RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                            Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                   File Name: 09a0214p.06

               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                  _________________


                                                 X
                                                  -
 WALTER JONES,
                                                  -
                                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 07-2393
           v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                      Defendants-Appellants. -
 PATRICIA L. CARUSO, et al.,
                                                  -
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit.
                No. 05-72817—Denise Page Hood, District Judge.
                                 Submitted: March 4, 2009
                            Decided and Filed: June 23, 2009
                Before: KEITH, COLE, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                         COUNSEL
ON BRIEF: Linda Olivieri, ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan,
for Appellants. Walter Jones, Kincheloe, Michigan, pro se.
     COLE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which KEITH, J., joined.
McKEAGUE, J. (pp. 31-35), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                    _________________

                                         OPINION
                                    _________________

        COLE, Circuit Judge. Defendants-Appellants Patricia L. Caruso, Director of the
Michigan Department of Corrections (“MDOC”), Linda Matuszak, the Record Office
Supervisor at Saginaw Correctional Facility, and Jan E. Trombley, the Warden at Saginaw
Correctional Facility (collectively, “Defendants”), appeal the district court’s denial of their
motion to reconsider its order enjoining them from enforcing subsection (HH)(23) (“Rule
23”) of MDOC Policy Directive (“MDOC PD”) 05.03.118 (“Prisoner Mail”), which pro se


                                              1
No. 07-2393          Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                            Page 2


Plaintiff-Appellee Walter Jones claims infringes on his First Amendment and Due Process
rights. MDOC PD 05.03.118, which became effective on March 19, 1985, sets forth
MDOC’s guidelines for prisoners’ mail rights. The directive includes a list of prohibited
materials prisoners “shall not be allowed to receive . . . as they are considered to be a threat
to the order and security of an institution or to the rehabilitation of prisoners.” MDOC PD
05.03.118(N).

        This case relates to Rule 23 of the policy directive, which specifically regulates
prisoners’ possession of UCC-related materials. Defendants argue that the district court’s
injunction should be dissolved because: (1) the district court mistakenly found UCC-related
materials to be “legal mail” subject to heightened First Amendment protections; (2) the
district court erred in finding that Rule 23 is not rationally related to the legitimate
penological objective of maintaining order and discipline in MDOC prisons; (3) the district
court erred in finding that Rule 23’s scholarly-materials exception did not alleviate First
Amendment concerns; (4) the district court’s issuance of the injunction interfered with the
“well-supported judgment of prison officials”; and (5) the district court erroneously applied
the standard for the issuance of preliminary injunctions. Jones counters that: (1) this Court
cannot consider arguments that Defendants have raised for the first time on appeal;
(2) Defendants have regulated their UCC ban through other MDOC directives, obviating the
need to dissolve the injunction; and (3) the district court properly determined that the facts
met the standard for issuance of a preliminary injunction. Although the district court abused
its discretion in applying the incorrect level of scrutiny to analyze Rule 23, for the following
reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s preliminary injunction on its merits and REMAND
the case to the district court for further consideration not inconsistent with this opinion.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

A.      Factual Background

        1.      Development of Rule 23

        Since 2004, there has been a nationwide increase in the number of filings by prison
inmates of unsubstantiated liens and Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”) financing
statements against state or federal officials involved with their incarceration. See, e.g.,
No. 07-2393           Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                                 Page 3


United States v. Gordon, No. CV205-158, 

, at *1-2 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 25,
2005) (finding that prisoners filed “facially absurd” liens and UCC financing statements
designed to harass and intimidate government officials in the performance of their duties);
United States v. Orrego, No. 04 CV 0008 SJ, 

, at *2-3 (E.D.N.Y. June 22,
2004) (granting government’s motion for summary judgment where prisoner purported to
copyright his name, after which he filed fraudulent liens against various government officials
for using his name without permission or payment); Ray v. Williams, No. CV-04-863-HU,

, at *2 (D. Or. Mar. 24, 2005) (granting government’s motion for summary
judgment where prisoner submitted UCC filings against government officials, seeking
payment for unauthorized use of his copyrighted name); United States v. Martin, 356 F.
Supp. 2d 621, 626-27 (W.D. Va. 2005) (finding “null and void” prisoner’s fraudulent UCC
financing statements naming himself as the secured party for a $108,000,000.00 debt
purportedly owed to him by various government officials); United States v. Brum, No. CIV.
A. 105CV110, 

, at *3 (E.D. Tex. July 1, 2005) (granting government’s
motion for summary judgment where prisoner filed fraudulent liens and UCC financing
statements against the judge and prosecutor involved in his criminal conviction);
Cooperwood v. McDonald, No. 2:05 CV 111, 

, at *2-4 (W.D. Mich. June
13, 2005) (dismissing prisoner’s civil rights action under the Prison Litigation Reform Act
where prisoner filed a fraudulent lien “for infringement of his copyrighted name”); United
States v. Stouder, No. 3:04-1044, 

, at *3-5 (M.D. Tenn. Sept. 2, 2005)
(declaring null and void prisoner’s fraudulent UCC financing statements against government
officials in the amount of $300,000,000.00).

        On March 30, 2004, in response to increased activity by Michigan prisoners
engaging in these types of fraudulent schemes, MDOC Director, Defendant Caruso, used her
authority to establish policy through a Director’s Office Memorandum (“DOM”) and enacted
DOM 2004-8, “Fraudulent Activities Involving the Uniform Commercial Code.” See Jones
v. Mich. Dep’t of Corrs., No. 05-CV-72817-DT, 

, at *1 (E.D. Mich. Sept.
            1
28, 2006). On January 1, 2005, DOM 2004-8 was superseded by DOM 2005-4, which
also restricted prisoners’ use of UCC publications in an effort to confront “increased


        1
            Unless the MDOC Director renews a DOM, it is effective only for the calendar year in which
it is issued.
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                              Page 4


activity by prisoners engaging in various schemes involving the UCC.” (Joint Appendix
(“JA”) 82-83). Also, on March 30, 2005, prison officials approved Housing Unit Rule
#45 (“Rule 45”), a policy, which, like DOM 2004-8 and DOM 2005-4, declared that
MDOC would consider UCC-related materials to be “contraband” subject to seizure
because prisoners could use those materials to facilitate criminal activity.

          On June 6, 2005, DOM 2005-4 was superseded by MDOC PD
05.03.118(HH)(22) (“Rule 22”), prohibiting certain types of incoming mail. Rule 22
stated:

          PROHIBITED INCOMING MAIL

          HH.   Prisoners are prohibited from receiving mail that is a threat to the
                security, good order, or discipline of the facility, may facilitate or
                encourage criminal activity, or may interfere with the
                rehabilitation of the prisoner. The following pose such risks
                within a correctional facility under all circumstances and
                therefore shall be rejected.
                    ***
                    22.     Mail regarding actions that can be taken
                            under the Uniform Commercial Code
                            (UCC). This does not include legal
                            materials which set forth the statute or
                            provide a scholarly legal analysis of the
                            UCC.
(JA 21.) Rule 22 prohibited prisoners from receiving and possessing certain UCC-
related materials but was interpreted by the MDOC officials as making exceptions for
UCC-related publications held in the prison law library, such as the Michigan Compiled
Laws Annotated or scholarly analyses of the relevant statutes. See Jones, 

, at *2. MDOC officials also interpreted Rule 22 as preventing prisoners from
using funds from their personal institutional accounts to purchase prohibited UCC
materials and required MDOC staff to reject such items that a prisoner received through
the mail and to confiscate such items that a prisoner already possessed. 

1, 2006, MDOC amended MDOC PD 05.04.118(HH), such that
subsection HH(22) now states (in renumbered sub-paragraph 23 (“Rule 23”)):
No. 07-2393            Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                                      Page 5


                       23.      Mail regarding actions that can be taken
                                under the Uniform Commercial Code
                                (UCC) which could be used to harass or
                                threaten another individual, including the
                                filing of a lien against the individual.
                                This does not include legal materials
                                which set forth the statute or provide a
                                scholarly legal analysis of the UCC.
(JA 397) (emphasis added). MDOC also sought legislation that would make inmates’
UCC abuses punishable as criminal offenses, and, in 2004, it became a felony in
Michigan to knowingly and intentionally file a false or fraudulent financing statement
with the Secretary of State under the UCC. See Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9501(6)
(2004).2

        2.         Enforcement of Rule 23 against Jones

        Jones is currently serving a life sentence in the custody of MDOC. After MDOC
enacted DOM 2004-8, Jones notified prison officials that he possessed books, pamphlets,
forms, and other literary materials that referenced usage of the UCC regulations but were
not associated with criminal or fraudulent activity. On February 10, 2005, Jones
attempted to send a letter to the Michigan Secretary of State seeking forms related to
Michigan copyright and trademark registration laws. On February 14, 2005, Jones’s
metered envelope was returned to him without the letter. Jones then filed grievances
based on Defendants’ enforcement of DOM 2004-8 and their alleged failure to provide
him with reasons for confiscating his correspondence. After exhausting the applicable
MDOC grievance procedures, Jones filed the instant suit.




