NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 10a0457n.06

                                     Nos. 08-1600 & 08-1601

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                    FILED
                                                                                     Jul 27, 2010
                                                                               LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
FRANK KEVIN FISCHER,                              )
                                                  )
     Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,          )
                                                  )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
v.                                                )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                  )   EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, Inc.,                      )
                                                  )
     Defendant-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.          )


       Before: SUHRHEINRICH, SUTTON and COOK, Circuit Judges.


       COOK, Circuit Judge. Kevin Fischer sued his former employer, United Parcel Service, Inc.

(UPS), accusing it of firing him in retaliation for (1) a previous race discrimination lawsuit he

brought against the company; and (2) filing several internal complaints. A jury returned a verdict

in Fischer’s favor, awarding him back pay, compensatory damages, and punitive damages. UPS filed

a post-trial motion challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, certain evidentiary rulings, and the

validity of the punitive damage award. UPS alternatively sought remittitur of the compensatory

award. The court vacated the punitive damage award but denied the other requests for relief, and

UPS appealed. Fischer cross-appealed, arguing that the district court erred by vacating the punitive

damage award and by granting summary judgment in favor of UPS on his state-law retaliation claim

based on his internal complaints.
Nos. 08-1600 & 08-1601
Fischer v. UPS


                                           I. Background


       Fischer began his career with UPS in 1985 as an hourly worker and, over the years, rose

through the ranks to become a National Account Manager (NAM) in 1997. As a NAM, Fischer’s

principal responsibility involved selling UPS products and services to large corporate accounts.

Throughout his tenure as a NAM, Fischer produced excellent sales numbers.


       In October 2000, Fischer, an African American, sued UPS in federal court, claiming race

discrimination, retaliation, and harassment.      UPS obtained summary judgment on the race

discrimination and retaliation claims, and the harassment claim proceeded to trial in December 2001.

Fischer’s supervisor, Alison Jarlett, testified for the defense. The jury returned a verdict in UPS’s

favor. For much of the pendency of the suit, Fischer was on medical leave from his job. He returned

to work in February 2002, approximately two months after the harassment trial ended. The instant

case concerns Fischer’s experiences after his return. According to Fischer, Jarlett singled him out

for differential treatment beginning on his first day back on the job. Fischer claimed that the

retaliatory treatment continued for more than a year, eventually culminating in his termination on

February 11, 2003.


       Fischer sued UPS in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan,

accusing the company of violating Title VII and Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act by

unlawfully retaliating against him for his prior lawsuit and several internal complaints he filed just

prior to his termination. The district court granted UPS’s motion for summary judgment on the

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Fischer v. UPS


portion of the claim premised on Fischer’s internal complaints, but, finding genuine disputes over

material facts, allowed the claim of retaliation for the prior lawsuit to go to trial. Fischer v. United

Parcel Serv., No. 05-70366, 

(E.D. Mich. Jan. 30, 2007). Following a seven-day

trial, the jury returned a verdict in Fischer’s favor, awarding him $150,000 in back pay, $650,000

in compensatory damages, and $1,300,000 in punitive damages. The court reduced the punitive

damages award to reflect Title VII’s $300,000 statutory cap and entered judgment in Fischer’s favor.

UPS then moved for judgment as a matter of law or, in the alternative, a new trial or, as a second

alternative, for remittitur. The district court refused to grant judgment as a matter of law on the

merits but vacated the punitive damages award as unsupported by evidence of pervasive disregard

of anti-discrimination policies by the company. Fischer v. United Parcel Serv., No. 05-70366, 

(E.D. Mich. Mar. 31, 2008). It also denied UPS’s request for a new trial and refused

to remit the compensatory award. The court entered a second amended judgment for Fischer in the

amount of $800,000, and UPS brought this timely appeal. Fischer cross-appeals the adverse

summary judgment ruling on his internal complaints retaliation claim, as well as the district court’s

decision to vacate the punitive damages award.


