NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0332n.06
                                                                                            FILED
                                           No. 09-4489
                                                                                       Mar 26, 2012
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


ROSE DRAGON,                                          )
                                                      )
       Plaintiff-Appellant,                           )
                                                      )
v.                                                    ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                      ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL                                ) SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
SECURITY,                                             )
                                                      )
       Defendant-Appellee.                            )
                                                      )


Before: GUY, BOGGS, and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiff–appellant Rose Dragon appeals the

district court’s decision affirming the decision of Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of Social

Security, denying her supplemental security income under Title XVI of the Social Security Act. For

the following reasons, we reverse the decision of the district court and remand to the administrative

law judge for an immediate award of benefits.

                                                 I.

       Rose Dragon (“Dragon”) was born on February 29, 1980. She is married and lives with her

husband and daughter. She and her husband share the household tasks like grocery shopping, caring

for her daughter, laundry, and dishes. She has a high school education (completed through special




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education classes) and has attempted to work a number of jobs, including dishwasher, bagger at a

grocery store, and fast-food worker. Her employment was always short-lived because, as she

testified, she “got frustrated,” she “wasn’t fast enough,” or “if people made fun of [her], [she] would

get discouraged.” In June 2004, Dragon applied for supplemental security income (“SSI”) under

Title XVI of the Social Security Act alleging disability due to speech problems, learning difficulties,

and asthma onset as of April 1, 2004. Upon denial of her claims she requested a hearing before an

administrative law judge (“ALJ”).

       The ALJ reviewed records from Dragon’s schools from 1994 to 1998. These records note

that, in 1992 at the age of 12, Dragon took the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third

Edition (“WISC-III”), and received a verbal scale I.Q. score of 65, a performance scale I.Q. score

of 72, and a full scale I.Q. score of 66. The same records indicate that Dragon had a “mild

articulation delay” and that “Rosanna qualifie[d] for a program for developmentally handicapped and

for speech therapy.” The school placed Dragon on an individual education plan for the ‘93–‘94 and

‘94–‘95 school years. Dragon never passed any of the ninth grade proficiency tests and was

exempted because she “[did] not have the necessary skills to pass.” Dragon was considered a 1998

graduate after she completed her requirements during the summer. A 1998 assessment stated that

Dragon was fairly successful in her classes, that she took a regular curriculum with study skills for

support, and that she received work-study credits. Post-graduation, the record indicated that the

“team [felt] that Rose [was] developing skills needed to live independently with some assistance.”




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       On July 23, 2004, clinical psychologist Dr. Paul Deardorff performed a consultative

psychological evaluation of Dragon. Dr. Deardorff administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence

Scale-Third Edition (“WAIS-III”). Dragon received a verbal I.Q. score of 58, a performance scale

I.Q. score of 51, and a full scale I.Q. score of 50, indicating that her current functioning was in the

“moderately retarded range of intelligence or at least well less than the percentile for [her] age

group.” In his report, Dr. Deardorff stated, “[Dragon’s] tested I.Q. is lower than would be expected

on the basis of clinical presentation. Emotional and motivational factors may have interfered with

performance on this measure as [she] appears to be of borderline intelligence.” In his multiaxial

classification of Dragon, on Axis I he listed her clinical disorders as anxiety disorder and reading

disorder; on Axis II rather than listing a level of mental retardation Dr. Deardorff classified Dragon

as of “borderline intellectual functioning”; Dr. Deardorff listed no general medical conditions under

Axis III; on Axis IV Dr. Deardorff listed Dragon’s psychosocial and environmental problems as

occupational problems, problems interacting with social environment, problems with primary

support group, and educational problems; and on Axis V he assessed a Global Assessment of

Functioning (“GAF”) score of 55. In reaching Dragon’s GAF score, Dr. Deardorff noted Dragon’s

anxiety and irritation. He observed that she “has few friends but sees them on a daily basis . . . [,]

cares for her daughter and assists with household chores . . . [,] plays video games, listens to the

radio[,] and likes to shop.” A GAF score of 55 indicates moderate symtomatology and difficulties

in social, occupational, or school functioning.