        2
            Section 440.9501(6) provides:
        A person shall not knowingly or intentionally file a false or fraudulent financing
        statement with the office of the secretary of state under subsection (1)(b) or (2). In
        addition to any other penalty provided by law, a violation of this subsection is a felony
        punishable by imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not more than
        $2,500.00, or both. If the person is convicted of the violation, the court may find that
        the financing statement is ineffective and may order the office of the secretary of state
        to terminate the financing statement and may order restitution.
Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9501(6).
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 6


B.     Procedural history

       Jones filed his complaint on July 19, 2005, alleging under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that
DOM 2004-8 suppresses communication and is facially overbroad in violation of the
First Amendment. Because DOM 2004-8 was superseded by Rule 22, the magistrate and
district judges construed Jones’s claims as arising from Rule 22. Haines v. Kerner, 

, 520 (1972) (granting liberal construction to pro se filings); Franklin v. Rose,

, 85 (6th Cir. 1985) (“The allegations of a pro se petition, ‘though vague and
conclusory, are entitled to a liberal construction.’”).

       Jones sought the following relief: (1) a declaratory judgment stating that DOM
2004-8 and Rule 45 were unconstitutional under the First and Fourteenth Amendments
to the Constitution; (2) an injunction to prevent MDOC’s enforcement of both DOM
2004-8 and Rule 45; (3) an injunction requiring Defendants to notify Jones when they
confiscate or reject his outgoing mail; (4) compensatory damages of $800; and
(5) punitive damages of $950. Defendants moved for summary judgment. In support
of their motion for summary judgment, Defendants attached evidence showing that
Michigan prisoners were filing fraudulent liens. Specifically, Defendants’ Exhibit C to
their Motion for Summary Judgment consists of eighteen pages of documents including
correspondence from the Michigan Secretary of State’s office; copies of “Common-Law
Copyright & Trade-Name/Trademark Self-Executing Contract/Security Agreement in
Event of Unauthorized/Unlawful Use” purporting to allow a prisoner to claim a
trademark interest in his own name; newspaper advertisements purporting to assert a
copyright interest in a prisoner’s name; a complaint against an MDOC employee for
violation of a prisoner’s contractual rights, and an assertion of a debt of $6,000,000
against an MDOC employee for alleged abuses of a prisoner’s copyrighted name.

       On July 10, 2006, the magistrate judge issued a Report and Recommendation
(“R&R”), which recommended that the district court grant Defendants’ motion for
summary judgment as to Defendants Caruso, Trombley, and Matuszak in their individual
capacities based on qualified immunity. However, the magistrate judge recommended
the denial of Defendants’ motion to dismiss Jones’s request for injunctive relief against
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                             Page 7


them in their official capacities and that the district court issue a temporary restraining
order enjoining MDOC’s enforcement of Rule 22. The magistrate judge concluded that
Jones had demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of his claim that Rule 22
violated his First Amendment rights and was also unconstitutionally vague and
overbroad.

       Defendants objected to the R&R, contending that Jones’s claims were mooted
by MDOC’s January 1, 2006 enactment of Rule 23. On July 21, 2006, the magistrate
judge issued an Amended R&R determining that Rule 23 acceptably modified Rule 22,
making an injunction unnecessary. Jones then objected to the Amended R&R.

       On September 28, 2005, the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s R&R
but rejected his Amended R&R. The court explained that although Defendants had
established that Rule 23 reflected the legitimate government interest of preventing
prisoners’ abusive UCC filings, the rule was impermissibly vague because it denied
inmates access to the full range of “non-scholarly” UCC publications without providing
them alternative means to exercise the right to access UCC publications for lawful
purposes:

       The added language of [Rule 23] limits UCC materials, which could be
       used to harass or threaten another individual, including the filing of a lien
       against the individual. Although this policy does not appear to be related
       to the “security” of the prisons, the policy may be addressing the prison’s
       “other legitimate penological objectives”-“harassment” and “felony”
       activities, as argued by Defendants. The added language allows
       confiscation of UCC materials relating to a lien to be placed on “another”
       individual, which is a vague term. Although defendants in their summary
       judgment motion submitted examples of two other prisoners who may
       have placed or attempted to place liens against two individuals who
       appear to be employed with the State of Michigan, there is no affirmative
       evidence or statement by the two individuals identified that these liens
       were in fact improper or illegal or that the prisoners were successful in
       filing the liens. Defendants also do not cite any authority or statute
       (federal or state) that shows the filing of a lien against “another”
       individual is prohibited or is a “felony” as argued by Defendants. The
       added language is vague as to the “individual” the policy attempts to
       protect and does not limit the filing of a lien which may be legitimate or
       legal.
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                          Page 8


(JA 341-42.) The district court then enjoined Defendants’ enforcement of Rule 23,
pending resolution of the parties’ dispute.

        Defendants subsequently moved for rehearing or reconsideration based on an
alleged “palpable defect” in the district court’s decision. Defendants argued that Rule
23 is narrowly tailored to prevent MDOC prisoners from committing fraudulent acts
against individuals and that it did not unconstitutionally infringe on prisoners’ abilities
to obtain lawful liens or to possess forms, pamphlets, and other items that could facilitate
the commission of fraudulent prisoner activity. On April 13, 2007, Defendants filed a
supplemental brief in support of their motion, citing two recent Michigan federal district
court decisions involving similar issues: Mitchell v. Caruso, No. 06-11567, 

, at *3 (E.D. Mich. Dec. 26, 2006) (finding moot plaintiffs’ claim that DOM
2005-4 violated prisoners’ First Amendment rights where the rule was superseded by
Rule 23, and plaintiffs had not brought claims under Rule 23 itself) and Hardin v.
Michigan Department of Corrections, No. 1:06 CV 430, 

, at *6 (W.D.
Mich. Mar. 27, 2007) (concluding that the fact that MDOC did not permit plaintiff
prisoner to possess UCC-related materials sent to him by an “Ambassador of the
Washitaw Nation of Moors” did not violate his First Amendment right to freely practice
his religion because MDOC’s confiscation of UCC-related materials was reasonably
related to a legitimate penological interest).

        On September 28, 2007, the district court denied Defendants’ motion for
reconsideration. The court found that though Defendants had cited specific instances of
UCC fraud committed by MDOC prisoners against Michigan employees, “Defendants
fail[ed] to adequately address the [c]ourt’s concern regarding Rule 23’s
overinclusiveness and d[id] not address underinclusiveness at all.” (JA 455.) The court
explained:

        Defendants acknowledge Rule 23’s overinclusiveness, but suggest that
        the MDOC has a process, already in place, that is capable of sifting out
        legitimate UCC-related prisoner mail. Defendants assert that, if a
        prisoner believes that his UCC-related mail has been inappropriately
        confiscated, there is a process by which he may request a hearing to
        determine the appropriateness of the confiscation. The Court is not
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                          Page 9


        convinced that such a remedy, which is the same relief available to a
        prisoner for “any [type of] rejected or confiscated material,” is well-
        suited for prisoners seeking relief from Rule 23. Courts must ensure that
        prisoners are afforded greater First Amendment protection for their
        legal mail than with other items. Moreover, there is a heightened First
        Amendment concern when prison officials place restrictions on legal
        mail. Defendants’ proposed remedy does not meet this heightened test.
(JA 455) (internal citations omitted) (emphasis added). Defendants now appeal the
district court’s decision and ask this Court to dissolve the injunction.

