NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                          File Name: 10a0463n.06

                                          No. 09-3448                                 FILED
                                                                                   Jul 30, 2010
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                              FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

ABDOULAYE M. SY,                                )
                                                )       ON REVIEW FROM THE
       Petitioner,                              )       BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                )       APPEALS
v.                                              )
                                                )
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney                   )                OPINION
General,                                        )
                                                )
      Respondent.                               )
______________________________                  )


Before: GILMAN and WHITE, Circuit Judges; and WATSON*, District Judge.

       HELENE N. WHITE, Circuit Judge. Petitioner Abdoulaye Sy seeks review of a Board

of Immigration Appeals (BIA) order dismissing his appeal from the Immigration Judge (IJ) decision

denying his claims for asylum and withholding of removal pursuant to the Immigration and

Nationality Act, and for relief pursuant to the United Nations Convention Against Torture (CAT).

We DENY Sy’s petition for review.

                                               I.

A.     Sy’s Account

       Sy is a native and citizen of Mauritania and identifies himself as belonging to the Black

Fulani race/ethnic group. Sy has a wife and four children, who now live in Senegal.




       *
        The Honorable Michael H. Watson, United States District Judge for the Southern District
of Ohio, sitting by designation.
       Born in 1962, Sy did not go to school, and became a farmer. (A.R. 48-49.) He and his

family lived in a mud house on his modest farm. (A.R. 49.) Sy testified that his parents had

previously had problems with the authorities in Mauritania, who were White Arabs (White Moors),

and that the same authorities caused problems for him. Specifically, in 1989, a group of soldiers and

customs officials with weapons came to his farm at night and said they would seize his family’s land

because the family was “not from there,” despite the fact that Sy’s farm was passed down from his

grandfather. (A.R. 50-53.) The soldiers killed one of the family’s lambs and beat Sy with whips,

leaving a scar on his hand. When asked at the removal hearing how often the authorities would

come to his house, Sy responded that they came so often he could not say how many times

specifically. (A.R. 53.) Sy also testified that he was arrested in 1989 and held for three days. (A.R.

57.)

       Sy described the next time that he had problems as occurring on August 7, 2001, when many

individuals, some in uniform, some in civilian clothes, came to his home at night. (A.R. 54.) The

individuals told Sy that he did not belong in Mauritania and beat him up, along with his family. He

and his family were taken to the river along with other families and put in small boats to cross the

border to Senegal. (A.R. 55.) Sy and his family crossed in different boats, but were together in the

Diatar Reguee Camp in Senegal (A.R. 56, 427.)

       Sy testified that he stayed in Senegal for only 13 days. (A.R. 58.) Sy’s sister gave him some

jewelry, with which he was able to obtain passage to the United States. (A.R. 58-59.) A man named

Pape Joe Diop brought Sy on a flight to New York. (A.R. 59.) Diop gave Sy a passport (with

someone else’s name, but Sy’s picture) to use and Diop was the one who spoke with immigration

officials in New York. (A.R. 60-61.) After Diop and Sy entered the country, Diop took Sy’s plane
ticket and passport back. (A.R. 61.) Sy testified that he arrived in the United States on August 20,

2001. (A.R. 61.)

       Sy also testified that sometime after he had arrived in the United States, he received a police

summons that was sent to him by someone who had lived in the same area as he had in Mauritania.

(A.R. 61-62.) The summons is dated August 14, 2001, and orders Sy to report to the police station

concerning a personal matter. (A.R. 197-98.) The individual who sent him the summons told Sy

that “they” were asking where he was and the individual told them that he did not know. (A.R. 63.)

Sy testified that he is afraid that if he goes back to Mauritania, he will be killed. (A.R. 63.)

B.     Immigration Proceedings

       In January 2002, Sy filed an application for asylum and withholding of removal. (A.R. 428-

36.) The application was referred to an IJ. Sy was served with a Notice to Appear on April 28,

2004, charging him with removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(A), as an immigrant who, at the

time of admission, did not possess a valid entry document. (A.R. 464.) Sy conceded removability

and filed an amended application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT

in November 2007. (A.R. 137, 417-26.)

       In December 2007, the IJ held a hearing on Sy’s removal proceedings. After the hearing, the

IJ issued an oral decision denying Sy’s application and ordering him removed to Mauritania. (A.R.

