RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                       File Name: 08a0444p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                     _________________


                                             X
                                              -
 LESLIE WARTHMAN,
                                              -
                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                              -
                                              -
                                                   No. 07-4528
         v.
                                              ,
                                               >
                                              -
                     Defendant-Appellee. -
 GENOA TOWNSHIP BOARD OF TRUSTEES,
                                              -
                                             N
                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Ohio at Columbus.
                   No. 07-00860—Norah McCann King, Magistrate Judge.

                                    Argued: October 29, 2008
                            Decided and Filed: December 15, 2008
                                                                                               *
        Before: MARTIN and GILMAN, Circuit Judges; DOWD, District Judge.

                                       _________________

                                             COUNSEL
ARGUED: James E. Melle, BUCKLEY KING, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant. David
A. Riepenhoff, DOWNES, HURST & FISHEL, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
ON BRIEF: James E. Melle, BUCKLEY KING, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.
David A. Riepenhoff, Cheri B. Hass, DOWNES, HURST & FISHEL, Columbus, Ohio,
for Appellee.




         *
          The Honorable David D. Dowd, Jr., Senior United States District Judge for the Northern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.


                                                   1
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 2


                                  _________________

                                      OPINION
                                  _________________

       RONALD LEE GILMAN, Circuit Judge. Leslie Warthman filed a complaint in
the Court of Common Pleas for Delaware County, Ohio, arguing that the Genoa
Township Board of Trustees violated the Ohio Open Meetings Law when it terminated
her employment without allowing her to respond to the allegations against her at a public
hearing. The Township removed the case to the federal district court on the basis that
a reference in the complaint to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
to the United States Constitution created federal question jurisdiction. Holding that the
complaint did not state a federal cause of action, the district court remanded Warthman’s
lawsuit to the state court. The district court declined, however, to award Warthman the
costs and attorney fees associated with the removal and subsequent remand. For the
reasons set forth below, we VACATE the portion of the district court’s judgment that
denied Warthman her request for costs and attorney fees and REMAND the case for
reconsideration of that issue.

                                 I.   BACKGROUND

       Warthman worked as a Zoning Inspector for the Genoa Township Board of
Trustees in Westerville, Ohio. The Genoa Township Zoning Commission (a separate
entity) held a meeting on March 12, 2007 in which sharp differences of opinion were
expressed regarding a thirty-acre parcel of property in the Township. Warthman sent an
email to the Board of Trustees the following day. According to her complaint in this
case, the email contained “harsh and unflattering” criticism of some Zoning Commission
members.

       At a Board of Trustees meeting on March 14, 2007, a Zoning Commission
member requested an executive session between the Zoning Commission and the Board
of Trustees. The Board adopted a motion to hold such an executive session to consider
taking action against Warthman, unless she requested a public hearing. Warthman
No. 07-4528          Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                 Page 3


responded to the Board’s action by requesting a public hearing, but no such hearing on
the matter was held. The Board of Trustees instead met in four separate executive
sessions and subsequently terminated Warthman’s employment on the ground that she
had “admitted to having violated Township policies.”

       After Warthman was terminated, she filed a complaint in the Court of Common
Pleas for Delaware County, Ohio. Her complaint alleged in Count One that the
Township had violated the Ohio Open Meetings Law by adopting the resolution to fire
her in a meeting not open to the public. In Count Two, the complaint asserted that
“Defendant is estopped to deny Plaintiff’s right to a public name clearing hearing.” This
estoppel claim arose from Warthman’s contention that members of the Board of Trustees
and the Zoning Commission “agreed that Plaintiff was entitled to a public hearing but
at a later date,” and that they had made that representation to her. Paragraph 25 of
Warthman’s complaint contained the sole reference to federal law, stating that,
“[p]ursuant to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article I Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution, [she] was entitled to a
name clearing hearing.”