       Regarding Dragon’s work-related mental abilities, Dr. Deardorff observed:


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       1.      The claimant’s mental ability to relate to others, including fellow workers and
               supervisors is moderately to seriously impaired by her emotional difficulties.
               She was somewhat uncomfortable dealing with this examiner and she stated
               that she believes others ridicule her. She very likely would have difficulty
               relating adequately to others in completing simple repetitive tasks.
       2.      The claimant’s mental ability to understand, remember, and follow
               instructions is moderately impaired by her emotional difficulties. She would
               have no difficulty understand [sic] simple instructions but her short term
               memory skills are weak and she may have difficulty retaining them. Further,
               her pace may be slowed by her depressive symptomatology.
       3.      The claimant’s mental ability to maintain attention, concentration,
               persistence, and pace is moderately impaired by her emotional difficulties.
               Her attention and concentration skills were not strong during this evaluation
               and may deteriorate over extended time periods, slowing her performance in
               completing simple repetitive tasks.
       4.      The claimant’s mental ability to withstand the stress and pressure associated
               with day-to-day work activities is moderately impaired by her emotional
               difficulties. Such stress may result in increased anxiety and decreased
               attention and concentration skills, and might also result in increased
               suspiciousness and misinterpretation of the behavior and statements of those
               around her.
       5.      Should she be granted disability compensation, she would have difficulty in
               managing funds prudently as her arithmetic skills are limited.

       On August 4, 2004, Dr. Douglas Pawlarczyk, a state agency psychologist, filled out a

psychiatric review technique form (“PRTF”) reviewing Dragon’s record, which included her school

records, Dragon’s contact with the Agency, and Dr. Deardorff’s examination. The PRTF largely

consists of checked boxes indicating that Dr. Pawlarczyk found that medically determinable

impairments were present but did not precisely satisfy the diagnostic criteria for mental retardation

and anxiety-related disorders. He further checked that she had mild restriction of activities of daily

living; moderate difficulties in maintaining social function and maintaining concentration,

persistence, or pace; and no evidence of related episodes of decompensation of extended duration.


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The last page of the PRTF contained a functional capacity assessment, the only portion of the PRTF

actually written by Dr. Pawlarczyk. This largely reiterated Dr. Deardorff’s findings of Dragon’s

functional capacity. Dr. Pawlarczyk did note, in particular, that “[Dr. Deardorff] felt that [Dragon’s

I.Q. scores] may be an underestimate as [Dragon] clinically presented as more in the [borderline

intellectual functioning] range. Those school age score [sic] are more likely an [sic] true estimate

of her intellectual ability.” Alice, Psy.D., a state agency psychologist, stamped her approval on the

PRTF on September 23, 2004.

       Dragon, her father, and a vocational expert (“VE”) testified at a hearing on April 17, 2006,

before the ALJ. Dragon testified to her home life, her work experiences, and her general disabilities.

The VE testified regarding the skill level of Dragon’s only durationally significant job at the Old

Country Buffet: the dishwasher job rated as medium work and unskilled, the busser job as medium

work and unskilled, and the attendant job as light work and unskilled. The VE noted that, similar

to the dishwashing job, there are cleaning jobs at a medium level and a light level that are

appropriate for an individual with a marginal education and who is able to perform only simple,

routine tasks; can understand, remember, and carry out only short and simple instructions; can

interact no more than occasionally with the general public; can make only simple work-related

decisions; and cannot work at a rapid product rate pace. But upon examination by Dragon’s counsel,

the VE revealed that Dragon’s problems interacting with others, keeping up with tasks, and inability

to handle certain stresses might interfere with this kind of work.