116-24.) The IJ found Sy’s testimony not credible, and also concluded that Sy had not proved that

he filed his asylum application withing one year of the date that he entered the country. On March

27, 2009, the BIA issued a brief opinion and order dismissing Sy’s appeal. The BIA decision

addressed only the IJ’s credibility conclusion and concluded that the IJ had not committed clear

error. Sy timely sought review in this court.

                                                  II.
A.     Legal Standards

       “Where the BIA reviews the immigration judge’s decision and issues a separate opinion,

rather than summarily affirming the immigration judge’s decision, we review the BIA’s decision as

the final agency determination. To the extent that the BIA adopted the immigration judge’s

reasoning, however, we also review the immigration judge’s decision.” Khalili v. Holder, 

, 435 (6th Cir. 2009) (internal citation omitted). Questions of law are reviewed de novo, while

factual findings (including credibility determinations) are reviewed for substantial evidence. Id.;

Hassan v. Gonzales, 

, 434 (6th Cir. 2005). Under a substantial-evidence standard,

factual findings are to be treated as “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 

.

       Under the INA, asylum can be granted to an alien who qualifies as a “refugee,” defined as

someone “who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or

herself of the protection of, [his or her home country] because of persecution or a well-founded fear

of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or

political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). An applicant is required to show three things to

demonstrate a well-founded fear of future persecution:

       (1) that he has a fear of persecution in his home country on account of race, religion,
       nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion; (2) that
       there is a reasonable possibility of suffering such persecution if he were to return to
       that country; and (3) that he is unable or unwilling to return to that country because
       of such fear.

Singh v. Ashcroft, 

, 401 (6th Cir. 2005) (quoting Pilica v. Ashcroft, 

, 950

(6th Cir. 2004)). To show a “reasonable possibility” of persecution, the applicant need not prove

persecution by a preponderance of the evidence. See INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 

, 431
(1987) (“One can certainly have a well-founded fear of an event happening when there is less than

a 50% chance of the occurrence taking place.”).

       Similar to asylum, eligibility for withholding of removal is based on a fear of persecution

because of one’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion. See Singh v. 

. In contrast to asylum, which is a matter of the

Attorney General’s discretion, if the applicant meets the requirements for withholding of removal,

relief is mandatory. 

order to qualify for withholding of removal, the applicant must

meet a higher standard—a “clear probability,” or more likely than not, that he would be subject to

persecution in the proposed country of removal. Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 

, 749 (6th

Cir. 2006); see 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3).

       In order to establish a CAT claim, an applicant must show that it is more likely than not that

he would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal. 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2).

Torture is “an extreme form of cruel and inhuman treatment.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(2).

“Specifically, it is ‘any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is

intentionally inflicted’ to extract information, punish, intimidate, coerce, or otherwise discriminate,

‘when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or

acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity.’” Haider v. Holder,

, 289 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1)). An applicant need not show

that the torture is based on one of the five protected grounds. See 

.

B.     Analysis

       1.      BIA Decision

       The BIA concluded as follows:
       We find no clear error in the Immigration Judge’s adverse credibility finding. In that
       regard, the Immigration Judge identified substantial discrepancies within the
       respondent’s testimony at his individual hearing and between his testimony at his
       individual hearing and his application for asylum and withholding of removal (Form
       I-589) which are indeed present in the record of proceeding. For example, regarding
       incidents that occurred in 2001, the respondent omitted any testimony regarding any
       detention on direct examination. On cross examination, he explicitly stated that the
       only time he was ever detained was in 1989, and it lasted for 3 days. Then, he
       testified that he was detained in 2001 for approximately 2 days, but he later said he
       was not detained in 2001. However, he wrote in his application for asylum and
       withholding of removal (Form I-589) that he was detained in August 2001. The
       respondent failed to adequately and sufficiently dispute these discrepancies either
       before the Immigration Judge or on appeal.

(internal citations omitted).