                                           II. UPS’s Appeal


        On appeal, UPS attacks the district court’s denial of its motion for judgment as a matter of

law, for a new trial, or for remittitur. UPS claims that Fischer failed to supply evidence from which

a reasonable jury could infer that his firing occurred in retaliation for his prior lawsuit, or that UPS’s


                                                  -3-
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Fischer v. UPS


proffered legitimate reason for his discharge was pretextual. Alternatively, UPS seeks a new trial

on grounds that the district court abused its discretion in excluding the outcome of Fischer’s prior

lawsuit as unfairly prejudicial under Federal Rule of Evidence 403(b). As a second alternative, UPS

argues that the district court erred by failing to remit the compensatory damages award, which UPS

characterizes as excessive.


A.     Motion for Judgment as a Matter of Law


       We give fresh review to the denial of a motion for judgment as a matter of law. Lowery v.

Jefferson County Bd. of Educ., 

, 432 (6th Cir. 2009). “Judgment as a matter of law is

appropriate only when there is a complete absence of fact to support the verdict, so that no

reasonable juror could have found for the nonmoving party.” Pouillon v. City of Owosso, 

, 719 (6th Cir. 2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted).


       A prima facie unlawful retaliation claim under Title VII requires the plaintiff to demonstrate

that (1) he engaged in protected activity; (2) the defendant knew of this exercise of protected rights;

(3) the defendant thereafter took adverse employment action against the plaintiff; and (4) a causal

connection exists between the protected activity and the adverse employment action. Morris v.

Oldham County Fiscal Court, 

, 792 (6th Cir. 2000). Once the plaintiff establishes a

prima facie case, the burden shifts to the defendant “to produce evidence of a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for its actions.” Niswander v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 

, 720 (6th



                                                 -4-
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Fischer v. UPS


Cir. 2008). If the defendant meets its burden, then the plaintiff must demonstrate that the legitimate

reason is pretextual. 

       UPS argues that Fischer failed to prove any facts from which the jury could infer a causal

connection between his prior lawsuit (the protected activity) and his termination (the adverse

employment action). Causation exists where the plaintiff “proffer[s] evidence sufficient to raise the

inference that [the] protected activity was the likely reason for the adverse action.” Michael v.

Caterpillar Fin. Servs. Corp., 

, 596 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Dixon v. Gonzales, 

, 333 (6th Cir. 2007)). “In determining whether there is a causal relationship between a

plaintiff’s protected activity and an allegedly retaliatory act, courts may consider whether the

employer treated the plaintiff differently from similarly situated individuals and whether there is a

temporal connection between the protected activity and the retaliatory action.” Barrett v. Whirlpool

Corp., 

, 516–17 (6th Cir. 2009).


       At trial, both sides presented evidence that prior to the first lawsuit Fischer enjoyed a cordial,

productive relationship with Jarlett, his direct supervisor, and that the two experienced no difficulty

communicating. After he returned to duty, however, Fischer testified that from his first day back on

the job, Jarlett’s treatment of him differed noticeably. He described his post-return interactions with

her as “cold” and “distant,” and their communication as deteriorating to “terrible” and “almost

nonexistent.” Jarlett ignored Fischer’s presence in the office, even though she remained cordial with

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Fischer v. UPS


the other NAMs. Two of Fischer’s co-workers corroborated his characterization of Jarlett’s changed

attitude. And Jarlett singled Fischer out for heightened scrutiny from the first day of his return, when

she emailed higher-ups about Fischer’s traffic-induced late arrival, precisely tracking his tardiness

down to the minute. Jarlett also restricted Fischer exclusively to the office for several months and

demanded to know his whereabouts at all times—negative treatment none of the other NAMs under

her supervision experienced.


       “[W]here some time elapses between when the employer learns of a protected activity and

the subsequent adverse employment action, the employee must couple temporal proximity with other

evidence of retaliatory conduct to establish causality.” Mickey v. Ziedler Tool & Die Co., 

, 525 (6th Cir. 2008). UPS seizes on the time lapse between Fischer’s first lawsuit (filed in

October 2000) and his firing (in February 2003), arguing that the delay between the filing of the first

suit and Fischer’s discharge suggests a lack of causation. But this portrayal of the timing skews the

practical reality—Fischer had been on medical leave from before his discrimination case came to

trial until his February 2002 return. And Fischer presented evidence that Jarlett’s retaliatory conduct

began on his very first day back on the job and continued unabated until his termination. Thus, as

the district court noted in denying UPS’s motion for summary judgment, “[t]he alleged retaliatory

acts began when the opportunity first presented itself, immediately after he returned to work just two

months after the lawsuit concluded.” 