       The Township removed the case to the United States District Court for the
Southern District of Ohio. In its Notice of Removal, the Township cited paragraph 25
of the complaint and Count Two, the estoppel claim, asserting that these portions of the
complaint “state[d] a Federal Question pursuant to 28 U.S.C. [§] 1331.” Warthman
moved to remand the case back to state court and requested an award of “costs and any
actual expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” See
28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The motion to remand explained that paragraph 25 of the
complaint referenced the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment simply to
satisfy the Ohio Supreme Court’s interpretation of the Ohio Open Meetings Law. See
Matheny v. Frontier Local Bd. of Educ., 

, 1046 (Ohio 1980) (explaining
that the law guarantees the right to a public hearing only if that right is “elsewhere
provided by law”).
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 4


       Ruling on the motion to remand the case to state court, the district court
“conclude[d] that the complaint, fairly read, invoke[d] only claims under state law.” The
district court noted that the complaint made no reference to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 or any
other federal statute, that the first count expressly invoked only Ohio law, and that the
second count asserted only a common law estoppel claim. As a result, the district court
granted the motion to remand the case to the state court. Regarding Warthman’s request
for an award of costs and attorney fees, however, the district court said: “Because
removal of the action was based upon plaintiff’s reference in the Complaint to federal
law, the Court concludes that an award of fees or costs to plaintiff would be unjust and
is unwarranted.”

       The district court’s decision to grant the motion to remand the case to state court
is not subject to review by this court. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d); Powerex Corp. v. Reliant
Energy Servs., Inc., 

, 2415-16 (2007) (noting that remands based on a
lack of subject matter jurisdiction are shielded from appellate review by § 1447(d)).
This leaves only the denial of costs and attorney fees to Warthman as an issue on appeal.
See Stallworth v. Greater Cleveland Reg’l Transit Auth., 

, 255 (6th Cir.
1997) (holding that this court has jurisdiction to review the award or denial of attorney
fees under § 1447(c)).

                                   II.   ANALYSIS

A. Standard of review

       District courts have considerable discretion to award or deny costs and attorney
fees under 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c), and we will overrule whatever decision is reached only
where such discretion has been abused. Bartholomew v. Town of Collierville, 

, 686 (6th Cir. 2005). An abuse of discretion occurs where “[a] district court . . .
relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, or when it improperly applies the law or uses
an erroneous legal standard.” Christian Schmidt Brewing Co. v. G. Heileman Brewing
Co., 

, 1356 (6th Cir. 1985) (citation omitted).
No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                      Page 5


B. Costs and attorney-fee awards upon remand

        A civil case that is filed in state court may be removed by the defendant to
federal district court if the plaintiff could have chosen to file there originally. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1441. If the district court later determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction,
however, the case must be remanded. 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). The remand statute provides
that “[a]n order remanding the case may require payment of just costs and any actual
expenses, including attorney fees, incurred as a result of the removal.” 

places an award of costs and attorney fees (hereinafter sometimes collectively
referred to simply as “fees” or “fee awards”) squarely within the discretion of the district
court, but subject to the guidance set forth by the Supreme Court in Martin v. Franklin
Capital Corp., 

, 136-37 (2005).

        “Absent unusual circumstances,” the Supreme Court instructs that fee awards are
appropriate “only where the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis for
seeking removal.” 

This court has similarly instructed that “an award of costs,
including attorney fees, is inappropriate where the defendant’s attempt to remove the
action was ‘fairly supportable,’ or where there has not been at least some finding of fault
with the defendant’s decision to remove.” 

(quoting
Ahearn v. Charter Twp. of Bloomfield, No. 97-1187, 

at *2 (6th Cir.
June 18, 1998) (unpublished) (emphasis in original)).

        Warthman asserts in her brief that “[w]hen a district court denies attorney fees
it abuses its discretion where the Defendant’s argument for removal was devoid of even
fair support.” She takes this statement of the rule from 

,
an opinion that quoted from the unpublished Ahearn decision. 

at *2.
This language suggests that the district court’s “discretion” under § 1447(c) is basically
a binary determination: if the defendant’s argument for removal was objectively
reasonable, the court may not award fees to the plaintiff; if it was not, the district court
must award such fees. This court applied that rule in Ahearn. Following a finding that
the removal to federal court in Ahearn lacked “fair support,” the court remanded the case
No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 6


with an instruction to “make an evidentiary determination as to the fees actually incurred
in conjunction with the removal petition.” 

        Bartholomew quoted the rule as it was stated in Ahearn, but did not apply it in
the same way because the defendant’s removal in Bartholomew was fairly supportable.

-88. In Bartholomew, we accordingly affirmed the district
court’s denial of fees to the plaintiff. 