       Among the other “substantial discrepancies” that the BIA referenced, the IJ cited the fact that

Sy’s first asylum application stated that he was arrested and detained in 1989, 1990, and 1999, but

that Sy did not testify to being arrested or detained in 1990 or 1999 at the hearing. The IJ also found

Sy’s testimony about “the 1989 incident” to be inconsistent. (A.R. 121.) Sy testified on cross-

examination that he went to the hospital after the 1989 beating. (A.R. 73.) But Sy also testified that

he was taken to jail immediately after the 1989 arrest. (A.R. 74.) The IJ found these statements to

conflict. (A.R. 121); see also A.R. 74 (“Well sir, how could you go to the hospital the next day if

you were also taken to a prison?”). The IJ also found it implausible that the Mauritanian authorities

would evict Sy from the county, then only seven days later issue a summons directing him to report

to a Mauritanian police station. (A.R. 122.) The IJ noted that Sy had produced no corroborating

evidence about the summons, including how he got it, why the police gave it to Sy’s friend to send,

etc. (A.R. 122.) Finally the IJ noted the lack of any statements from Sy’s wife and sister, with

whom he is in contact, to corroborate any aspect of his account. (A.R. 122.)
       Although at least one of the agency conclusions is problematic,2 several others are not. Thus,

we cannot conclude that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to find that Sy is credible.

See 

.

       Sy’s testimony regarding a 2001 arrest was deeply inconsistent. On cross-examination, he

first denied being imprisoned any time other than in 1989 (A.R. 76). He then stated that he was

imprisoned in 2001 (A.R. 76), only to testify immediately thereafter that he was not imprisoned in

2001 (A.R. 77). He also offered the general disclaimer that he sometimes forgot what happened to

him in Mauritania because of the problems he went through there. (A.R. 76.)

       Further, despite the claim in Sy’s first asylum application that he was arrested and detained

in 1989, 1990, and 1999, Sy did not testify on direct examination to being arrested or detained in

1990 or 1999 at the hearing. Sy compounded this omission on cross-examination by being




       2
          It is unfortunate that one of the bases for the BIA decision was the “fact” that Sy stated in
his asylum application that he was detained in August 2001, but testified to the contrary at his
hearing. Both the IJ and cross-examining counsel pressed Sy to explain the difference between his
testimony at the hearing (omitting any mention of a 2001 arrest) and his asylum application.
         The statement in Sy’s application at issue is his response to the question, “Do you fear harm
or mistreatment if you return to your home country?” He answered “I am afraid that if I return to
Mauritania, I will again be detained, imprisoned, beaten, tortured, or even killed. When I was forced
to leave the country in August 2001, I had been detained, imprisoned[,] and brutally mistreated and
my land had been stolen. I have since learned that police continued to look for me after I left and
that I was ordered to appear at the police station.” A.R. 421 (emphasis added).
         Interpreting those words to mean that those things occurred only in August 2001 is an
unnecessarily narrow reading. Because Sy left Mauritania for good in August 2001, an alternative
interpretation of the statement is that Sy is listing the various hardships that he had experienced
during the entire time that he lived there. Understanding Sy’s account to refer more broadly to all
of the difficulties he experienced while in Mauritania makes sense, particularly in light of the
question posed – to show his fear of harm or mistreatment Sy would have every reason to reference
all of the bad things that happened to him rather than just the bad things that happened to him in the
final instance.
         It is worth pointing out that this (poor) reason for concluding that Sy was not credible is
distinct from the (legitimate) reason, described later in this opinion, that Sy’s testimony on the stand
about the alleged 2001 arrest was internally inconsistent.
consistently non-responsive to the question whether he was ever taken to prison on any other date

besides 1989 and possibly 2001. (A.R. 77-79.)

       Finally, the IJ’s understanding that Sy was inconsistent in testifying about the incidents in

1989 is legitimate, if somewhat less strong. The IJ seemed to understand Sy’s testimony on cross-

examination to be that he both went to jail and went to the hospital immediately after the same event

in 1989. This conclusion necessarily depends upon the understanding that only one significant event

occurred – “the 1989 incident,” as the IJ put it. (A.R. 121.) But Sy clarified that the day he went to

the hospital with a finger injury after being beaten by authorities and the day he went to prison were

“different time[s].” (A.R. 75.) Although the IJ clearly rejected this explanation, he did not say why,

and the explanation did not explicitly conflict with Sy’s other testimony. Still, Sy’s testimony on

this subject also supports the IJ’s conclusion that he was not credible. Sy’s explanation that there

were two separate events in 1989 did not come out until he was confronted with potentially

conflicting information on cross-examination. The late-breaking and reactionary nature of Sy’s

testimony on this core subject could well have damaged Sy’s credibility.