, at *15. And contrary to UPS’s claim that

Fischer failed to identify any similarly-situated employees who received different treatment, Fischer

presented a wealth of evidence that Jarlett treated him differently than all the other NAMs in his

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Fischer v. UPS


office. Thus, the jury possessed sufficient evidence from which it could infer a causal link between

Fischer’s first lawsuit and his termination.


       2.      Pretext


       UPS proffered a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for firing Fischer—insubordinate

conduct in three meetings Jarlett and local human resources manager Annie VanTilburg held with

Fischer during the week of his firing. Thus, the burden swung back to Fischer to prove that this

reason amounted to nothing more than a pretext for his firing, which required that he “produce

evidence that either the proffered reason: (1) has no basis in fact; (2) did not actually motivate the

adverse employment action; or (3) was insufficient to warrant the adverse action.” Ladd v. Grand

Trunk W. R.R., Inc., 

, 502 (6th Cir. 2009).


       Fischer testified in detail about his behavior at the meetings where he allegedly acted

insubordinately. He explained that he responded to the questions asked of him, but when Jarlett and

VanTilburg insisted on repeating the same questions over and over, he refused to respond. Fischer’s

testimony, if credited by the jury, supported a finding that he did not act insubordinately as UPS

claimed. Moreover, the facts surrounding the meetings during Fischer’s final few days undermine

UPS’s contention that insubordination motivated his termination. At trial, UPS maintained that a

decision on Fischer’s firing came only during the second meeting on February 11. But Jarlett had

reassigned Fischer’s sales accounts the day before, and contacted the company IT department to reset

his email and voice mail passwords, suggesting that Fischer’s conduct during the next day’s meetings

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Fischer v. UPS


did not affect the termination decision. In addition, the second February 11 meeting lasted only five

minutes, a UPS security officer (whose presence was required at all employee firings) attended the

meeting, and VanTilburg came prepared with Fischer’s termination paperwork in hand. Neither

Jarlett nor VanTilburg asked Fischer any questions during the second meeting, undercutting UPS’s

assertion that Fischer’s failure to commit to reforming his behavior led to his termination. And

although UPS insists that Fischer’s failure to complete training and tests in a timely fashion

evidences insubordination, the record shows that UPS routinely excused such failures for other

NAMs such that the jury could reasonably conclude that Fischer did not act insubordinately by

turning in his assignments late. Fischer’s testimony, combined with the factual inconsistencies in

UPS’s proffered reason for his firing, permitted the jury to infer that UPS concocted the

insubordination theory as a pretext for Fischer’s termination.


        Because Fischer presented evidence sufficient to allow the jury to infer both a causal

relationship between his first lawsuit and his termination, and that UPS’s proffered reason for firing

him was pretextual, we affirm the district court’s denial of UPS’s motion for judgment as a matter

of law on liability.


B.      Motion for a New Trial


        Next, UPS challenges the denial of its motion for a new trial, which we review for abuse of

discretion, and reverse only if left with “a definite and firm conviction that the trial court committed

a clear error of judgment.” Barnes v. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 

, 820 (6th Cir.

                                                 -8-
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Fischer v. UPS


2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “[A] district court should grant a motion for new trial

only when a jury has reached a seriously erroneous result as evidenced by: (1) the verdict being

against the weight of the evidence; (2) the damages being excessive; or (3) the trial being unfair to

the moving party in some fashion, i.e., the proceedings being influenced by prejudice or bias.”

Mitchell v. Boelcke, 

, 303 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted).


       UPS claims entitlement to a new trial on grounds that the district court abused its discretion

by refusing to allow the jury to learn the outcome of Fischer’s first lawsuit. We find no abuse of

discretion in the denial of UPS’s motion for a new trial for two principal reasons.


       First, UPS cannot show that the underlying evidentiary ruling it challenges—the exclusion

of the outcome of Fischer’s first lawsuit—amounted to an abuse of discretion by the trial court.