                                     II. ANALYSIS

A.      Standard of review

        We review for abuse of discretion, the district court’s denial of Defendants’
motion for reconsideration. United States v. Brown, 

, 750-51 (6th Cir.
2006). Our interlocutory review of injunctive orders under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a) is
plenary, giving us jurisdiction to review and consider the entire record. United States
v. State of Mich., 

, 151-52 (6th Cir. 1991). An abuse of discretion occurs
when the district court relies upon clearly erroneous findings of fact, improperly applies
the governing law, or uses an erroneous legal standard. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Mut.
of Ohio v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 

, 322 (6th Cir. 1997).

        Defendants’ motion for reconsideration involves the district court’s issuance of
Jones’s request for injunctive relief, and this Court reviews a district court’s decision to
grant or deny a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion. United States v. Any &
All Radio Station Transmission Equip., 

, 665 (6th Cir. 2000). Generally,
the plaintiff bears the burden of establishing his entitlement to a preliminary injunction.
See Overstreet v. Lexington-Fayette Urban County Gov’t, 

, 573 (6th Cir.
2002) (“A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary remedy which should be granted
only if the movant carries his or her burden of proving that the circumstances clearly
demand it.”); see also Leary v. Daeschner, 

, 739 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[T]he
proof required for the plaintiff to obtain a preliminary injunction is much more stringent
than the proof required to survive a summary judgment motion.”). In addressing a
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                         Page 10


motion for a preliminary injunction, a court should consider: (1) the likelihood that the
movant will succeed on the merits; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable harm
without the injunction; (3) the probability that granting the injunction will cause
substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the public interest will be advanced by
issuing the injunction. See Six Clinics Holding Corp., II v. Cafcomp Sys., Inc., 

, 399 (6th Cir. 1997). “These factors are not prerequisites, but are factors that are to
be balanced against each other.” 

.

        Notwithstanding this balancing approach, “[w]hen a party seeks a preliminary
injunction on the basis of a potential violation of the First Amendment, the likelihood
of success on the merits often will be the determinative factor.” Connection Distrib. Co.
v. Reno, 

, 288 (6th Cir. 1998). In short, “because the questions of harm to
the parties and the public interest cannot be addressed properly in the First Amendment
context without first determining if there is a constitutional violation, the crucial inquiry
often is . . . whether the [regulation] at issue is likely to be found constitutional.” 

Lubavitch v. City of Cincinnati, 

, 460 (6th Cir. 1991)
(Because harm could be suffered by either party, and the public interest lay in the correct
application of First Amendment principles, the court’s decision turned on the likelihood
of success on the merits.)); see also WV Ass’n of Club Owners & Fraternal Servs., Inc.
v. Musgrave, 

, 298 (4th Cir. 2009) (noting that “a plaintiff’s claimed harm
is ‘inseparably linked’ to the likelihood of success on the merits of plaintiff’s First
Amendment claim”).

B.      This Court may consider Defendants’ arguments on appeal

        As a threshold matter, we must address Jones’s assertion that this Court should
not consider the following arguments raised by Defendants for the first time on appeal:
(1) UCC materials are not “legal mail” warranting heightened scrutiny; (2) Rule 23 is
rationally related to a legitimate penological purpose and does not infringe on prisoners’
First Amendment rights; (3) the district court erred in its analysis of Rule 23’s scholarly-
materials exception; and (4) the district court failed to accord the prison officials the
required deference in evaluating Rule 23. Jones asserts that a decision on the merits
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 11


would be improper where he had no opportunity to present opposing arguments or
evidence.

       Although this Court adheres to the general rule that “[i]ssues not presented to the
district court but raised for the first time on appeal are not properly before the court,’”
see, e.g., St. Marys Foundry, Inc. v. Employers Ins. of Wausau, 

, 995 (6th
Cir. 2003), we have “stated that it may be appropriate to consider a new issue on appeal
if it is ‘presented with sufficient clarity and completeness’ for us to resolve the issue.”
McFarland v. Henderson, 

, 407 (6th Cir. 2002) (quoting J.C. Wyckoff &
Assocs., Inc. v. Standard Fire Ins. Co., 

, 1488 (6th Cir. 1991) and Pinney
Dock & Transp. Co. v. Penn Cent. Corp., 

, 1461 (6th Cir. 1988)). Further,
we have “‘most commonly’” exercised our discretion to reach issues not raised below
when “‘the issue is one of law, and further development of the record is unnecessary.’”
Bryant v. Dollar Gen. Corp., 

, 400 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting 

). Because the aforementioned challenges present questions of law that
require no further development of the record, we exercise our discretion to consider the
merits of Defendants’ arguments.

C.     The district court erred by applying the incorrect standard of review to
       Rule 23
       The district court found that Rule 23 unconstitutionally limits inmates’ right to
send and receive “legal mail” and reviewed the rule under a heightened standard, rather
than under the standard typically applied to challenged prison regulations. For the
reasons that follow, we find that the district court applied the wrong standard of review
to its analysis of Rule 23.

       The Supreme Court has identified four factors generally relevant to determining
the reasonableness of a challenged prison regulation (the “Turner factors”):

       1.      there must be a valid, rational connection between the prison
               regulation and the legitimate governmental interest put forward
               to justify it;
       2.      there must be alternative means of exercising the right that
               remain open to prison inmates;
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 12


       3.      we must consider the impact that accommodation of the asserted
               constitutional right will have on guards and other inmates and on
               the allocation of prison resources generally; and
       4.      there must not be alternatives available that fully accommodate
               the prisoner’s rights at de minimis cost to valid penological
               interests.
Turner v. Safley, 

, 89-91 (1987). Failure to satisfy the first factor, renders
the regulation unconstitutional without regard to the remaining three factors. 

first factor is satisfied, the remaining factors are considered and balanced together as
“guidelines” by which the court can assess whether the challenged actions are reasonably
related to a legitimate penological interest. 

Court has made it clear that prison inmates retain all First
Amendment rights not incompatible with their status as prisoners, “or with the legitimate
penological objectives of the corrections system.” Pell v. Procunier, 

, 832
(1974). The Court has recognized that receiving mail from an outside source, an interest
in communication shared by prisoners and their correspondents, is such a First
Amendment right. Procunier v. Martinez, 

, 417 (1974) (holding that a
prison’s decision to censor or withhold delivery of a particular letter—incoming or
outgoing—must be accompanied by minimum procedural safeguards). “Accordingly,
the [ ] Court has held unconstitutional the censorship of prisoner mail when prison
officials censor simply by indulging their ‘personal prejudices and opinions,’ while
purporting to apply constitutional standards.” Brooks v. Seiter, 

, 1180 (6th
Cir. 1985) (quoting 

, and noting that the decision in that case
“squarely rested on an analysis of the nature of personal correspondence”).

       This Court has held that a review of regulations governing “legal mail” is subject
to a heightened standard. See Sallier v. Brooks, 

, 873-74 (6th Cir. 2006)
(finding that legal mail is entitled to a heightened level of protection to avoid impinging
on a prisoner’s legal rights, the attorney-client privilege, and the right to access the
courts); accord Kensu v. Haigh, 

, 174 (6th Cir. 1996) (“The right of a
prisoner to receive materials of a legal nature, which have impact upon or import with
respect to that prisoner’s legal rights and/or matters, is a basic right recognized and
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 13


afforded protection by the courts . . . .”); see also Jenkins v. Huntley, 235 F. App’x 374,
376 (7th Cir. 2007) (finding that prison officials risk violating an inmate’s constitutional
rights if they open an incoming letter marked as “legal mail” outside of his presence);
Davis v. Goord, 

, 351 (2d Cir. 2003) (“In balancing the competing interests
implicated in restrictions on prison mail, courts have consistently afforded greater
protection to legal mail than to non-legal mail . . . .”). Policies regarding outgoing legal
mail receive heightened scrutiny under which a prison’s inspection policy must “further
an important or substantial government interest unrelated to the suppression of
expression” and must not limit First Amendment freedoms “greater than is necessary or
essential to the protection of the particular governmental interest involved.” Bell-Bey
v. Williams, 

, 838 (6th Cir. 1996) (quoting 

).

        Nonetheless, not all outgoing mail is “legal mail,” and we have held that “the
question of what constitutes ‘legal mail’ is a question of law.” 