       In light of these inconsistencies, it was reasonable for the IJ to look to corroborating evidence

in evaluating whether Sy had met his burden of proof. See Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 

, 382

(6th Cir. 2004) (acknowledging that an applicant’s credible testimony without corroboration may

be sufficient to sustain the burden of proof, but “where it is reasonable to expect corroborating

evidence . . . [t]he absence of such corroborating evidence can lead to a finding that an applicant has

failed to meet [his] burden of proof”); Pilica v. Ashcroft, 

, 954 (6th Cir. 2004) (holding

that where an applicant’s testimony was inconsistent, a fact finder could reasonably find testimony,
“absent corroboration,” was insufficient). Sy offered little to no corroboration,3 despite the fact that

he testified to still having contact with his wife and sister.

        Sy argues that the inconsistencies identified by the IJ and the BIA do not go to the heart of

his claim. To the contrary, Sy’s claim is that the White Moor authorities in Mauritania persecuted

him by physically harming him, arresting him, detaining him, and eventually removing him from his

land because of his status as a Black Fulani. Whether he was imprisoned in connection with a

certain event and the total number of times that he was arrested and/or detained are central

components of Sy’s claim for asylum. This is especially so because, despite claiming that the

authorities came to bother him “very often” (A.R. 54), Sy testified to only two specific occurrences

– in 1989 and August 2001 – on direct examination (and, when pressed on cross-examination,

referenced one additional incident in each of those years).

        Sy’s other arguments are also unavailing. He argues that implausibility alone cannot form

the basis of an adverse credibility finding. But the IJ’s credibility finding was based largely on

inconsistencies in Sy’s testimony – the IJ singled out only one aspect that he thought was

“implausible”: that the police issued Sy a summons to appear before them in Mauritania only seven

days after removing him from the country. In any case, this argument concerns a claim not before

us. The IJ’s apparent distrust of the timing of the summons relates to the IJ’s suspicion concerning

the dates Sy gave for arriving in the United States, which led to the judge’s eventual conclusion that

Sy had not proved that he had filed his asylum application within one year of arriving. But, we do

not consider that conclusion here because the BIA did not rely on untimeliness as a basis for its

affirmance.



        3
         We note that Sy did produce a copy of the summons document, although he did not provide
a clear account of its delivery.
       Sy also argues that any inconsistencies with his original asylum application should not be

given much weight because that application was submitted pro se. But the IJ relied upon Sy’s

original application only with regard to a single inconsistency among the several problems it noted.

Even disregarding Sy’s original application, his testimony at the hearing was internally inconsistent,

at times non-responsive, and lacked corroboration.

       Because Sy’s asylum claim fails, his withholding of removal and CAT claims fail as well.

See El-Moussa v. Holder, 

, 257 (6th Cir. 2009) (“The IJ’s finding that El-Moussa did

not testify credibly precludes her from meeting any of [the] burdens of proof [for asylum,

withholding of removal, or protection under CAT].”); Bah v. Gonzales, 

, 643 (6th Cir.

2006) (“Because Bah cannot show that she qualifies for asylum, she cannot meet the more stringent

standards required to qualify for the protections of withholding of removal or under CAT.”)

       2.      New Evidence

       Finally, Sy urges us to consider the effect of a 2008 military coup in Mauritania.4 We may

not review claims that are not administratively exhausted. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). Accordingly,

we may only consider “the administrative record on which the order of removal is based,” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(A).    Further, we cannot “order the taking of additional evidence.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(a)(1). Thus, we may not consider Sy’s arguments concerning the effect of the 2008 coup.

Cf. Ly v. Holder, No. 09-3031, 

at *5 (6th Cir. May 4, 2010) (refusing to take

judicial notice of or consider extra-record information about the 2008 coup in Mauritania). The




       4
         Sy originally attached information about the coup as addenda to his brief in this court. This
court granted the government’s motion to strike the addenda because the documents were not a part
of the administrative record in this case. See Gishta v. Gonzales, 

, 979 (6th Cir. 2005)
(refusing to consider extra-record information).
proper procedure is for Sy to file a motion to reopen with the BIA to consider the new evidence. See

8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1).

                                                III.

       We cannot conclude that any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to find contrary to

the BIA’s determination. Accordingly, we DENY Sy’s petition for review of the BIA’s decision.