Federal Rule of Evidence 403 allows for the exclusion of relevant evidence “if its probative value

is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Fed. R. Evid. 403. This court

reviews a trial court’s evidentiary rulings on admissibility under Rule 403 for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Bonds, 

, 554 (6th Cir. 1993). In this context, unfair prejudice “refers

to evidence which tends to suggest a decision on an improper basis.” Paschal v. Flagstar Bank, 

, 579 (6th Cir. 2002) (quotation marks and citation omitted).


       The district court found that, although relevant, evidence that Fischer lost his first lawsuit

tended to suggest a decision on an improper basis: namely, that because Fischer’s first lawsuit ended

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Fischer v. UPS


adversely to him, this case also lacked merit. UPS fails to identify any flaw in the district court’s

reasoning. The district court appropriately balanced the probative value of the evidence against the

danger of unfair prejudice and acted within its discretion in ordering exclusion. It necessarily

follows, therefore, that the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to grant UPS’s Rule

59 motion where the asserted basis for the new trial—the purportedly erroneous evidentiary

ruling—does not merit relief.


       Second, even if it could demonstrate an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s evidentiary

ruling, UPS fails to show the requisite accompanying prejudice. “Even if a mistake has been made

regarding the admission or exclusion of evidence, a new trial will not be granted unless the evidence

would have caused a different outcome at trial.” Morales v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 

,

514 (6th Cir. 1998). UPS never articulates how the exclusion of the outcome of Fischer’s first

lawsuit caused the verdict in this case to be against the weight of the evidence or infected the

proceedings with prejudice or bias. We find its theories of how the exclusion of the outcome

generated prejudice—by preventing the company (a) from showing that it possessed little motivation

to retaliate against Fischer because the UPS won the first suit; (b) from portraying Fischer as a

disgruntled employee resentful about the loss; and (c) from impeaching Fischer’s testimony about

the reasons for his divorce—unconvincing.


       That Fischer lost the first suit does not, as UPS insists, necessarily suggest that the company

possessed less motivation to retaliate against him. A company required to defend a frivolous


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Fischer v. UPS


employee lawsuit and then to restore that employee to his prior job seems just as, if not even more,

likely to harbor ill will (and potential retaliatory motives) against the complaining employee as a

company forced to restore an employee who successfully pursued a meritorious claim. And the fact

that Fischer lost the first suit holds little informational value regarding whether or not he was

“disgruntled.” Other than excluding evidence of the first trial’s outcome, the district court placed

no restrictions on UPS’s efforts to portray Fischer as a disgruntled employee. UPS employed dozens

of people who worked with Fischer during the time in question and could have called any of them

to testify that Fischer returned to work a malcontent. Under the circumstances, UPS’s argument that

the exclusion of the first lawsuit’s outcome crippled its trial strategy fails to persuade us that the jury

rendered a verdict against the weight of the evidence or that bias or prejudice tainted the proceedings.


        UPS’s contention that excluding the first trial’s outcome stymied its efforts to impeach

Fischer regarding the reasons for his divorce also lacks merit because the trial court did, in fact,

permit UPS to impeach Fischer’s testimony on this point. Although not permitted to inform the jury

of Fischer’s deposition statement that the loss of the prior suit factored prominently in his divorce,

the court did allow UPS to impeach Fischer with his statement that the prior litigation played a

leading role in his divorce, and to argue that his decision to pursue that litigation—rather than his

termination—led to the divorce. Having presented essentially the same evidence and argument

without telling the jury about the outcome of the first case, UPS cannot demonstrate that the damage

award would have differed had the jury been informed of the outcome of the first trial. Accordingly,

we find no abuse of discretion in the denial of UPS’s motion for a new trial.