.
The Michigan Administrative Code defines “legal mail” as correspondence with courts,
attorneys, public officials, the office of the legislative corrections ombudsman, the
department of correction’s central office staff, and staff of the institution in which the
prisoner is incarcerated. See Mich. Admin. Code R. 791.6603(7) (Nov. 15, 2008). We
have clarified that while mail to a prisoner’s attorney or a court relating to his or her
legal claims constitutes “legal mail,” correspondence with the American Bar Association
(“ABA”), county clerks, or registrars of deeds does not because it generally “d[oes] not
contain confidential, personal or privileged material.” 

; cf.
Jensen v. Klecker, 

, 1183 (8th Cir. 1981) (concluding that a letter from the
National Prison Project bearing an attorney’s name and stamped “Lawyer Client Mail
Do Not Open Except in Presence of Prisoner” came within the definition of protected
attorney-client legal mail).

        Here, the district court erred by applying heightened review when the UCC-
related materials at issue are not “legal mail.” The confiscated letter Jones attempted to
mail to the Michigan Secretary of State’s office, requesting information about
copyrighting and trademark registration in Michigan, resembles the correspondence with
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 14


the county clerk that we previously determined was not “legal mail” in 

. The fact that Jones’s letter was addressed to the Secretary of State, a “public
official,” does not change our analysis. Although, as we have noted, the Michigan
Administrative Code provides that mail to “public officials” warrants additional
protections, the case-law suggests that this does not encompass “general
communications” with public officials that do not implicate the right to petition for
grievances and the right of access to the courts. See, e.g., Jenkins, 235 F. App’x at 376
(finding that inmate’s correspondence with officials from the Illinois Attorney
Registration and Disciplinary Commission was not “legal mail”); Witherow v. Paff, 

, 265-66 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that prison regulation requiring that mail sent
from inmates to certain public officials be visually inspected does not violate inmates’
First Amendment rights); Lee v. Tahash, 

, 973 (8th Cir. 1965) (concluding
that inmate did not have right to send communications to “any public officials
throughout the United States” making requests for general information and numerous
federal and state statutory sections, chapters, codes, procedural rules, and court
decisions); cf. Taylor v. Sterrett, 

, 471 (5th Cir. 1976) (“[L]etters addressed
to courts, public officials, or an attorney when the prisoner challenges the legality of
either his criminal conviction or the conditions of his incarceration are . . . sui generis
in both logic and case law.”) (emphasis added).

       The documents set forth in Defendants’ Exhibit C in support of their Motion for
Summary Judgment do not constitute “legal mail” either. 

at I.B. Because
those documents all relate to the administrative process of perfecting a security interest
and enforcing that interest through the Secretary of State’s office, and they do not
implicate Jones’s constitutional right of access to the courts, they are not entitled to
greater First Amendment protections. 

.

       Finally, it bears mention that both the Third Circuit and a Michigan federal
district court have recently concluded that the challenged types of UCC-related materials
are not “legal mail.” See Monroe v. Beard, 

, 208 (3d Cir. 2008) (upholding
Pennsylvania prison regulation providing for the confiscation of UCC-related materials,
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 15


publications, and information on copyrighting names because “plaintiffs still [had]
available to them a wide range of legal materials and publications that do not pertain to
the filing of fraudulent liens”), and Edmonds v. Sobina, 296 F. App’x 214, 217-18 (3d
Cir. 2008) (upholding Pennsylvania prison regulation providing for the confiscation of
UCC-related materials, publications, and information on copyrighting names and finding
that regulation did not impinge on prisoners’ rights to possess publications and legal
materials in general); Umbarger v. Caruso, No. 2:06-cv-141, 

, at *7
(W.D. Mich. July 19, 2006) (determining that plaintiff’s UCC materials were not “legal
mail” where they were not clearly marked as “mail from an attorney or law firm, a
legitimate legal-service organization, a non-prisoner paralegal working on behalf of an
attorney, law firm, or legal service organization, the Department of Attorney General,
a prosecuting attorney’s office, a court or a clerk of the court”).

        For all these reasons, the district court’s application of the heightened scrutiny
applicable to outgoing “legal mail” was in error. Defendants argue that our inquiry
should end here and that we should vacate the injunction and remand the issue to the
district court for analysis under the proper standard. We disagree.

        Defendants are correct that “[g]enerally, a panel entertaining a preliminary
injunction appeal decides only whether the district court abused its discretion in ruling
on the request for relief and does not go into the merits any further than necessary to
determine whether the moving party established a likelihood of success.” Rogers v.
Corbett, 

, 192 (3d Cir. 2006); see also Wright & Miller, 11A Fed. Prac. &
Proc. Civ. 2d § 2962 (West 2009) (“In general, when the appellate court determines that
the trial court’s order denying injunctive relief was erroneous, it will reverse and remand
the case for further proceedings below.”); Able v. United States, 

, 132 (2d
Cir. 1995) (“Rather than applying the ‘likelihood of success’ standard ourselves,
however, we believe that the wiser course is to allow the district court to make the
determination in the first instance.”). However, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1), which governs
appeals of interlocutory orders granting or denying injunctions, provides courts of appeal
with jurisdiction to reach the merits, at least where there are no relevant factual disputes
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                         Page 16


and the matters to be decided are closely related to the interlocutory order being
appealed. See, e.g., Thornburgh v. Am. Coll. of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, 

, 757 (1986) (noting that appellate review on the merits of the issuance of an
injunction is proper “if a district court’s ruling rests solely on a premise as to the
applicable rule of law, and the facts are established or of no controlling relevance”); Doe
v. Sundquist, 

, 707-08 (6th Cir. 1997) (finding that reaching the merits was
“in the interest of judicial economy,” since “the legal issues have been briefed and the
factual record does not need expansion”); Burk v. Augusta-Richmond County, 

, 1256-57 (11th Cir. 2004) (on interlocutory appeal from the district court’s denial
of a preliminary injunction, the court determined that the appeal presented pure
questions of law and struck down the county’s permitting requirement for public
demonstrations on First Amendment grounds); Am. Civil Liberties Union v. Mukasey,

, 187-88 (3d Cir. 2008) (noting that “[i]f a preliminary injunction appeal
presents a question of law and the facts are established or of no controlling relevance,
the panel may decide the merits of the claim”) (quoting Pitt News v. Pappert, 

, 104-05 (3d Cir. 2004)). Thus, because the record in this case contains the facts
necessary to decide whether Jones’s claim warrants an injunction of the enforcement of
Rule 23, we will review the merits of Jones’s preliminary injunction motion.

D.      Analysis of Jones’s preliminary injunction motion

        As 

, a court’s decision on whether to grant a motion for preliminary
injunction involves a balancing of the following factors: (1) the likelihood that the
movant will succeed on the merits; (2) whether the movant will suffer irreparable harm
if the injunction is not granted; (3) the probability that granting the injunction will cause
substantial harm to others; and (4) whether the injunction advances the public interest.
See Six Clinics Holding 

; see also 

.
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 17


       1.      Likelihood of success on the merits

               a. Application of the Turner factors

       To determine the likelihood that Jones will succeed on the merits of his claim
that Rule 23 violates his First Amendment right to communication, see 

, we must apply the Turner factors. See 

, 89 (holding that
“[W]hen a prison regulation impinges on inmates’ constitutional rights, the regulation
is valid if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests.”); see 

Part II.C (setting forth the Turner factors). Importantly, the Turner standard is not a
“least restrictive alternative” test requiring prison officials “to set up and then shoot
down every conceivable alternative method of accommodating the claimant’s
constitutional complaint.” See Flagner v. Wilkinson, 

, 484 (6th Cir. 2001).
Issues involving “the adoption and execution of policies and practices that in [the]
judgment [of prison officials] are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and
to maintain institutional security” in most circumstances “should be accorded wide-
ranging deference.” 

(citing Bell v. Wolfish, 

, 545 (1979)).

       With respect to the first factor—whether there is a valid, rational connection
between the regulation and a legitimate government interest—Jones concedes that Rule
23 furthers the legitimate government interest of preventing prisoners from committing
fraud under the UCC. See Lewis v. Caruso, No. 1:08-cv-28, 

, at *4
(W.D. Mich. Sept. 10, 2008) (“The abusive practice of prisoners filing baseless liens
and/or UCC financing statements for the purpose of harassment and credit impairment
of the alleged debtor (almost always a state or federal official involved with securing the
prisoner’s incarceration) is well documented.”) (citing numerous cases of prisoners’
fraudulent use of the UCC to harass government employees); Johns v. Mich. Dep’t of
Corrs., No. 1:07-cv-95, 

, at *11 (W.D. Mich. Feb. 21, 2008)
(“[P]rison officials have a penological interest in preventing inmates from possessing
materials that may promote criminal activity.”).

