NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 10a0123n.06

                                           No. 09-3140

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                 FILED
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                 Feb 24, 2010
                                                                                LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
KEITH D. WILKEY,                       )
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,             )                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                       )                  UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                     )                  COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
                                       )                  DISTRICT OF OHIO
GREG HULL; MILLIKIN &                  )
FITTON, L.P.A.,                        )
                                       )                          OPINION
      Defendants-Appellees.            )
_______________________________________)


Before: KENNEDY, MOORE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. In this diversity action, Plaintiff-Appellant

Keith Wilkey (“Wilkey”) appeals the district court’s dismissal of his state-law claims of tortious

interference with evidence and tortious interference with a business relationship. He further appeals

the district court’s adverse summary judgment ruling as to his state-law fraud claim. For the reasons

stated below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

                                       I. BACKGROUND1

       Wilkey is a board-certified orthopedic surgeon who formerly had clinical privileges at

McCullough-Hyde Memorial Hospital (“the Hospital”) in Oxford, Ohio. According to Wilkey, in

2003, various committees at the Hospital conducted hearings to determine whether he should be

       1
        Because different claims were dismissed at different stages of litigation, we summarize only
the contents of Wilkey’s complaint in this section. Additional evidence in the record is discussed
below where relevant.
suspended, in part because of his allegedly inferior standard of care. In doing so, the committees

relied on a report completed by an external reviewer, Dr. Edward Seasons (“Seasons”), who

criticized Wilkey’s standard of care. However, the Hospital requested a second external report due

to concerns regarding Seasons’s qualifications. That report was completed by Dr. James H. Ricciardi

(“Ricciardi”), who found that Wilkey had “not deviated from the standard of care.” Doc. 1 (Compl.

at ¶ 13). The relevant Hospital committees, however, never saw Ricciardi’s report.

       The Hospital hired Defendant-Appellee Gregory Hull (“Hull”), a lawyer, to present the case

for suspending Wilkey. According to Wilkey’s complaint, Hull knew of the Ricciardi report but

failed to provide it to the Hospital committees or include it in the “exhibit list and packets for the

September 2003 hearing.” 

19. Wilkey also claims that his attorney requested the Ricciardi

report from Hull during the suspension hearings but Hull declined to give him the report “solely

because Dr. Ricciardi’s report was not on the [Medical Executive Committee] exhibit list.” 

42. According to the complaint, Hull knew that the report was “important” and that Hospital

regulations required that he produce it. 

36. Wilkey claims that had he obtained the report,

he would have introduced it into evidence during his suspension proceedings and that this would

have aided his case. The Hospital eventually suspended Wilkey.

       Wilkey later brought an action in federal court against the Hospital, some of its medical staff,

and various other individuals. The complaint asserted a variety of claims including violation of state

and federal antitrust law, fraud, tortious interference with a written contract, tortious interference

with a business relationship, knowingly filing a false data-bank report, defamation, denial of due

process, breach of contract, negligence, and civil conspiracy. According to Wilkey, it was during

these proceedings that he learned of the facts underlying his current complaint.


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        The litigation against the Hospital ultimately settled, but on March 1, 2007, Wilkey brought

this action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio against Hull and

Defendant-Appellee Millikin & Fitton, the law firm with which Hull was associated while working

for the Hospital. In his complaint, Wilkey alleged that the Defendants are liable for tortious

interference with or destruction of evidence, violating Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(B)(3),

violating Ohio’s evidence and record-tampering statutes, conspiring to conceal evidence, failing to

follow hospital rules and regulations, fraud, tortious interference with a business relationship, denial

of due process, negligence, and civil conspiracy. Doc. 1. The Defendants moved to dismiss the

complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), and the district court granted this motion

with respect to all but the fraud and negligence claims and further found that Millikin & Fitton was

not vicariously liable for any torts committed by Hull. The district court later denied Wilkey’s

motion to amend his complaint. Finally, after a period of discovery, the district court granted the

Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as to the remaining claims. Wilkey appeals only the

district court’s dismissal of his claims of tortious interference with evidence and tortious interference

with a business relationship and the grant of summary judgment as to his fraud claims.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

A. Claims of Tortious Interference with Evidence and Tortious Interference with a Business
   Relationship

        1. Standard of review

        Because Wilkey’s claims of tortious interference with evidence and tortious interference with

a business relationship were both dismissed at the pleading stage, the normal federal pleading rules

apply. See Minger v. Green, 

, 799-801 (6th Cir. 2001) (applying federal pleading rules



                                                   3
in diversity case). This court reviews de novo a dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

12(b)(6). Hensley Mfg. v. ProPride, Inc., 

, 608-09 (6th Cir. 2009). We accept as true

all non-conclusory allegations in the complaint and determine whether they state a plausible claim

for relief. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949-50 (2009).

