Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 1 Date Filed: 04/28/2011




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                    Fifth Circuit

                                                 FILED
                                                                            April 28, 2011

                                       No. 10-30475                         Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                 Clerk

WILLIAM HENRY SANDERS

                                                   Plaintiff-Appellant
v.

BELLE EXPLORATION, INCORPORATED

                                                   Defendant-Appellee




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Western District of Louisiana
                                 (1:07-CV-1108)


Before DAVIS, CLEMENT, and ELROD, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       William Sanders appeals from the district court’s entry of judgment
following a bench trial in favor of Belle Exploration, Inc., (“Belle”) on Sanders’s
Louisiana state law claims against Belle for breach of a mineral lease agreement
between them. Broadly, Sanders’s arguments on appeal are (1) that the district
court erroneously determined the boundaries of Sanders’s property subject to the
lease at issue; (2) that the district court’s decision was an unconstitutional
taking of Sanders’s property; and (3) that the district court committed an error

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR . R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR .
R. 47.5.4.
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 2 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                      No. 10-30475

of law in concluding that an order of the Louisiana Commissioner of
Conservation superseded certain pooling provisions in the mineral lease.
       We affirm.
                                             I.
       Sanders owns lands and mineral interests in Sections 25 and 30 of La
Salle Parish, Louisiana. On July 1, 2000, Sanders and his wife, Bessie Otwell
Sanders, along with Ricky and Dana Shirley, executed an Oil, Gas and Mineral
Lease (the “Lease”) in favor of Belle applicable to all of the lessors’ lands and
mineral interests in Sections 25 and 40 (the “Leased Lands”). Under the Lease,
the lessors retained a one-fifth royalty interest in any mineral production from
the Leased Lands.
       In 2002, the Louisiana State Mineral Board (the “Mineral Board”) passed
two resolutions concerning the land at issue here. The resolutions conceded to
private ownership of mineral rights in all lands above the thirty-six foot mean
sea level contour in certain parcels in the vicinity of Catahoula Lake, including
some of the Leased Lands.1              At nearly the same time, the Louisiana
Commissioner of Conservation (the “Commissioner”) ordered the forced pooling
and unitization of property including the Leased Lands, resulting in the creation
of numbered sand units (“SU”) 116 through 122. This case concerns SU 117 and
SU 118. SU 117 includes portions of the Leased Lands adjacent to Catahoula
Lake; SU 118 does not.
       Under the terms of the Lease, Belle has the power to combine or pool all
or part of the Leased Lands with other lands in which Belle has an interest. The
Lease obligates Belle to include a minimum of twenty acres of the Leased Lands



       1
         As set out in our discussion of the merits of Issue (1) of this appeal, the State of
Louisiana owns all land and mineral rights up to the ordinary high water mark of a navigable
lake such as Catahoula Lake. Sanders’s private property interests in the Leased Lands thus
begin at this boundary.

                                             2
    Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 3 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                  No. 10-30475

in each operating unit formed by pooling.           SU 118, as created by the
Commissioner, only contains approximately four acres of the Leased Lands.
      Sanders filed this suit in state court and Belle removed it to federal court.
As relevant on appeal, Sanders contended that (1) Belle owed him additional
royalties with respect to SU 117 because Belle had improperly determined the
boundary between Sanders’s property and that of the State of Louisiana in and
around Catahoula Lake, resulting in underrepresentation of Sanders’s interest
in SU 117, and (2) Belle breached the Lease by failing to pay Sanders royalties
from SU 118 as though SU 118 included twenty acres of the Leased Lands.
      The district court conducted a three-day bench trial and entered judgment
in favor of Belle on the issues relevant to this appeal. Sanders timely appealed.
                                        II.
      “Our standard of review for bench trials is well established: findings of fact
are reviewed for clear error; legal issues, de novo.” Seal v. Knorpp, 

, 1234 (5th Cir. 1992). The clear error standard requires us to defer to the
power of the district court to determine facts; the
      standard plainly does not entitle a reviewing court to reverse the
      finding of the trier of fact simply because it is convinced that it
      would have decided the case differently . . . . If the district court’s
      account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record viewed in
      its entirety, the court of appeals may not reverse it even though
      convinced that had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have
      weighed the evidence differently. Where there are two permissible
      views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between them cannot
      be clearly erroneous.

Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 

, 573-74 (1985). In this diversity
case, we apply the substantive law of the forum state, Louisiana, “in an attempt
to rule as a Louisiana court would if presented with the same issues.” See
Musser Davis Land Co. v. Union Pac. Res., 

, 563 (5th Cir. 2000)
(citing Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 

, 79-80 (1938)).


                                         3
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 4 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                        No. 10-30475

                                              III.
       On appeal, Sanders asserts three grounds of error with respect to two
operating units, SU 117 and SU 118. First, Sanders contends that the boundary
between his and the State of Louisiana’s interest in SU 117 should be
determined by reference to a survey he ordered in 2001 (the “Tooke Survey”),
whereas the district court agreed with Belle that the proper reference is a survey
conducted under the auspices of the Louisiana Department of Public Works in
1942 (the “Heard and Daigre Survey”). Second, Sanders argues that the district
court’s decision to rely on the Heard and Daigre Survey was an unconstitutional
taking of his property in SU 117. Third, Sanders takes the position that Belle’s
payment of royalties in proportion to the actual acreage of the Leased Lands
included in SU 118, a compulsory unit created by the Commission that included
fewer than twenty acres of the leased lands, breached Belle’s obligation under
the Lease to include twenty acres of the Leased Lands in any pooled unit.
A.     SU 117
       1.       Determination of Boundary
       The dispute between the parties over the extent of Sanders’s interest in
SU 117 stems from Louisiana law governing the ownership of land surrounding
a navigable lake.2 “[T]he State of Louisiana upon its admission to the Union
acquired title to all lands within its boundaries below the ordinary high-water
mark of navigable bodies of water . . . . As to lakes, the State has never ceded,
and still holds, the land below the ordinary high-water mark.” State v. Placid
Oil Co., 

, 172 (La. 1974). The State has also determined by
statute not to recognize any right to alluvion or dereliction on the shores of
lakes.3 LA. CIV. CODE ANN. art. 500 (2010); see also Placid 

           The parties agree that Catahoula Lake is a navigable lake.
       3
        “Alluvion” is the expansion of the shoreline over time by the deposit of sediment,
whereas “dereliction” is the expansion of the shoreline by the receding of water. LA . CIV . CODE

                                               4
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 5 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                       No. 10-30475

173 (“As to lakes, the adjacent landowners have no alluvial rights.”). The effect
of these rules on this case is that the State of Louisiana holds title to all land
that was below the ordinary high-water mark of Catahoula Lake in 1812, when
Louisiana joined the Union, and Sanders holds title to the land above that mark.
See Sanders v. State, 

, 883 (La. Ct. App. 2007) (“No one disputes
that it is the ordinary high water level as it existed in 1812 in Catahoula Lake
that determines the extent of the State’s ownership.”).
       The parties are further in agreement that the ordinary high water level
of Catahoula Lake in 1812 is thirty-six feet above mean sea level (“MSL”). They
disagree, however, about how to fix that point, relying on two different surveys.
Belle points to the 1942 Heard and Daigre Survey and Sanders points to the
2001 Tooke Survey. The Heard and Daigre Survey represented the State’s effort
to assess where the high water mark of Catahoula Lake would have been in
1812, but it appears to have been conducted as a meander survey. A meander
survey determines the approximate location of the lake and plots the sinuosities
of the shoreline, but generally does not set the boundary between private and
public ownership unless expressly provided for in a conveyance. 