       As to the second factor—whether Rule 23 leaves Michigan inmates other
opportunities to access UCC-related materials—Defendants argue that “by limiting the
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 18


allowable works to ‘scholarly’ and statutory materials, [Defendants] exclude[] all
inmate-generated how-to manuals on fraudulent liens and other UCC abuses, as well as
forms generated for UCC abusive filings, but allow[] in legitimate publications that
address the UCC in general.” (Defs.’ Br. 27.) Moreover, Defendants contend that,
should a prisoner’s UCC-related materials be confiscated or rejected, Rule 23 allows him
to request a hearing on the issue, and the appeal from that hearing involves the same
MDOC three-step grievance procedure an inmate would use to contest the rejection or
confiscation of any other mail. Jones counters that, Rule 23 prevents access to legitimate
UCC publications that can be understood by “unsophisticated prisoners,” as opposed to
treatises and statutes that are beyond their level of comprehension. For the reasons that
follow, we are inclined to side with Defendants on this issue.

       Other Michigan federal district courts have found that MDOC PD 05.03.11
affords prisoners reasonable alternatives for prohibited UCC-related material such that
it does not infringe on their First Amendment rights. See Strickland v. Caruso, 

, at *4 (W.D. Mich. Mar. 13, 2008) (“The resources of the MDOC are limited and
the Court must accord ‘wide-ranging deference’ to the solutions implemented by prison
officials to combat the very serious problem of UCC-related fraud perpetrated by
prisoners.”); Hudson v. Mich. Dep’t of Corrs., No. 2:08-cv-208, 

, at *8
(W.D. Mich. Jan. 8, 2009) (finding that MDOC prisoners had adequate alternatives
because they could read a “wide variety of other political, economic, philosophical and
legal materials,” and that because they are prohibited from engaging in business or
commerce while incarcerated, they had “no need to possess UCC material”); Hardin,

, at *6 (finding that policy preventing prisoners from possessing
“books, pamphlets, forms or other material regarding actions that can be taken under the
UCC,” while still permitting them to possess publications from the law library setting
forth the statute or providing a scholarly legal analysis of the UCC, was not
unconstitutional); Lewis, 

, at *4. We find the analysis in Lewis v.
Caruso to be particularly instructive. There, the district court found that Rule 23
satisfied the second Turner factor, reasoning:
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 19


       The MDOC mail policy represents a rational means by which to achieve
       the legitimate goal of preventing prisoners from engaging in fraudulent
       and illegal behavior. While [the Policy Directive] prevents prisoners
       from possessing “books, pamphlets, forms or other material regarding
       actions that can be taken under the UCC,” prisoners were still permitted
       to possess “publications in the law library, such as Michigan Compiled
       Laws Annotated, that set forth the statute or provide a scholarly legal
       analysis of the UCC.” The Court concludes, therefore, that there exists
       a “valid, rational connection” between the policies at issue and a
       legitimate government interest.

, at *4.

       Jones’s argument that the effectiveness of an administrative hearing to determine
whether MDOC officials used Rule 23 in violation of a prisoner’s First Amendment
rights is undermined by the rule’s inherent vagueness is not well-taken. Unlike the cases
on which Jones relies, in which courts invalidated ordinances because the bounds of
official discretion were “defined so imprecisely” as to invite action in violation of the
First Amendment, see, e.g., Leonardson v. City of East Lansing, 

, 196 (6th
Cir. 1990), here, Rule 23 is not so vague that it would allow MDOC officials unbridled
discretion to impermissibly ban materials. In Leonardson, this Court struck down an
ordinance that allowed the town mayor to establish a police line to prevent a political
demonstration if it was “necessary” to “prevent, suppress, or contain” any event that may
become a public disturbance. 

We determined that the ordinance lacked “a
meaningful and explicit” standard setting forth the circumstances under which the mayor
could establish a police line to suppress events. 

that the broad language
would allow the mayor to suppress events that enjoy First Amendment protection based
merely on his belief that a public disturbance would occur, explaining:

       The mayor’s order need not be conditioned upon the existence of an
       imminent threat of property destruction or violence or upon any other
       meaningful and explicit standard. Accordingly, [the ordinance]
       impermissibly delegates discretionary authority to the chief of police and
       mayor to inhibit the exercise of First Amendment freedoms by enforcing
       the [o]rdinance in an arbitrary and discriminatory 

(citing Kolender v. Lawson, 

, 361 (1983)).
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 20


        Here, Rule 23 is not so vague that MDOC officials conducting an administrative
hearing would be able to exclude materials for impermissible reasons. See Thompson
v. Campbell, 81 F. App’x 563, 567 (6th Cir. 2003) (upholding regulation where it
permitted “a broad range of publications to be sent, received, and read,” allowing
prisoners alternative means to exercise their rights to receive and read publications); see
also Carlton v. Fassbender, 

(6th Cir. 1993) (Table) (upholding MDOC’s
contraband-hearing procedure against constitutional challenge by a prisoner alleging that
the procedure violated his rights to due process and to access the courts). Moreover,
whereas Leonardson involved the evaluation of a city ordinance, we must include in our
analysis, the fact that this case involves the evaluation of a prison regulation. Jones v.
Campbell, 23 F. App’x 459, 463 (6th Cir. 2001) (“[C]ourts should be particularly
conscious of the measure of judicial deference owed to corrections officials in gauging
the validity of a regulation.”).

        Under the third Turner factor, we must consider the “impact accommodation
. . . will have on guards and other inmates, and on the allocation of prison resources
generally.” Washington v. Harper, 

, 225 (1990). Defendants argue that the
injunction would drain prison resources and distract prison staff from their
responsibilities by requiring them to attend to inmates’ fraudulent liens. Defendants rely
on the affidavit of Richard Stapleton, an administrator in MDOC’s Office of Legal
Affairs, which provides that inmates engaging in UCC abuse may intimidate staff from
performing necessary functions or distract public officials from their duties. The
affidavit also sets forth detailed descriptions of examples of situations where MDOC
prisoners filed fraudulent UCC documents to harass prison staff prior to Rule 23’s
enactment.

        However, Defendants’ arguments are undermined by the fact that reasonable
alternatives to Rule 23 exist at what appears to be a minimal cost to MDOC. As our
analysis of the fourth Turner factor stresses, effective rules have been developed that
allow prisoners to receive a broad range of UCC-related materials while still limiting
fraudulent filings. Thus, an injunction of Rule 23 would have little practical effect on
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                           Page 21


Defendants. Under the fourth Turner factor, the prisoner bears the burden of challenging
a regulation by showing that there are obvious and easy alternatives to the regulation in
question, noting:

        the existence of obvious, easy alternatives may be evidence that the
        regulation is not reasonable, but is an “exaggerated response” to prison
        concerns. This is not a “least restrictive alternatives test” . . . . But if an
        inmate claimant can point to an alternative that fully accommodates the
        prisoner’s rights at de minimis cost to valid penological interests, a court
        may consider that as evidence that the regulation does not satisfy the
        reasonable relationship standard.

(citing O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz, 

, 350
(1985)). Defendants argue that the district court erred by failing to defer to MDOC
prison officials’ efforts to counteract the serious problem of prisoner UCC-related fraud.
But Jones urges us to adopt the district court’s finding that revising Rule 23 to more
narrowly define the limits of prisoners’ access to legitimate UCC-related materials
would not impose a meaningful burden on guards and other inmates and that there are
readily available alternatives.

