to consider sanctions af-
ter dismissal of the entire case only if a party timely files a rule 59(e) motion.
Given the decision in 

, that rule 59(e) does not bar re-
quests for attorneys’ fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988, it is not surprising that this
is not actually what our sister circuit said. Instead, the Hertz court held that if
a party moves for a dismissal without prejudice to be instead a dismissal with
prejudice, so that the party can obtain attorneys’ fees under state law, the mo-
tion to alter or amend the judgment must comply with rule 59(e). 

. That this has nothing to do with the matter now before us needs no
elaboration.
       The decision in Olcott v. Delaware Flood Co., 

(10th Cir.
2003), also does not support Ratliff’s attorneys. That court stated that “[a] puni-
tive sanction may be enforced even absent subject matter jurisdiction.” 

n.9. Although, in dictumSSbecause the district court, in fact, had “express-
ly retained jurisdiction” so there was no final judgmentSSthe court of appeals
stated that “[a] district court retains jurisdiction to impose and enforce sanctions
until the court enters a final judgment,” 

that is not a holding.


       12
          Cf. Prosser v. Prosser, 

, 405-06 (3d Cir. 1999) (noting that the Third Cir-
cuit “requir[es] parties to file all motions for Rule 11 sanctions before entry of the court’s final
order,” and courts must raise any sua sponte sanctions before then as well). White, however,
makes plain that one need not “specifically request attorney’s fees” under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 be-
fore or immediately after a final judgment. 

.
                                                11
                                  No. 06-61018

      In Mints v. Educational Testing Service, 

(3d Cir. 1996), the
court addressed whether a district court retains jurisdiction to award attorneys’
fees for expenses incident to remanding a removed action to state court. 

The court noted that 28 U.S.C. § 1447 “provides that an order remanding
a case ‘may require payment of just costs and any actual expenses, including
attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal,’” and held, using Cooter & Gell
for guidance, that fees can be awarded post-remand. 

The court
stated that “it might be argued that by not limiting entry of an order for fees
. . . to the time the order for remand is entered we would leave an open-ended
period for a party . . . to move for fees . . . after a remand.” 

“Such
a fear . . . would not be well grounded[, because] Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(2)(B) di-
rects that unless otherwise provided by statute or order of the court, a motion for
attorney’s fees . . . must be filed and served ‘not later than 14 days after entry
of judgment.’” 

in Mints is also off-point. Most obviously, as observed in
our discussion of Thomas, in the instant case Stewart moved for attorneys’ fees
before the court had dismissed him, so we need not address whether rule 54(d)’s
requirement that a motion be filed “not later than 14 days after entry of judg-
ment” has any relevance. This is not a case in which a party waits long after a
final judgment to spring the issue of fees; that question had been raised before
final judgment was entered.


                                       IV.
      We also agree with the district court that Ratliff’s attorneys engaged in
sanctionable conduct under § 1927 and that the court did not abuse its discre-
tion. It is not even a close question. Indeed, two district judges concluded that
Ratliff's attorneys had misused the judicial process by failing to verify that they
had sued the correct defendant, especially when the wrongfully-sued defendant
                                        12
                                   No. 06-61018

repeatedly informed them of their mistake.
      Though Ratliff's attorneys loudly bray that they were not at fault and that
Stewart ought to have provided an affidavit much earlier and should have given
certain information in discovery instead of moving to dismiss, the district court
was not in any way wrong in awarding Stewart his fees, and in any event the
court certainly did not abuse its discretion. Though the court improperly relied
on rule 11SSa mistake that the court has already remediedSSRatliffs’ attorneys’
“righteous indignation” is misplaced, because, as the district court observed,
their “excuses for not timely verifying that [they] sued the right doctor are spuri-
ous.” The court rightly noted that “[i]t is plaintiffs’ counsel’s obligation to con-
firm that he has sued the right person even before such is called into question
but surely after questions are raised. Plaintiffs’ counsel’s failure to simply verify
with his client the identity of her doctor for almost a year after it was called into
question is unacceptable.”
      We also do not agree with Ratliff’s attorneys that the district court ran
afoul of FDIC v. Calhoun, 

, 1300-01 (5th Cir. 1994), that because “a
showing of improper purpose” is necessary under the vexatiousness prong, “the
[district] court must make a separate determination on both the issue of the rea-
sonableness of the claims and the purposes for which suit was instituted.” Judge
Starrett determined not only that Ratliff’s attorneys had acted unreasonably; he
also noted that they had “unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the proceed-
ings in this case before the court by failing to respond to numerous efforts of de-
fense counsel to convince plaintiff’s counsel that he had sued the wrong doctor;
by forcing the defendant to file a motion to dismiss . . . ; and by responding to
that motion and waiting for over one month to confess same.” Though the dis-
trict court’s analysis of the two separate prongsSSunreasonableness and vexa-
tiousnessSSmay not have been pellucid, the court did more than just conflate the
two. When an attorney’s conduct is so obviously unreasonable that a court can