Just eight months after Bartholomew,
however, the Supreme Court decided Martin, which is now the leading case on
discretionary fee awards pursuant to § 1447(c).

        The Supreme Court in Martin noted that Congress designed the costs-and-fees
provision in § 1447(c) to permit removal in appropriate cases, while simultaneously
“reduc[ing] the attractiveness of removal as a method for delaying litigation and
imposing costs on the plaintiff.” 

. In cases where removal was
not objectively reasonable, Martin instructs the district courts to consider this underlying
purpose when they exercise their discretion. 

In general, objectively
unreasonable removals should result in fee awards to plaintiffs. 

should consider, however, whether “unusual circumstances warrant a departure from the
rule in a given case.” 

a court might find that “a plaintiff’s delay in
seeking remand or failure to disclose facts necessary to determine jurisdiction”
undermines the rationale that supports fee awards. 

Martin makes clear that a district court’s discretion to award or deny fees
under § 1447(c) involves more than an on-off switch that is solely dependent on the
objective reasonableness of the removal decision. See 

that this court
articulated in Ahearn and Bartholomew therefore no longer applies.

C. Denial of Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees

        The district court denied Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees upon the
remand of her case in a single sentence: “Because removal of the action was based upon
plaintiff’s reference in the Complaint to federal law, the Court concludes that an award
of fees or costs to plaintiff would be unjust and would be unwarranted.” As explained
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 7


above, however, a district court deciding whether to award fees in this situation may not
simply look to whether the complaint in the case referenced federal law. It must instead
decide whether the removal was objectively reasonable. 

court should
deny fees “when an objectively reasonable basis exists.” 

other hand, in cases
where the removal was not objectively reasonable or, in the words of this court, where
the removal attempt was not “fairly supportable,” the district court may exercise its
discretion to award fees or not, keeping in mind the underlying purposes of § 1447(c)
awards and the general presumption that fees should be awarded under such
circumstances. Id.; 

.

       In the present case, the district court did not apply the correct legal standard. We
therefore conclude that the court abused its discretion when it denied costs and attorney
fees to Warthman. See United States v. 2903 Bent Oak Highway, 

, 665 (6th
Cir. 2000) (“[T]his court ordinarily extends a high degree of deference to the district
court’s decision, but does so only if the district court properly understood the pertinent
law . . . .”). But this does not mean that Warthman necessarily should receive a fee
award. See Martin, 546 U.S at 141. She must first establish that the Township’s
removal attempt was not objectively reasonable.

       A defendant who seeks to remove a case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b) bears
the burden of demonstrating that the case as pled falls within the federal question
jurisdiction of the district court. Eastman v. Marine Mech. Corp., 

, 549
(6th Cir. 2006). “[T]he scope of removal jurisdiction based on the existence of a federal
question” is “identical to the scope of federal question jurisdiction under [28 U.S.C.]
§ 1331.” Long v. Bando Mfg. of Am., 

, 758 (6th Cir. 2000). Federal
question jurisdiction can be established by showing “either that federal law creates the
cause of action or that the plaintiff[’]s right to relief necessarily depends on resolution
of a substantial question of federal law.” Thornton v. Sw. Detroit Hosp., 

,
1133 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting Franchise Tax Bd. v. Constr. Laborers Vacation Trust,

, 27-28 (1983)). Warthman’s request for costs and attorney fees on remand
must therefore be denied if, under an “objectively reasonable” reading of her complaint,
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                     Page 8


her right to relief either arose directly under federal law or depended upon the resolution
of a substantial federal question. See id.; 

.

       As an initial matter, the Township could not have based removal jurisdiction on
Count One of Warthman’s complaint. That count rested exclusively upon the Ohio Open
Meetings Law, and the district court correctly noted that Count One “expressly
invoke[d] only Ohio Law.” See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 121.22. The Township made
no attempt in its Removal Notice to find a federal claim buried within the first count of
the complaint, and it makes no such attempt on appeal.