        Specifically, Jones asserts that PD 05.03.118 ¶ D(7) (“Rule 7”) and PD 05.03.118
¶ HH.3 (“Rule 3”), which MDOC enacted to prevent inmates from receiving through
the mail or otherwise possessing UCC-related materials that would foster the fraudulent
misconduct but allow prisoners access to a wider range of legitimate materials, are
sufficient substitutes for Rule 23. Rule 7 prohibits mail that is a “threat to the security,
good order or discipline of the facility, may facilitate or encourage criminal activity or
may interfere with the rehabilitation of the prisoner” including “[m]ail for the purpose
of operating a business enterprise from within the facility.” (JA 391-92.) Rule 3
prohibits “mail advocating or promoting the violation of [a] statute or federal laws.” (JA
396.) It is undisputed that Defendants have used Rules 3 and 7 to confiscate prisoners’
UCC-related mail. In fact, in November 2006, MDOC officials confiscated various
UCC documents from Jones himself after the prison librarian notified them that she
believed Jones planned to use the documents to file a $5,000,000 fraudulent lien. The
district court denied Jones’s motion for contempt in which he argued that MDOC should
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 22


be sanctioned for using Rules 3 and 7 to deliberately avoid the effect of the court’s
injunction, noting, “MDOC does not need to rely on [Rule 23] to confiscate UCC-related
materials. Although the MDOC has specifically been enjoined from enforcing Rule 23
by the Court ‘the MDOC is not similarly enjoined from forbidding inmates from
possessing materials which might promote criminal activity.’” (JA 458). The district
court’s ruling strongly suggests that Rules 3 and 7 are effective alternatives to Rule 23.

        Jones also refers the Court to an October 6, 2006 email sent from Stapleton to all
MDOC wardens, entitled “Notice of Preliminary Injunction/UCC Materials,” that
specifically directs the wardens that the injunction prevented them from confiscating
prisoner mail under Rule 23, but reminds them that they could still prohibit prisoners
from receiving potentially problematic UCC-related materials through other means. The
email states, in relevant part:

        Effective immediately, UCC material shall not be rejected under
        Paragraph HH, no. 23 of PD 05.05.118.
        In addition, since the same criteria is used to determine whether UCC
        material found in a prisoner’s possession is contraband or not, UCC
        material found in a prisoner’s possession shall not be confiscated for this
        purpose. UCC material that is evidence of a major misconduct charge is
        still appropriately confiscated and processed in accordance with PD
        03.03.106 “Prisoner Discipline” (for example: Insolence based on staff
        harassment by filing fraudulent liens).
        Prisoners are also still prohibited from receiving mail, or having written
        material in their possession, that poses a threat to the security, good
        order, or discipline of the facility, may facilitate or encourage criminal
        activity, or may interfere with the rehabilitation of the prisoner. UCC
        material that can no longer be rejected under [Rule 23], and is not
        evidence of a misconduct, may still otherwise violate policy based on the
        nature of the specific material received. Therefore, if any UCC material
        is received in the mail or found in a prisoner’s possession which would
        have been rejected or confiscated under [Rule 23], Norma Killough[, of
        Corrections Facilities Administration,] is to be contacted as soon as
        possible for direction on how to proceed . . . .
(Pl. Br., Ex. B.) Accordingly, through this email, MDOC concedes that wardens can
(and should) continue to confiscate UCC-related materials without resorting to Rule 23.
No. 07-2393            Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                                     Page 23


         Finally, Jones has attached a November 17, 2006 letter he wrote to Defendant
Caruso, suggesting the following alternative wording of Rule 23:

                  23.    Mail or publications clearly subversive in nature,
                  disseminated for the purpose of teaching [their] readers how to
                  engage in fraudulent or illegal activities under the Uniform
                  Commercial Code (UCC). Possession of blank UCC forms (e.g.,
                  UCC 1 “financial statements” etc.) are [sic] also prohibited;
                  except where there is a clear need to file genuine UCC[-]related
                  claims. Nonsubversive UCC publications, legal and nonlegal
                  material are permitted and shall not be restricted solely on the
                  basis of content (i.e., copyright, trademark, patent or other UCC
                  information.)
(Pl. Br., Ex. A.)3 Though we are not suggesting that Defendants should adopt Jones’s
preferred wording, the fact that the record includes no evidence that Defendants
responded to Jones’s letter indicates that they have not seriously considered ways to
rewrite the rule that would put an end to this dispute.

         We are aware that “[t]he resources of the MDOC are limited and the Court must
accord ‘wide-ranging deference’ to the solutions implemented by prison officials to
combat the very serious problem of UCC-related fraud perpetrated by prisoners.” Marr
v. Caruso, No. 1:07 CV 745, 

, at *5 (W.D. Mich. Aug. 22, 2008)
(finding that prison policies used to reject prisoner mail relating to fraudulent UCC
filings satisfied the Turner factors). However, MDOC’s implementation of other
permissible methods used to confiscate prisoners’ UCC-related materials, including
those of Jones himself, is clear evidence that Defendants have alternative means of
affecting Rule 23’s intended purpose—preventing prisoners’ fraudulent UCC filings.
Moreover, should MDOC face any internal problems resulting from targeting prisoners’
UCC-related materials through other means, the record suggests that they would be de
minimis. 

(1985) (“Prison officials need not show that ‘no
reasonable method exists by which [prisoners’] rights can be accommodated without


         3
            As 

, Rule 23 prohibits, “Mail regarding actions that can be taken under the Uniform
Commercial Code (UCC) which could be used to harass or threaten another individual, including the
filing of a lien against the individual. This does not include legal materials which set forth the statute or
provide a scholarly legal analysis of the UCC.” (JA 399-401) (emphasis added).
No. 07-2393           Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                               Page 24


creating bona fide [prison] problems.’”). The October 2006 internal email states that any
prison official who encounters potentially problematic UCC-related material, should
immediately notify the prison administrators. It is unlikely that this alternative will
impose more than a de minimis cost on Defendants. Cf. Mauro v. Arpaio, 

, 1062 (9th Cir. 1999) (finding that proposed exceptions to prison’s ban on certain
sexually explicit materials—an inmate reading room for sexually explicit materials and
psychological testing to determine which inmates are “fit” for receipt of such
materials—imposed “more than a de minimis cost on valid penological interests” and
were therefore “inadequate alternatives” to the prison’s policy). Further, Defendants do
not account for the fact that Michigan passed a 2004 law making the filing of fraudulent
UCC financing statements with the Secretary of State a felony. 

at I.A.2
(explaining the background of Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9501(6)). This provides yet
another tool MDOC can use to prevent the abuses that Rule 23 was designed to address.
In short, the record demonstrates that Defendants can and do regulate Michigan
prisoners’ UCC-related materials without the use of Rule 23, so the third and fourth
Turner factors favor Jones.

        On balance, the Turner factors appear to favor Jones, and we are not convinced
that Rule 23 is necessary to further Defendants’ undoubtedly legitimate interest in
preventing prisoners from filing fraudulent UCC liens. Thus, we find that Jones is likely
to succeed on the merits of his First Amendment claim.

                 b. Vagueness

        We also must consider Jones’s likelihood of success on the merits of his
vagueness claim. In his Complaint, Jones asserted that DOM 2004-84 was “facially
unconstitutionally overbroad,” (JA 16), regulating legitimate UCC-related materials as
well as those related to unlawful or fraudulent activities. In a footnote in the R&R, the
magistrate judge explained that although he believed that the regulation was overbroad,


        4
          Because DOM 2004-8 was superseded by Rule 22, followed by Rule 23, for the purposes of this
analysis, we have construed Jones’s overbreadth claim as a challenge to Rule 23. See 

; 

.
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 25


Jones was better off challenging Rule 23 under a “void-for-vagueness analysis.” (JA
298). The magistrate judge reasoned:

       Although [Jones] has framed his attack on the directive on the basis of
       overbreadth (and I agree that it is overbroad) this alone is insufficient to
       find a constitutional violation. Overbreadth has little or no role “in civil
       litigation dealing with prisons’ internal operations. Some open-ended
       quality is essential if a prison is to have any guidelines; it is impossible
       to foresee all literature that may pose a threat to safety and security.”
       Borzych v. Frank, 

(7th Cir. 2005) (internal citations
       omitted). However, the policy directive . . . lends itself to a “void-for-
       vagueness” analysis. “The void-for-vagueness doctrine requires that a
       penal statute define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that
       ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a
       manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory
       enforcement.” Bailey v. Carter, 15 F. App’x 245, 252, 

,
       [at] *4 (6th Cir. 2001); Kolender v. Lawson, 

, 357, 103 S.
       Ct. 1855, 

(1983) (internal citations omitted.) However,
       an individual “raising a facial attack must demonstrate that the regulation
       is impermissibly vague in all of its applications-including its application
       to his case.” Walker v. McCaughtry, 141 F. App’x 460, 462, 

, [at] *2 (7th Cir. 2005); Vill[.] of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside
       Hoffman Estates, Inc., 

, 497, 

, 

(1982).
(JA 298). The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s conclusion that Rule 23 was
impermissibly vague, explaining:

       The only material [Rule 23] clearly permits is access to “scholarly” UCC
       publications treatises written for use and study by lawyers and law
       students. Does it include treatises written by a business professor at the
       University of Pennsylvania? Does it include all UCC-related
       government publications composed for layman use? Alternatively, if it
       were interpreted to include government publications, would publications
       written by non-profit organizations for pro se litigants be forbidden?
(JA 342-43.)