                                         13
                                         No. 06-61018

infer an “improper purpose” from the fact that the attorney persisted in it, it is
unnecessary for the court to explain at length why the vexatiousness prong has
been met. As we explained in Thomas v. Capital Security Services, 

,
883 (5th Cir. 1988) (en banc), “[l]ike a sliding scale, the degree and extent to
which a specific explanation must be contained in the record will vary accord-
ingly with the particular circumstances of the case, including the severity of the
violation, the significance of the sanctions, and the effect of the award.”
       Here, unlike the situation in 

, where we found
that “a sanctioning court [must] do more than disagree with a party’s legal anal-
ysis,” the district court addressed a situation in which Ratliff’s attorneys had
unreasonably instituted proceedings against Stewart by not checking with their
own client that the right doctor was being sued, and then unreasonably and vex-
atiously multiplied the proceedings by failing to verify that Stewart was the
proper party once he objected, even going so far as to oppose his motion for dis-
missal, again without consulting their client. And once they had learned that
they had erred, they waited for over a month to correct that error. An “improper
purpose” sufficient to satisfy the vexatiousness requirement was easily met un-
der such circumstances becauseSSunlike a mere disagreement with Ratliff’s at-
torney’s legal theory (which, at least ordinarily, standing alone, cannot create a
statutorily sufficient inference of an “improper purpose”)SSthe continued conduct
was so outrageous that the court could infer an “improper purpose” by the attor-
neys’ otherwise inexplicable obstinance.13



       13
          “Improper purpose” does not necessarily refer to bad faith or intent to harass. Vex-
ation implies something broader than that. To “vex” is defined, among others things, as “to
bring trouble or distress to,” “to subject to mental suffering,” or “to irritate or annoy,” as well
as “to tease or torment.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH
LANGUAGE 2548 (1981). Consistent with this, in Calhoun we did not hold that the only way
to establish an “improper purpose” is by showing bad faith. Indeed, any “reckless disregard
of the duty owed to the court” can suffice. Edwards v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 246
(5th Cir. 1998).
                                               14
                                          No. 06-61018

       Nor do we have any serious quarrel with the amount of fees awarded.14
Under Browning v. Kramer, 

, 344 (5th Cir. 1991), a court cannot
order one party to bear the other’s “entire financial burden” “[e]xcept when the
entire course of proceedings were unwarranted and should neither have been
commenced nor persisted in.” Section 1927 “does not authorize the wholesale re-
imbursement of a party for all of its attorneys’ fees,” but instead “only for excess
costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees reasonable incurred because of the attorney’s
unreasonable and vexatious multiplication of the proceedings.” 

Because it was unreasonable for Ratliff’s attorneys to sue Stewart without first
ascertaining whether he was the correct “Dr. Stewart,” the question becomes
when the vexatiousness requirement was met, at which point all fees thereafter
became recoverable. It was satisfied the instant that Stewart contacted Ratliff’s
attorneys, who failed to inquire of Ratliff whether Stewart was the right defen-
dant; at that point an “improper purpose” could be inferred.
       The district court did not adequately differentiate between § 1927’s two
prongs when it awarded the entire amount of fees and costs. The amount award-
ed included resources expended before Stewart’s counsel had contacted Ratliff’s
attorneys to inform them of their blunder. Stewart’s counsel sent a letter to Rat-
liff’s lawyer on September 24, 2003, informing him that a mistake had been
made. The letter also noted that Stewart’s counsel had previously “spoken twice
with Tammy in your office regarding the . . . matter.” According to the billing
records submitted to the district court, “Tammy”SSGibson’s legal assistantSSwas
contacted on September 22. Based on that evidence, the vexatiousness require-
ment was satisfied as of that date. All resources expended before that time, al-

       14
           At the end of its reply briefSSseemingly at randomSSRatliff’s attorneys appear to sug-
gest that because Ratliff’s suit was originally filed in state court, the federal district court could
not award attorneys’ fees. Stewart was served with process after the case was removed, so
Ratliff’s attorneys’ argument must be that notwithstanding removal, the court still had no au-
thority to sanction. This argument, if it is Ratliff’s argument, is waived for failure to present
it adequately. See, e.g., United States v. Beaumont, 

, 563 (5th Cir. 1992).
                                                 15
                                 No. 06-61018

though wasted because of Ratliff’s attorneys’ unreasonable behavior, are not
awardable under § 1927.
      At the rate of $150 per hour, the 10.7 hours spent during that short period
between September 3, 2003, when Stewart’s counsel first began billing, and Sep-
tember 22, 2003, when Ratliff’s attorneys’ violated both prongs of § 1927, equals
$1,605; that amount must be subtracted from the total owed Stewart. We there-
fore affirm the award under § 1927, but we vacate the award of $6,093.26 and,
by subtracting $1,605, we render a judgment for $4,488.26.
      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment is AFFIRMED in part and
VACATED in part, and a judgment of $4,488.26 RENDERED.




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