. The Tooke Survey locates the true thirty-six foot MSL contour
line, but only as it lay in 2001. The competing surveys were placed in evidence
before the district court, which ultimately agreed with Belle that the Heard and
Daigre Survey more properly established the boundary line between the State’s
and Sanders’s land than the Tooke Survey.
       The district court offered two independent bases for its decision: first, the
Louisiana Third Circuit Court of Appeal’s decision in a related case,4 and,



ANN . art. 499 (2010).
       4
          In Sanders v. State, 

, the Louisiana Court of Appeals for the Third
Circuit reversed a possessory judgment in favor of Sanders and against the State of Louisiana
as to the lands between the thirty and one-tenth feet MSL and thirty-six feet MSL. 

                                              5
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 6 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                       No. 10-30475

second, the court’s independent assessment of the evidence introduced at trial.
Rather than wade into the state law question of the preclusive effect of Sanders,
we examine the second basis for the district court’s decision and conclude that
Sanders is unable to show that the district court’s reliance on the Heard and
Daigre Survey was clearly erroneous.
       Sanders and Belle agree that the ultimate question put to the district
court required the district court to locate the thirty-six foot MSL contour line as
it existed in 1812. The district court was faced with two imperfect pieces of
evidence on the question: the thirty-six foot MSL contour line as it existed in
2001, reflected in the Tooke Survey, and the thirty-six foot MSL meander line
as the State’s surveyors concluded it probably existed in 1812, reflected in the
1942 Heard and Daigre Survey. Sanders may be correct that the Heard and
Daigre Survey did not definitively establish the proper boundary because it is
a meander line. See, e.g., Bd. of Comm’rs v. Rathborne Land Co., 

,
931 (La. Ct. App. 2004) (“In general, meanders are not to be treated as
boundaries . . . .”). However, a contour survey conducted 189 years after the fact,
as the Tooke Survey was, also does not establish definitively where those
contours lay in 1812. Both surveys were relevant and probative evidence,5 but
neither was conclusive evidence. After a full trial, the district court determined



The Louisiana court held that “the ordinary high water mark [of Catahoula Lake] in 1812 was
36 feet MSL as surveyed by Heard and Daigre in 1942.” 

       5
         Sanders argues that the district court should not have admitted the Heard and Daigre
Survey as evidence of Sanders’s property line, but this argument is simply an extension of his
position that the district court could not rely on the Heard and Daigre Survey to establish a
property line as a matter of law. Sanders otherwise concedes the Heard and Daigre Survey’s
admissibility in general. We observe no abuse of discretion by the district court in treating
this survey as relevant evidence. See Eiland v. Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 

, 180 (5th
Cir. 1995) (“Because of his or her involvement in the trial, a district court judge often has
superior knowledge and understanding of the probative value of evidence. Therefore, we show
considerable deference to the district court’s evidentiary rulings, reviewing them only for
abuse of discretion.”).

                                              6
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 7 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                  No. 10-30475

that the Heard and Daigre Survey line was likely more accurate. We are
unwilling to hold that Sanders has demonstrated that the district court’s choice
between two proposed boundaries meets the high standard of clear error. See

.
      2.    Judicial Taking
      Sanders also argues that the district court’s decision to treat the Heard
and Daigre Survey as establishing the proper boundary was an unconstitutional
taking and can be reversed on this basis alone. Whatever the merits of this
argument, it was never made to the district court, and we therefore decline to
entertain it on appeal. See LeMaire v. Louisiana Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 