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Nos. 08-1600 & 08-1601
Fischer v. UPS


C.     Motion for Remittur


       UPS contends that the district court erred by denying a remittitur because the evidence

adduced on compensatory damages cannot sustain the $650,000 award. We review the denial of a

motion for remittitur for abuse of discretion and, since Fischer prevailed at trial, view the facts in

the light most favorable to him. Mid-Michigan Computer Sys., Inc. v. Marc Glassman, Inc., 

, 509 (6th Cir. 2005). A district court properly denies a motion for remittitur unless the jury

award “clearly exceeds the amount which . . . was the maximum that a jury could reasonably find

to be compensatory for the plaintiff’s loss.” Roush v. KFC Nat’l Mgmt. Co., 

, 397 (6th

Cir. 1997) (quotation marks and citations omitted). To qualify for reduction, the award must be (1)

beyond the range supportable by proof; (2) so excessive as to shock the conscience of the court; or

(3) the result of a mistake. Leila Hosp. & Health Ctr. v. Xonics Med. Sys., Inc., 

, 278

(6th Cir. 1991).


       Focusing on Fischer’s admission that he never sought medical treatment, UPS argues that

the $650,000 award exceeds the amount a reasonable jury could award as compensation for Fischer’s

emotional distress. By highlighting the lack of supporting medical evidence, UPS presumably means

to suggest that the award exceeded the range supported by proof.1




       1
          UPS’s briefing fails to construct this argument around the applicable standard of review.
Nowhere does UPS argue that the compensatory award “shocks the conscience of the court” or
resulted from mistake, leaving “beyond the range supportable by proof” as the only colorable avenue
for relief on this claim. Accordingly, we address it in those terms.
                                                 - 12 -
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Fischer v. UPS


        Although a plaintiff need not present medical evidence to receive compensation for

emotional distress, “damages for mental and emotional distress will not be presumed, and must be

proven by ‘competent evidence.’” Turic v. Holland Hosp., Inc., 

, 1215 (6th Cir. 1996)

(quoting Carey v. Piphus, 

, 263–64 n.20 (1978)). In denying UPS’s remittitur motion,

the district court summarized Fischer’s trial testimony pertinent to the damage award:


        Plaintiff’s termination ended a long career (18 years) and he testified that: 1) his
        firing was “horrible” and “depressing;” 2) he was unable to find any other
        employment for one year afterwards; 3) he ultimately found work in different
        industries which required him to live away from his family during the week; 4) his
        termination played a large part in his divorce; and 5) the divorce and separation due
        to his distant jobs strained his relationship with his minor children. Based on his
        testimony alone, Plaintiff is entitled to recover for “humiliation, embarrassment,
        disappointment, and other forms of mental anguish resulting from the
        discrimination.”

, at *10 (citations omitted).


        UPS fails to impugn any of the factual underpinnings the district court gave for refusing to

remit the award. Despite its relatively large size, the jury’s compensatory damage award does not

“clearly exceed[] . . . the maximum that a jury could reasonably find to be compensatory for the

plaintiff’s loss.” See 

(quotation marks and citations omitted). Viewing the

evidence most favorably to Fischer, as we must, we find that the district court did not abuse its

discretion in refusing to grant remittitur. And although UPS refers us to several similar cases

involving markedly lower damage awards, we decline the invitation to disturb the jury’s decision.

As the district court noted in its opinion, this court has cautioned against attempts by appellate courts

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Fischer v. UPS


“to reconcile widely varied past awards for analogous injuries ‘which in the abbreviated appellate

discussion of them seem somewhat similar.’” Moody v. Pepsi-Cola Metro. Bottling Co., 

, 211 (6th Cir. 1990) (quoting Precopio v. City of Detroit, 

, 808 (Mich. 1982)).


                                    III. Fischer’s Cross-Appeal


       Fischer cross-appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of UPS on his

internal-complaints-based retaliation claims, as well as the district court’s decision to vacate the

jury’s punitive damages award.


A.     Fischer’s Internal Complaints Claim


       Fischer argues that the district court erroneously granted summary judgment in UPS’s favor

on his Michigan state law claim that UPS retaliated against him for filing two internal complaints

shortly before his termination.


       We review this claim de novo. Upshaw v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 584 (6th Cir.

2009). Retaliation claims under Michigan’s Elliot-Larsen Civil Rights Act differ from Title VII in

that they require not just proof of a causal connection between the protected activity and the adverse

employment action, but that the protected activity constituted a “significant factor” motivating the

adverse action. See Barrett v. Kirtland Cmty. Coll., 

, 70 (Mich. Ct. App. 2001).