       Although the district court adopted the magistrate judge’s conclusion that Rule
23 was unconstitutionally vague, it appears to have issued the injunction on the basis of
Jones’s First Amendment right to send “legal mail,” simply noting the vagueness issue
as an afterthought. Nonetheless, the fact that Jones has argued the void-for-vagueness
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 26


issue as a separate basis on which this Court could uphold the injunction makes it
appropriate to consider in our evaluation of Jones’s likelihood of success on the merits.

        A law or regulation can be deemed unconstitutionally vague if “men of common
intelligence must necessarily guess at its meaning and differ as to its application . . . .”
Connally v. Gen. Constr. Co., 

, 391 (1926). Although the vagueness
doctrine was originally used to invalidate—on due process grounds—penal statutes that
failed to “define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people
can understand what conduct is prohibited,” Kolender v. Lawson, 

, 357
(1983), courts have frequently applied it in the First Amendment context. See, e.g.,
Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, 

, 1266 (3d Cir.
1992) (noting that a vagueness challenge can nullify an ambiguous law that “chills”
protected First Amendment activities). However, it is well-settled that a party whose
conduct is legitimately regulated by a statute or regulation lacks standing to challenge
it on the basis that it is unconstitutional as applied to others. See, e.g., Parker v. Levy,

, 755-57 (1974) (concluding that where appellee knew that his public
statements violated the regulations in question, he had no standing to challenge them as
unconstitutionally vague); United States v. Hill, 

, 1064 (6th Cir. 1999)
(finding that defendant had no standing to argue that gambling statutes were void for
vagueness where he had fair notice that his conduct was prohibited by those statutes);
Wright & Miller, 13A Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris. 3d § 3531.9.4 (West 2008) (“Regularly,
a party whose conduct is legitimately regulated by a statute asserts that it should be
stricken down because it is unconstitutional as applied to others. Such invitations to
consider situations not directly before the court ordinarily are rejected.”).

        Jones knew that his UCC-related materials violated MDOC’s Policy Directive.
In fact, his Complaint expressly states that following the enactment of DOM 2004-8,
(which was soon superseded by Rules 22 and 23), “Plaintiff additionally made
Defendant Trombley aware that he was a certified paralegal, and that he possessed
books, pamphlets and other materials that directly covered subject matter related to the
use of (UCC) which was now deemed prohibited by the DOM 2004-8.” (JA 14)
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                         Page 27


(emphasis added). Given that Jones clearly understood that Rule 23 prohibited the UCC-
related materials he possessed, he has no standing to raise a vagueness claim on behalf
of other MDOC prisoners, and the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to
consider the claim, precluding the possibility that Jones could succeed on its merits.

       2.      Irreparable injury

       While the “likelihood of success” prong is the most important to our analysis and
often determinative in First Amendment cases, see Connection 

,
we proceed to consider the other three prongs of the preliminary injunction analysis as
they relate to Jones’s claims.

       Rule 23 implicates Jones’s First Amendment rights, and the Supreme Court has
long held that “[t]he loss of First Amendment freedoms, for even minimal periods of
time, unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.” See Elrod v. Burns, 

,
373 (1976); see also G&B Lounge, Inc. v. Mich. Liquor Control Comm’n, 

,
1079 (6th Cir. 1994) (“[V]iolations of [F]irst [A]mendment rights constitute per se
irreparable injury.”); Newsom v. Norris, 

, 378 (6th Cir. 1989) (“[E]ven
minimal infringements upon First Amendment values constitutes irreparable injury
sufficient to justify injunctive relief.”). Accordingly, this factor clearly favors Jones.

       3.      Balancing of the harms

       Next, we must balance the harm that MDOC prisoners would face from the
enforcement of Rule 23 against that which Defendants would face if we uphold the
injunction. The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s conclusion that the possible
harm to prisoners caused by Rule 23’s enforcement pending resolution of the case
outweighed any potential harm to Defendants from the temporary enjoinment of the rule.
The magistrate judge reasoned that because Defendant Caruso could issue a superceding
Director’s Office Memorandum at her discretion, Defendants could “immediately
replace” the rule with a “narrower but effective directive which addresses the issue at
hand.” (JA 304.) In fact, as noted by the magistrate judge in his amended R&R,
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                       Page 28


Defendants did quickly replace Rule 22 with the amended Rule 23, although that rule
was also deemed impermissible by the district court.

       Defendants argue that the potential injury to Jones from lifting the injunction
while the case proceeds is minimal, and that the district court failed to consider
Defendants’ duty to protect the public interest. However, we believe that the balancing
of the harms favors Jones. We have previously noted that:

       [T]he purpose of the [balance of harms] test is . . . to underscore the
       flexibility which traditionally has characterized the law of equity. It
       permits the district court, in its discretion, to grant a preliminary
       injunction even where the plaintiff fails to show a strong or substantial
       probability of ultimate success on the merits of his claim, but where he
       at least shows serious questions going to the merits and irreparable harm
       which decidedly outweighs any potential harm to the defendant if the
       injunction is issued.
Friendship Materials, Inc. v. Mich. Brick, Inc., 

, 104 (6th Cir. 1982). As
the magistrate judge explained, a decision enjoining the enforcement of Rule 22 (and,
later, Rule 23) was a temporary solution while Defendants amended the rule to conform
to the court’s opinion. Moreover, any claim of harm by Defendants is made less
compelling by the fact that Defendants are currently combating prisoners’ fraudulent use
of UCC-related materials with other regulations, (Rules 7 and 3, for instance). 

Part IV.D.1.

       4.      Public interest

       Lastly, we must consider whether the public interest favors the issuance of the
preliminary injunction. The magistrate judge considered the issue within his analysis
of balancing of the harms. As 

, the district court adopted the magistrate
judge’s conclusion that the public interest in preventing prisoners’ abusive filings would
not be harmed by the preliminary injunction because the Defendants could quickly
modify Rule 22 (later, Rule 23) to prevent such filings UCC without infringing on their
constitutional rights. We agree that this final factor favors Jones, but for different
reasons.
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 29


       We have explained that “it is always in the public interest to prevent the violation
of a party’s constitutional rights.” Connection 

. However, we
have also found that in First Amendment cases, “the determination of where public
interest lies . . . is dependent on a determination of the likelihood of success on the
merits of the First Amendment challenge,” 

the regulation in question is
likely to be deemed constitutional, the public interest will not be harmed by its
enforcement. We have previously explained that because “the public as a whole has a
significant interest in ensuring equal protection of the laws and protection of First
Amendment liberties . . . the public interest would be advanced by issuance of a
preliminary injunction enjoining enforcement of those portions of challenged statutes
that are of questionable constitutionality.” Dayton Area Visually Impaired Persons, Inc.
v. Fisher, 

, 1490 (6th Cir. 1995). Given that Rule 23 may infringe on
prisoners’ First Amendment rights, the injunction is in the public’s interest.

       5.      Conclusion

       Although the district court incorrectly applied a heightened level of review to
Rule 23, a balancing of the relevant factors clearly demonstrates that the court’s issuance
of the preliminary injunction was proper. We recognize Defendants’ concern over the
rampant problem of prisoners’ filing of fraudulent liens, and we do not question that in
most cases, we defer to prison administrators’ professional judgment in regard to
instituting and enforcing prison policies. Overton v. Bazzetta, 

, 132 (2003)
(reversing ruling invalidating an MDOC policy restricting prisoner visitation rights and
emphasizing the need to defer to prison professionals); see also Beard v. Banks, 

, 530-33 (2006) (policy of Pennsylvania Department of Corrections restricting access
to newspapers, magazines, and photographs by certain inmates was justified by the need
to provide particularly difficult prisoners with increased incentives for better prison
behavior); Bruce v. Ylst, 

, 1290 (9th Cir. 2003) (noting that “federal courts
must remember that the duty to protect inmates’ constitutional rights does not confer the
power to manage prisons or the capacity to second-guess prison administrators, for
which we are ill-equipped”). Nonetheless, here, such deference is not warranted.
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                     Page 30


       Defendants have not provided us with any reasons why they cannot adequately
regulate prisoners’ ownership and use of UCC-related materials through alternative
regulations, i.e. Rules 7 and 3, Mich. Comp. Laws § 440.9501, and other prison
regulations. Moreover, Defendants declined to file a reply brief in which they would
have had the opportunity to contest Jones’s arguments regarding their use of these
alternative means of regulation. Had Defendants given us some indication that the cost
of regulating UCC materials without Rule 23 was more than “de minimis,” then perhaps
we would view this case differently. However, our review of the record and the parties’
briefing indicates that the preliminary injunction is warranted.