, 387 (5th Cir. 2007) (“[A]rguments not raised before the district court
are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.”).
B.    SU 118
      A different legal issue is presented by the situation affecting SU 118.
Sanders contends that Belle is liable to him for damages resulting from the fact
that SU 118 includes fewer than twenty acres of the Leased Lands in violation
of the Lease. The parties agree that the Commissioner ordered the creation of
SU 118 pursuant to its statutory powers and directed the inclusion of
approximately four acres of the Leased Lands in that unit. Belle argues that
this compulsory pooling and unitization order controls the distribution of
proceeds of production from the unit and therefore its payment of royalties to
Sanders on the basis of the actual acreage of Leased Lands therein, rather than
the twenty acres Sanders argues for.
      We begin by observing that the precedents of this court and of the
Louisiana Supreme Court establish conclusively that (1) a party may not
collaterally attack an order of the Commissioner in federal court but must abide
by the procedures for direct state review, see Trahan v. Superior Oil Co., 

, 1015-16 (5th Cir. 1983); (2) for this reason, in collateral proceedings,

                                        7
    Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 8 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                  No. 10-30475

private contracts must yield to orders of the Commissioner, but “only if there is
a conflict,” see, e.g., United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Watson Oil Corp., 

,
736 (La. 1975); and (3) inversely, when there is no direct conflict, private
contracts remain enforceable, see, e.g., EOG Res., Inc. v. Chesapeake Energy
Corp., 

, 267 (5th Cir. 2010); Monsanto Chem. Co. v. S. Natural Gas
Co., 

, 225-26 (La. 1958). Neither party contests these points of law.
The issue is simply whether the Commissioner’s orders of compulsory pooling
and unitization of the Leased Lands “conflict” with the Lease or not.
      In assessing whether there is a conflict such that Sanders’s argument
must be viewed as an impermissible collateral attack, we have identified three
factors to assess:
      1.    Does the plaintiff seek relief that would require the defendant to
            violate the Commissioner’s order?
      2.    Would resolution of the claim require the court to reconsider the
            Commissioner’s factual findings?
      3.    Would the Commissioner have had the authority to grant the relief
            requested by plaintiff if the claim had been presented at the
            hearing?
EOG Res., 

(internal citations omitted).
      The operative provisions of the Commissioner’s order directed the creation
of “SU 116 through SU 122, as more particularly shown on the plat” attached
and further directed that
      [t]he separately owned tracts, mineral leases and other property
      interests within the units created are hereby pooled, consolidated,
      and integrated in accordance with Section 10, Title 30 of the
      Louisiana Revised Statutes . . . , with each tract sharing in unit
      production in proportion that the surface area of each tract bears to
      the entire surface area of the unit in which it is situated.




                                         8
     Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 9 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                   No. 10-30475

As agreed at trial, the attached plat reflected that SU 118 contained fewer than
twenty acres of the Leased Lands. The disputed provision of the Lease reads
simply: “In the event of pooling each unit must contain a minimum of 20 acres
of the [Leased Lands] unless Lessee receives prior written consent from Lessor.”
However, the Lease further provides that, in the event of pooling, the royalties
paid shall be in the proportion that “the number of acres . . . out of this lease
placed in any such operating unit . . . bears to the total number of acres included
in such operating unit. . . .”
      The district court correctly concluded that the Lease provision requiring
the inclusion of twenty acres in any pooled unit directly conflicts with the
Commissioner’s order that SU 118 includes approximately four acres of the
Leased Lands. Sanders concedes that he could not obtain an injunction to
require Belle to include twenty acres of the Leased Lands in SU 118 - that relief
would clearly “require the defendant to violate the Commissioner’s order,” see
EOG Res., 

– but he argues that his right to recover
damages against Belle for breach of contract survives the Commissioner’s
unitization order.    In so arguing, Sanders attempts to transform Belle’s
obligation under the Lease to include minimum acreage in a pooled unit into an
obligation to pay royalties as though the required acreage were included in the
unit, i.e., an independent contractual obligation.
      As the district court observed, courts have routinely treated as
independent contractual obligations a variety of agreements to pay royalties, see,
e.g., Dillon v. Holcomb, 

, 611 (5th Cir. 1940), and to allocate costs,
see, e.g., Monsanto Chem. 