       We nevertheless note that Count One incorporated paragraph 25, with its
reference to the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. But as the district
court recognized, this reference was made in order to satisfy the judicially created
limitation on the Ohio Open Meetings Law, which holds that the law provides a right to
a public hearing only if the hearing is “elsewhere provided by law.” See Matheny v.
Frontier Local Bd. of Educ., 

, 1046 (Ohio 1980). And because
paragraph 25 cited the parallel clause of the Ohio Constitution as an alternate source of
the right to a hearing, the question of whether the Due Process Clause in fact provides
such a right cannot support federal subject matter jurisdiction over Count One. See

(holding that where a complaint states an alternate basis in
state law upon which the underlying state-law claim can be resolved, there is no
substantial federal question to support federal subject matter jurisdiction).

       The Township instead purported to find a federal question in Count Two of
Warthman’s complaint. That Count, like the first, incorporated paragraph 25’s reference
to the U.S. Constitution. The complaint then stated that “[d]efendant is estopped to deny
Plaintiff’s right to a public name clearing hearing.” In her prayer for relief pursuant to
Count Two, Warthman asked that the court “find, declare and determine that Defendant
is estopped from denying that Plaintiff had a right to a name clearing hearing which is
the predicate for her hearing under R.C. 121.22(G)(1)[,]” a provision of the Ohio Open
Meetings Law. The Township’s Notice of Removal asserted that paragraph 25 and
Count Two together stated a federal cause of action.
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 9


       On appeal, the Board expands on this theory. It argues that “Plaintiff’s
Complaint appeared to attempt a . . . due process claim pursuant to the Fourteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution.” The Fourteenth Amendment has in fact
been held to provide a procedural due process right to a name-clearing hearing in cases
that resemble Warthman’s. See, e.g., Quinn v. Shirey, 

, 320 (6th Cir. 2002)
(“[W]hen a nontenured employee shows that he has been stigmatized by the voluntary,
public dissemination of false information in the course of a decision to terminate his
employment, the employer is required to afford him an opportunity to clear his name.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)).

       A plaintiff employed by a public entity must plead a laundry list of elements in
order to effectively state a claim that stigmatizing statements “deprived [him or her] of
a liberty interest and entitled [him or her] to a name-clearing hearing.” 

must have been made publicly and voluntarily by a public employer “in
conjunction with the plaintiff’s termination from employment.” 

“the
plaintiff must claim that the charges made against him were false.” 

must go beyond allegations of “merely improper or inadequate performance,
incompetence, neglect of duty[,] or malfeasance.” 

plaintiff must request
a name-clearing hearing from the employer before filing his or her complaint. 

       The Township lists these elements, and correctly notes that the facts pled by
Warthman in this case might have supported a Due Process claim. But Warthman points
out in response that, had she sought relief pursuant to the Due Process Clause, she would
have been required to do so through the vehicle of a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim. See
Thomas v. Shipka, 

, 500 (6th Cir. 1987) (vacated on other grounds, 

(1989)) (“[I]t is unnecessary and needlessly redundant to imply a cause of
action arising directly under the Constitution where Congress has already provided a
statutory remedy of equal effectiveness through which the plaintiff could have vindicated
her constitutional rights.”). Section 1983 was not mentioned anywhere in Warthman’s
complaint.
No. 07-4528        Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 10


       Some complaints, however, particularly those filed by pro se plaintiffs, have
asserted claims for relief under the U.S. Constitution directly. District courts have on
occasion interpreted such claims as § 1983 actions. See, e.g., Jordan v. Moore, No. 99-
3489, 

, at *1 (6th Cir. Feb. 2, 2000) (unpublished) (construing a
complaint that referenced the Fourth Amendment as a § 1983 claim because “this circuit
does not recognize direct constitutional claims against local officials and municipalities”
(citing 

)). But the omission of a reference to § 1983 in a
carefully drafted complaint filed by a plaintiff represented by counsel should have
provided the Township with notice that Warthman’s reference to the Due Process Clause
was not intended to raise a federal cause of action.

       Warthman took great care to assert only state-law claims in her complaint, a
choice that she was fully entitled to make even if it meant foregoing an available federal
cause of action. See Alexander v. Elec. Data Sys. Corp., 

, 943 (6th Cir.
1994) (“The well-pleaded complaint rule generally provides that the plaintiff is the
master of his complaint, and the fact that the wrong asserted could be addressed under
either state or federal law does not ordinarily diminish the plaintiff’s right to choose a
state law cause of action.”). She explicitly alleged a violation of only the Ohio Open
Meetings Law in Count One, and clarified any ambiguity about her common law
estoppel claim in Count Two by asking the court to declare that she “had a right to a
name clearing hearing which is the predicate for her hearing under R.C. 121.22(G)(1).”