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Fischer v. UPS


         Other than the temporal proximity between the filing of his internal complaints and his

termination, Fischer presented no evidence that his decision to engage in that protected activity

prompted UPS to terminate him. Under Michigan’s heightened standard, the “[p]laintiff must show

something more than merely a coincidence in time between protected activity and adverse

employment action.” West v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 473 (Mich. 2003). With respect

to his internal complaints claim, Fischer failed to present any evidence beyond temporal proximity.

Neither Jarlett nor VanTilburg mentioned the internal complaints during the meetings leading to

Fischer’s termination, and nothing in the record suggests that those complaints specifically motivated

their decision. Accordingly, the district court properly granted summary judgment to UPS on this

claim.


B.       Punitive Damages


         The jury awarded Fischer $1.3 million in punitive damages. The district court initially

reduced the award to $300,000 to bring it into compliance with Title VII’s statutory cap. Then, on

UPS’s Rule 50 motion, the court vacated the entire award. Fischer appeals that determination, which

we review de novo. 

. We will uphold a grant of judgment as a matter of

law “only when there is a complete absence of fact to support the verdict, so that no reasonable juror

could have found for the nonmoving party.” 

(quotation marks and citation

omitted). As when reviewing summary judgment, we may “not weigh the evidence, evaluate the

credibility of witnesses, or substitute our judgment for that of the jury,” Black v. Zaring Homes, Inc.,


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Fischer v. UPS

, 825 (6th Cir. 1997), but instead must “look at the evidence in the light most favorable

to the nonmoving party and decide if it was sufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact for the

jury,” EEOC v. Harbert-Yeargin, Inc., 

, 510 (6th Cir. 2001).


        Title VII limits recovery of punitive damages to cases where “the complaining party

demonstrates that the respondent engaged in a discriminatory practice or discriminatory practices

with malice or with reckless indifference to the federally protected rights of an aggrieved individual.”

42 U.S.C. § 1981a(b)(1). Kolstad v. American Dental Association, 

, 539 (1999),

establishes a three-part inquiry governing the recovery of punitive damages against an employer.

First, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the individuals perpetrating the discrimination acted with

malice or reckless disregard toward the plaintiff’s federally protected rights. Second, the plaintiff

must impute liability to the employer by establishing that the discriminatory actor worked in a

managerial capacity and acted within the scope of his or her employment. Third, the defendant may

nevertheless avoid punitive damage liability by showing that it engaged in good faith efforts to

comply with Title VII. See Parker v. Gen. Extrusions, Inc., 

, 602–03 (6th Cir. 2007).


        Only the third Kolstad inquiry—the employer’s good faith compliance—remains at issue in

this appeal. To determine whether an employer engaged in good faith efforts to comply with Title

VII, we focus “both on whether the defendant employer had a written . . . policy and whether the

employer effectively publicized and enforced its policy.” 

. We have

previously suggested that “the mere existence of a written anti-discrimination policy alone does not


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Fischer v. UPS


shield the company from punitive damages.” Tisdale v. Fed. Express Corp., 

, 532 (6th

Cir. 2005). “Rather, the employer must demonstrate that it engaged in good faith efforts to

implement the policy.” Hall v. Consol. Freightways Corp. of Del., 

, 675 (6th Cir.

2003).


         While acknowledging that Kolstad does not spell out the type of evidence needed to establish

good faith, the district court found that UPS made the requisite showing by “present[ing] ample,

undisputed evidence that it formulated, disseminated, and trained employees on its anti-

discrimination policies.” 

, at *4. It then concluded that Fischer failed to rebut

UPS’s evidence of its good faith Title VII compliance efforts, and vacated the punitive damage

award. The court endorsed UPS’s argument that Fischer “[could not] rely solely upon [UPS]’s

failings with regard to him to rebut cognizable evidence” of good faith. 

its reading of

Sackett v. ITC Deltacom, Inc., 

(E.D. Tenn. 2005), it concluded that Kolstad

required consideration of “the employer’s historical approach to such claims.” 

not understand Sackett or Kolstad as requiring such a holding, nor do later Sixth

Circuit cases. Indeed, none of this court’s cases vacate a jury award of punitive damages or specify

the precise showing required to establish good faith as a matter of law. See West v. Tyson Foods,

Inc., No. 08-6516, 

, at *13–14 (6th Cir. April 15, 2010) (holding that the

defendant did not establish good faith as a matter of law); 

–05 (same);

–34 (same); 

–76 (same). Consistent with Supreme


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Fischer v. UPS


Court and Sixth Circuit precedent, we thus inquire only whether—viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to Fischer—a reasonable juror could find in Fischer’s favor.