. The reason these types of
agreements are not superseded by a pooling and unitization order, however, is
that they can be given full force and effect without undermining the
Commissioner’s order. In Southwest Gas Producing Co. v. Creslenn Oil Co., 

, 65 (La. Ct. App. 1966), for example, the parties all agreed to divide the

                                         9
    Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 10 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                  No. 10-30475

costs and proceeds of mineral exploration and production from a certain area in
fixed percentages. A subsequent order by the Commissioner allocated field
production to certain smaller tracts within the contract area. The court held
that the unit order did not conflict with the parties’ private contractual rights
to share production and costs from the unit in different ratios. A contrasting
result occurred in Humble Oil Refining Co. v. Jones, 

(La. Ct. App.
1960). In Humble, the parties formed a voluntary pool consisting of 160 acres,
with the defendant holding 46.73 of the total acres. 

After a producing
well was drilled on the defendant’s tract, the Commissioner formed a compulsory
unit consisting of 177.60 acres. The Commissioner’s unit included all 46.73 acres
owned by the defendant but not all of the other acreage that had been included
in the voluntary pool. The plaintiffs argued that the contractual voluntary unit
controlled the distribution of royalties between the parties to that unit. 

The defendant, whose sharing ratio was greater under the Commissioner’s
unit, argued that the Commissioner’s unit should control the allocation of
production and sharing of royalties. The Louisiana court stated, “the parties
should not be presumed to have agreed to share their interest on the old declared
unit unless they show a specific and positive intention to freeze the old unit.” 

Because no provision in the lease in Humble Oil indicated an intent by
the lessor to freeze his royalty interest upon the formation of the voluntary unit,
the Commissioner’s order superseded the parties’ contract. 

      The Lease in this case does not reflect an agreement by the Lessee to
freeze his obligation to pay royalties to the lessor based on the minimum acreage
requirement. Although the minimum acreage provision reflects the Lessee’s
agreement to include a minimum acreage in any unit, the royalty provision of
the Lease indicated that royalties are to be paid from production allocated to the
Lease based on the actual acreage included in any unit. The minimum acreage
provision on which Sanders relies cannot be enforced without coming into direct

                                        10
    Case: 10-30475 Document: 00511460184 Page: 11 Date Filed: 04/28/2011



                                  No. 10-30475

conflict with the core of the Commissioner’s order. Further, the royalty provision
that more directly governs the issue in this case is consistent with the
Commissioner’s order.
      As for Sanders’s argument that his request for damages avoids his
problem, we emphasized in Trahan that
      The application of this rule prohibiting "collateral attack" of an
      order of the Commissioner is not limited to suits in which the
      judgment will directly affect actual enforcement of, or compliance
      with, the Commissioner's order, such as suits by or against the
      Commissioner, or suits between private parties for injunctive relief
      requiring of one party conduct or inaction which will, in fact, violate
      an order of the Commissioner. Rather, the rule also extends to suits
      between private parties in which a particular order of the
      Commissioner is an operative fact upon which the determination of
      the parties' respective rights directly depends, even though all relief
      sought can be given, such as by money damages . . . , without thereby
      causing any actual violation of the Commissioner's order.

(emphasis added). Thus the distinction urged by
Sanders is expressly rejected by our precedent. The breach asserted in this case,
including less than twenty acres in a pooled unit, was precisely compelled by the
Commissioner’s order. Similarly, the contrary conduct that Sanders urges the
Lease requires, including at least twenty acres in the Commissioner’s unit, could
not be ordered by the Commissioner had Sanders sought direct review. Thus
there is a conflict between the Commissioner’s unitization order and the pooling
requirement making Sanders’s suit for damages as to SU 118 an impermissible
collateral attack. We therefore hold that the district court correctly deferred to
the Commissioner’s order. Sanders is not entitled to recover damages on his
claim of breach of the Lease Agreement as to SU 118.
                                       IV.
      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is
AFFIRMED.

                                        11