       2. Tortious Interference with or Destruction of Evidence

       Wilkey claims that Hull is liable for tortious interference with or destruction of evidence

(“TIDE”) because Hull “withheld . . . [the Ricciardi report from] Dr. Wilkey and his legal counsel.”

Doc. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 46). The elements of a TIDE claim are:

       (1) pending or probable litigation involving the plaintiff, (2) knowledge on the part
       of defendant that litigation exists or is probable, (3) willful destruction of evidence
       by defendant designed to disrupt the plaintiff’s case, (4) disruption of the plaintiff's
       case, and (5) damages proximately caused by the defendant’s acts.

Smith v. Howard Johnson Co., 

, 1038 (Ohio 1993).

       Ohio law is not entirely clear as to what the third prong of this test requires. Some cases

suggest that “concealment” of or “interference” with evidence might suffice. See Drawl v.

Cornicelli, 

, 851-52 (Ohio Ct. App. 11th Dist. 1997). Other Ohio cases require

something closer to literal, physical destruction of evidence. See Pratt v. Payne, 

,

727-28 (Ohio Ct. App. 2d Dist. 2003); Tate v. Adena Reg’l Med. Ctr., 

, 936-37 (Ohio

Ct. App. 4th Dist. 2003); Williams v. Cont’l Express Co., No. 17-08-10, 

, at *3

(Ohio Ct. App. 3d Dist. Oct. 14, 2008) (“Ohio courts have declined to extend spoliation claims

beyond the destruction of physical evidence.”). Wilkey does not allege that Hull destroyed the

Ricciardi report, and even if the “destruction” prong of the Smith test is broadly construed to include

other forms of “concealment,” we still conclude that Wilkey would have to show some affirmative



                                                  4
act beyond the failure to disclose. Indeed, we are aware of no Ohio case where the mere refusal to

produce a document was held to constitute a TIDE claim, and we note that the cases that Wilkey

cites involved the alteration of documents, not the withholding of them. 

;

Hicks v. Bryan Med. Group, Inc., 

, 810 (N.D. Ohio 2003). Here, Hull simply

did not disclose the report to Wilkey when asked to do so.

       We recognize that the Ohio Supreme Court in Davis v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. suggested that

the “misrepresenting” or even “withholding”of evidence might be an actionable wrong. 

, 658-59 (Ohio 2001). However, we are reluctant to rely too heavily upon the Davis case as the

court there was focused solely on whether the TIDE claim was barred by res judicata. 

Moreover, numerous decisions of the Ohio courts of appeals have concluded that this language in

Davis was nonbinding dicta. See 

; 

; Bugg v. Am.

Std., Inc., No. 84829, 

, at *5-6 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. May 26, 2005). In any

event, no misrepresentation occurred here as the complaint does not allege that Hull ever denied the

existence of the report or spoke to its contents. Rather, Wilkey alleges that his attorney requested

all external reports and that Hull refused on the grounds that Wilkey’s attorney “had known of . . .

potential witnesses and exhibits . . . since June” and “Ricciardi’s report was not on the MEC exhibit

list.” Doc. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 42). Nor do we think Hull “withheld” evidence for purposes of a TIDE

claim. Davis involved a case where the plaintiff did not discover the alleged withholding until after

the end of the lawsuit. 

. Here, by contrast, Hull’s actions, as alleged by

Wilkey, were never disguised—Hull stated he was not going to hand over any external reports and

gave reasons for doing so. In other words, the present case involves little more than a discovery

dispute, and we do not think that Ohio courts would be willing to stretch the TIDE doctrine to such


                                                 5
an extent. We therefore conclude that the district court did not err in dismissing Wilkey’s TIDE

claim for failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.

        3. Tortious Interference with a Business Relationship

        Wilkey also argues that Hull’s actions interfered with Wilkey’s business relationship with

“patients, referring physicians and insurers.” Doc. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 92). A tortious interference with

a business relationship (“TIBR”) occurs when:

        [A] person, without a privilege to do so, induces or otherwise purposely causes a
        third person not to enter into or continue a business relation with another, or not to
        perform a contract with another.