       Warthman’s complaint was not sloppily drafted. It neatly laid out two state-law
causes of action and did not invite the Township—as a less careful complaint might have
done—to latch onto the constitutional reference and imply a federal claim where none
was stated. Warthman’s freedom to choose state law in this manner would be
significantly undermined by a rule that granted defendants the freedom to safely second
guess a plaintiff’s decision and remove to federal court on the basis of claims that could
have been pled, but were not. See 

.

       Other plaintiffs in Warthman’s situation—those who choose to forego federal
claims and secure a state forum—sometimes expressly disclaim any arguable federal
No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                    Page 11


cause of action in the text of their complaints. See, e.g., Brown v. Vickers Employees
Credit Union, 

, 530 (S.D. Miss. 2001) (“[T]he plaintiff only set forth
state law causes of action in the Complaint and specifically disclaimed all federal causes
of action that might be available to him.”). Including such statements in complaints is
an excellent practice that we strongly encourage because it avoids the procedural delay
and expense of removal and remand as evidenced by the present case. But because the
removing defendant bears the burden to show federal jurisdiction, plaintiffs whose state-
law claims do nothing more than make reference to a federal constitutional provision or
statute should not be required to expressly forego federal claims in their complaints in
order to avoid removal. See Eastman v. Marine Mech. Corp., 

, 549 (6th
Cir. 2006) (noting that, in the removal context, defendants bear the burden of
demonstrating that federal subject matter jurisdiction exists on the face of the
complaint). A contrary result would effectively shift the burden of establishing federal
question jurisdiction in removal cases away from defendants by requiring plaintiffs to
affirmatively establish the lack of such jurisdiction. Any complaint that included even
a passing mention of federal law would, so long as the facts could possibly have
supported an undeclared federal claim, be subject to the expensive and delaying
removals that § 1447(c) was designed to discourage. See 

.

        Defendants in similar cases need not worry about losing opportunities to remove
where the plaintiff invokes only state law but later changes her mind. The defendant’s
right to remove is preserved if the plaintiff later reveals that she wishes to make a federal
claim after all. See 28 U.S.C. § 1446(b) (“If the case stated by the initial pleading is not
removable, a notice of removal may be filed within thirty days after receipt by the
defendant, through service or otherwise, of a copy of an amended pleading, motion,
order or other paper from which it may first be ascertained that the case is one which is
or has become removable . . . .”).

        A reference to the U.S. Constitution in a complaint should be read in the context
of the entire complaint to fairly ascertain whether the reference states a federal cause of
action or, as in Warthman’s case, simply supports an element of a state claim. See, e.g.,
No. 07-4528         Warthman v. Genoa Township Board of Trustees                   Page 12


Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson, 

, 813 (1986) (“[T]he mere
presence of a federal issue in a state cause of action does not automatically confer federal
question jurisdiction.”); Diaz v. Sheppard, 

, 1504-05 (11th Cir. 1996)
(holding that the district court did not have subject matter jurisdiction where the
plaintiff’s claims for legal malpractice, negligence, and breach of contract included
passing mentions of federal constitutional law in his complaint, solely for the purpose
of supporting those claims). And if the defendant has a legitimate doubt as to whether
a complaint raises a federal cause of action, there is no law that prohibits the defendant
from simply contacting the plaintiff and requesting a written confirmation that only
state-law claims are being asserted. There is no evidence in the record that the Township
took such action in the present case.

        The Township instead rested removal on an isolated mention of the Fourteenth
Amendment in a carefully drafted complaint that pled only state-law claims. Its basis
for removal was not “objectively reasonable” under these circumstances. We therefore
remand the case to the district court so that it may consider whether, in light of the
Martin standard discussed above, an award of costs and attorney fees to Warthman is
appropriate and, if so, the amount of the award. See Martin, 546 U.S at 141.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

        For all of the reasons set forth above, we VACATE the portion of the district
court’s judgment that denied Warthman her request for costs and attorney fees and
REMAND the case for reconsideration of that issue.