       Relying on two cases from other circuits—Bryant v. Aiken Regional Medical Centers, Inc.,

(4th Cir. 2003) and Harsco Corp v. Renner, 

(10th Cir. 2007)—UPS

nevertheless urges us to uphold the district court’s judgment because the record evidence of its

overall Title VII compliance mechanisms mandates finding good faith as a matter of law. We

distinguish both cases because, unlike UPS, the employers in those cases provided evidence from

which a jury could conclude effective policy implementation. In Bryant, the Fourth Circuit vacated

the jury’s punitive damage award where it found that the employer not only had an anti-

discrimination policy, a grievance policy encouraging employees to bring forward claims of

discrimination, and a diversity training program, but also ensured implementation by “voluntarily

monitor[ing] departmental demographics as part of an ongoing effort to keep the employee base

reflective of the pool of potential employees in the 

–49. In Harsco, the

defendant introduced evidence of its comprehensive policies and training procedures and

demonstrated effective enforcement by offering undisputed evidence that, after the plaintiff met with

the human resources director, management followed policy by launching an investigation of the

plaintiff’s 

, 1189.


       Here, UPS introduced evidence that it promulgated an anti-retaliation policy, trained its

employees on implementing it, and established mechanisms for employees to lodge complaints. But


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Fischer v. UPS


UPS presented no record evidence from which a reasonable juror would necessarily conclude that

UPS effectively advanced its policies. Unlike Harsco, where the plaintiff conceded that the

company launched an investigation after the plaintiff complained, a reasonable member of Fischer’s

jury could find that UPS failed to investigate Fischer’s complaint. Though VanTilburg claimed that

she possessed all of the information she needed to assess the complaint by virtue of her presence at

the February 5 meeting, a reasonable juror could have found otherwise—VanTilburg knew nothing

about Jarlett’s treatment of other employees, and reprimanding only one of the many employees with

similar performance issues could support Fischer’s retaliation claim. UPS thus failed to demonstrate

policy enforcement, distinguishing this case from both Bryant and Harsco. See also Green v. Adm’rs

of the Tulane Educ. Fund, 

, 654 (5th Cir. 2002) (abrogated on other grounds by

Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 

(2006)) (affirming decision not to submit

punitive damages to the jury where defendant had and publicized an anti-harassment policy and

made a good faith effort when it learned of the potential harassment by placing the plaintiff on paid

administrative leave while investigating her case, reinstating plaintiff’s job duties, and directing the

offending manager to take corrective action). On the present record, we cannot conclude that UPS

presented evidence of its good faith compliance with Title VII “so overwhelming that reasonable

jurors could not conclude otherwise.” See Deffenabugh-Williams v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 

, 286 (5th Cir. 1999).


       UPS asserts that, had the district court permitted Jimmy Millard, then the Region Employee

Relations Manager, to testify, he would have manifested UPS’s good faith. But through Millard,

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Fischer v. UPS


UPS proposed to supplement testimony about its knowledge of anti-discrimination/retaliation laws

and policies and procedures for combating discrimination, the existence of which Fischer did not

dispute. We thus find that the district court correctly labeled Millard’s testimony as cumulative and,

to the extent it differed from evidence already in the record, irrelevant.


       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Fischer, the record includes facts that

support a punitive damage award. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s judgment and remand

with instructions to reinstate the jury’s award (subject to the $300,000 statutory cap).


                                          IV. Conclusion


       We affirm the district court’s Title VII liability judgment, affirm the summary judgment on

Fischer’s state law retaliation claim, reverse the judgment vacating the punitive damage award, and

remand with instructions to reinstate the award.




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