A & B-Abell Elevator Co. v. Columbus/Cent. Ohio Bldg. & Constr. Trades Council, 

, 1294 (Ohio 1995). Wilkey, however, has not alleged that any individuals terminated, or

decided not to enter into, relationships with him as a result of Hull’s actions—Wilkey merely states

that Hull “interfered” with certain unspecified business relationships. This vague assertion of

interference, however, is just a “legal conclusion” that is itself entitled to no weight. See 

. Absent some factual allegation that Hull’s actions ended or prevented a business

relationship, Wilkey does not state a claim. Cf. Smith v. Ameriflora 1992, Inc., 

,

1044 (Ohio Ct. App. 10th Dist. 1994) (“A tortious interference action . . . requires a showing that

[the defendant’s] actions induced or caused a third party to discontinue a business relationship with

[the plaintiff]”).

        On appeal, Wilkey argues that his relationship with the Hospital was terminated as a result

of his suspension. Appellant Br. at 41. However, the TIBR theory he sets forth in his complaint is

not predicated on this relationship—the section of his complaint addressing his TIBR claim only

refers to “patients, referring physicians and insurers.” Doc. 1 (Compl. at ¶ 92). Wilkey cannot


                                                   6
pursue a theory on appeal of which his complaint gave no notice. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly,

, 555 (2007) (stating that a complaint must give the defendant “fair notice of what the

. . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests” (alteration in original and internal quotation marks

omitted)). Therefore, we conclude that the district court did not err in dismissing Wilkey’s TIBR

claim.

B. Fraud

         1. Standard of Review

         The district court dismissed Wilkey’s fraud claim at the summary-judgment stage.

“Summary judgment should be granted only when ‘the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure

materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’” Hall v. Spencer County, Ky., 

, 933 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). “When we review a motion for summary

judgment, we must view all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party.” 

de novo a district court’s decision to grant summary judgment. Dillon v.

Cobra Power Corp., 

, 595 (6th Cir. 2009).

         2. Merits

         Wilkey argues that Hull’s “refusal to reveal the substance of the [Ricciardi] report constitutes

a fraudulent concealment under Ohio law.” Appellant Br. at 24. To prove fraud, the plaintiff must

show

         (a) a representation or, where there is a duty to disclose, concealment of a fact, (b)
         which is material to the transaction at hand, (c) made falsely, with knowledge of its
         falsity, or with such utter disregard and recklessness as to whether it is true or false
         that knowledge may be inferred, (d) with the intent of misleading another into relying



                                                    7
       upon it, (e) justifiable reliance upon the representation or concealment, and (f) a
       resulting injury proximately caused by the reliance.

Cohen v. Lamko, Inc., 

, 409 (Ohio 1984) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Here there are a variety of potential issues regarding whether Wilkey has a viable fraud claim,

such as whether Hull had a duty to disclose anything or whether there is evidence that Hull intended

to mislead Wilkey. However, we need not decide these questions because Wilkey’s fraud claim

warrants summary judgment on the basis that Wilkey failed to offer any evidence that he actually

relied on any representation or omissions Hull might have made. In fact, Wilkey’s testimony in his

prior federal lawsuit indicates quite the opposite. On direct examination, Wilkey’s attorney asked

whether he “or [his] counsel ever receive[d] a report from Dr. Ricciardi.” Doc. 67-5 (Ex. NNNNN

at 2). Wilkey responded: “No. We did know it was out there, though, and we always suspected it

was favorable to us because they gave me the C.V. of the guy. They even asked me . . . ‘Is this guy

acceptable to you to review?’” 

In other words, even if Hull were engaging

in deceptive practices, Wilkey and his attorney were not deceived into thinking that the report was

not favorable to him and therefore could not have relied on that assumption. Wilkey continues to

assert that he was put “on unequal footing” in front of the hearing board. Appellant Br. at 25.

However, a claim of fraud is concerned only with reliance on deception and provides no relief to

those who see past the misrepresentations with which they are confronted. See Bryans v. English

Nanny & Governess Sch., Inc., 

, 590 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. 1996) (finding that

there was no fraud when the plaintiff, by her own admission, “knew what [she] was getting [herself]

into” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Andersons, Inc. v. Consol, Inc., 

, 506

(6th Cir. 2003) (holding that, under Ohio law, fraud claim failed because there was no evidence of



                                                  8
reliance).2 Therefore, in the absence of evidence of reliance by Wilkey, the district court properly

granted summary judgment in Hull’s favor with respect to Wilkey’s fraud claim.

C. Statute of limitations

       We decline to address the Defendants’ additional argument that this case is barred by the one-

year statute of limitation for legal malpractice claims as we affirm the district court’s judgment on

other grounds.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.




       2
        To the degree that Wilkey argues that the hearing panel relied upon Hull’s alleged
concealment, this does not matter as it is only the plaintiff’s reliance that is relevant. See Jackson
v. Sunnyside Toyota, Inc., 

, 373 (Ohio Ct. App. 8th Dist. 2008).


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