                                 III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s preliminary
injunction on its merits and REMAND the case to the district court for further
consideration not inconsistent with this opinion.
No. 07-2393         Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 31


                                  _________________

                                      DISSENT
                                  _________________

        McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. In my opinion, the majority misses the
forest for the trees. Despite concluding (1) that the district court erred when it granted
preliminary injunctive relief based on application of an erroneous legal standard; and
(2) that Rule 23 is supported by a legitimate penological interest; and (3) that Rule 23’s
restriction of Jones’s access to UCC materials leaves other alternative means of access
readily available to him, the majority today upholds “extraordinary” preliminary
injunctive interference with Michigan Department of Corrections officials’ management
of a “very serious problem,” even in the absence of any showing by Jones of irreparable
injury. This anomalous result stems from misapplication of the four-part standard set
forth in Turner v. Safley, 

, 89-91 (1987). I therefore respectfully dissent.

        At the outset, it bears emphasis that our application of the Turner standard comes
in the context of a motion for preliminary injunction. Jones has the burden of
establishing entitlement to such relief, by showing, inter alia, a substantial likelihood of
success on the merits and that, absent relief, he will suffer irreparable injury. To
establish a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, Jones must show that
application of the Turner standard weighs in favor of finding that Rule 23 is an
unreasonable regulation.

        The Turner standard is designed, in recognition of the special needs of the prison
setting and in deference to prison officials’ expertise and administrative judgment, to
uphold prison regulations as valid, despite their impingement on inmates’ constitutional
rights, if they are reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. 

The
Supreme Court recognized that such a deferential, low-hurdle standard of review “is
necessary if ‘prison administrators . . . , and not the courts [are] to make the difficult
judgments concerning institutional operations.’” 

v. North Carolina
Prisoners’ Union, 

, 128 (1977)).
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 32


       The majority readily acknowledges that the first factor in the Turner standard is
satisfied by Rule 23. That is, there is a rational connection between Rule 23’s restriction
of prisoners’ access to UCC materials and the government’s legitimate interest in
combating the serious problem of UCC-related fraud perpetrated by prisoners.

       Consideration of the second factor, whether Jones has alternative means of access
to UCC materials, is also deemed by the majority to favor upholding Rule 23. In other
words, although Rule 23 impinges on Jones’s right to receive UCC materials in the mail,
he retains access to UCC materials in the prison law library and even retains the right to
receive them in the mail by using the grievance procedure to show he has a legitimate
purpose (as opposed to a fraudulent or harassing purpose) for receiving them. Thus, two
alternative means of access are available and neither has been shown to be burdensome.
Because Jones has readily available alternative means of exercising his rights, the burden
on his rights is minimal, even trivial, and we are required to “be particularly conscious
of the measure of judicial deference owed to corrections officials . . . in gauging the
validity of the regulation.” 

. Yet, this admonition is ignored by
the majority as it considers the remaining Turner factors.

       The third and fourth factors relate to the availability of still other alternative
means of access. If other possible accommodations of Jones’s desire to receive UCC
materials in the mail would have an adverse “ripple effect” on guards, other inmates or
allocation of prison resources generally, then, the Supreme Court again admonishes, we
are obliged to be “particularly deferential to the informed discretion of corrections
officials.” 

the other hand, Jones identifies an easy alternative that would not
pose a significant ripple effect, this could represent evidence that Rule 23 is not
reasonable, but is an “exaggerated response” to prison concerns. 

Yet, the
Turner Court hastened to point out that this is not a “least restrictive alternative” test:
“prison officials do not have to set up and then shoot down every conceivable alternative
method of accommodating the claimant’s constitutional complaint.” 

Turner does not impose a “least restrictive alternative” requirement, and
if, as the majority has found, Rule 23 allows at least two available and adequate
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 33


alternatives, then why should it matter whether other alternatives might also be available,
even if they might be less restrictive? And if Jones has failed to demonstrate that the
existing accommodations are either burdensome or ineffective, then why should the
existence of other possible accommodations that are not “shot down” by prison officials
be deemed to suggest that the existing accommodations are unreasonable?

       The majority does not purport to answer these questions, but sidesteps them. Its
determination that the third and fourth factors demonstrate the unreasonableness of Rule
23 is not based on evidence that other accommodations have been unreasonably denied.
Rather, instead of focusing on evidence of other means of access to UCC materials, the
majority turns the factors around and focuses on evidence of other means of denying
access. Finding that prison officials have employed various other ways of denying
access without resorting to Rule 23, the majority concludes that Rule 23 is unnecessary.

       In other words, instead of deferring to prison officials’ discretionary authority
and upholding Rule 23 because Jones has not shown that it unreasonably restricts access,
the majority has usurped their authority by barring enforcement of Rule 23 because
prison officials have failed to show that Rule 23 is needed, inasmuch as restriction of
UCC materials is or can be effected through other means. Or, even more plainly, the
federal judicial power is invoked to intrude upon matters of state prison management not
because Jones has shown that his rights are substantially abridged, but because the court,
in its wisdom, has determined that it “knows better” than the prison officials—i.e., that
a regulation promulgated by prison officials shall not be enforced because the work done
by the regulation is also accomplished by other regulations.

       In my opinion, the majority’s analysis and decision run directly contrary to
Turner’s clear and insistent teaching to let prison administrators make the difficult
judgments concerning institutional operations. 

See Beard v. Banks, 

, 531-33 (2006) (reversing Third Circuit and upholding prison regulation imposing
outright deprivation of newspapers, magazines and photographs even though no
alternative means of access was provided, because the real task is not to “balance”
Turner factors, but to determine whether the regulation is a reasonable one). The fact
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 34


that Rule 23 may represent an additional mechanism (i.e., in addition to other
regulations used to address the same evil) through which prison officials limit prisoners’
access to potentially harmful materials does not render it an “exaggerated response.”
The mischief caused by fraudulent and harassing lien filings can and should be addressed
in multiple and diverse ways. That the ways chosen by prison officials may turn out to
be cumulative or even inefficient does not justify judicial interference. Only if a
person’s constitutional rights are shown to be unreasonably impinged is injunctive relief
warranted. Jones has not made this showing in this case. Nor has he demonstrated a
substantial likelihood of success on the merits of his claim.

       Moreover, Jones’s showing of irreparable injury in support of preliminary
injunctive relief is nonexistent. The majority is content to rely on oft-quoted language
from the plurality opinion in Elrod v. Burns, 

, 373 (1976), to the effect that
“the loss of First Amendment freedoms, even for minimal periods of time,
unquestionably constitutes irreparable injury.” Well, there are First Amendment
freedoms and there are First Amendment freedoms. In Elrod, the Supreme Court held
that public employees had a First Amendment right not to be fired solely because of their
affiliation with a political party. That is quite a different matter than the inconvenience
here visited upon Jones by Rule 23, requiring him to either visit the prison law library
or demonstrate legitimate purpose in an administrative hearing to obtain desired UCC
materials. Jones has not shown that obtaining UCC materials in one of these alternative
ways poses such a burden on his First Amendment rights as to constitute irreparable
harm. This inconvenience is at worst a temporary, incidental inhibition of First
Amendment freedoms, not an irreparable injury of sufficient magnitude to justify
extraordinary preliminary injunctive relief. See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 

, 111-12 (1983) (recognizing that principles of comity and federalism counsel against
issuing injunctions against state law enforcement authorities absent showing of
substantial and immediate irreparable injury).

       Thus finding that Jones has shown neither substantial likelihood of success nor
irreparable injury, I believe the law clearly requires us to vacate the preliminary
No. 07-2393        Jones v. Caruso, et al.                                        Page 35


injunction issued by the district court as an abuse of discretion. I therefore respectfully
dissent.