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        On May 23, 2006, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision in Dragon’s case, ultimately

concluding that Dragon was not disabled, was able to perform past work, and thus was not entitled

to SSI. In reaching this determination, the ALJ conducted the five-step evaluation pursuant to 20

C.F.R. § 416.920. After determining that Dragon had not been engaged in substantial gainful

activity since April 1, 2004, the ALJ recognized that Dragon did indeed have some severe

impairments. Among these severe impairments was borderline intellectual functioning, which the

ALJ affirmatively found to exist. The ALJ determined, however, that Dragon failed on the third,

fourth, and fifth steps of the analysis.

        As to the third step, the ALJ addressed Dragon’s severe impairments—specifically borderline

intellectual functioning, a mild articulation delay, an anxiety disorder, and a reading disorder—but

found that “the severity of [those] impairments, either singly or in combination, [did] not meet or

equal the requirements of any listed impairment in Appendix 1 to Subpart P of 404, including

Sections 12.05 and 12.06.” The ALJ again noted that Dragon is “of borderline intelligence and is

not mentally retarded.” The ALJ specifically rejected a portion of Dr. Deardorff’s analysis: “The I.Q.

scores obtained by Dr. Deardorff were felt to be underestimates of the claimant’s intellectual

functioning and therefore are not valid.” The ALJ referenced I.Q. scores in the mid-60s obtained

while Dragon was a child but failed to consider the scores because the testing “is not actually

contained in the file to assess whether the results were considered to be valid.” The ALJ then went

on to note that Dragon’s high school education was not consistent with mental retardation. The ALJ

concluded his third step analysis as follows: “There is very little to no substantive indication that the


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claimant has a history of deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested during the

developmental period to the attainment of age 22.”

       With regard to the remaining two steps, the ALJ set forth the following residual functional

capacity (“RFC”):

       [D]ue to her severe impairments, the [ALJ] finds that [Dragon] can perform only
       simple, routine tasks and is able to understand, remember, and carry out only short
       and simple instructions. She cannot interact with the general public more than
       occasionally. She cannot work at a rapid production-rate pace. She is able to make
       only simple work-related decisions. Any job should not require the ability to make
       change, or reading or writing skills above the third grade level. The job should not
       require more than very simple math. [Dragon] has no exertional limitations.

Relying on the VE’s assessment, the ALJ concluded that Dragon “retains the ability to perform her

past relevant dishwasher work and other cleaner jobs despite her impairments,” thus failing to

establish a disability under the fourth and fifth steps of the analysis. The ALJ ultimately denied

Dragon’s claim for SSI.

       Dragon filed suit in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, seeking

judicial review of the ALJ’s decision. On January 18, 2009, a magistrate judge issued a Report and

Recommendation (“R&R”), recommending that the case be reversed and remanded for an immediate

award of benefits. The Commissioner filed an objection to the R&R, and Dragon filed a response.

The district court declined to adopt the magistrate’s R&R and affirmed the ALJ’s decision. Dragon

now appeals on the ground that substantial evidence did not support the ALJ’s finding that she was

not disabled and therefore not entitled to SSI.




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                                                    II.

        We review the district court’s conclusion in a social security case de novo. Valley v. Comm’r

of Soc. Sec., 

, 390 (6th Cir. 2005). We review the underlying ALJ’s findings to

determine whether they are supported by substantial evidence. 

U.S.C. § 405(g)).

“Substantial evidence is more than a scintilla of evidence but less than a preponderance; it is such

relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Cutlip

v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 286 (6th Cir. 1994). If there is such support, those

findings are conclusive, and this court may not reverse even if it would have arrived at a different

conclusion. 

.

                                                   III.

        Under the Social Security Act, “disability” is defined as the inability “to engage in any

substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment

which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a

continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A). Dragon

has the burden of establishing that she meets this definition. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(5)(A). The

evaluation is a five-step, sequential process, and if the ALJ finds disability or lack of disability at any

step, the determination is made without proceeding to the next step. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(4). The

steps are as follows:

        (i) At the first step, we consider your work activity, if any. If you are doing
        substantial gainful activity, we will find that you are not disabled. . . .
        (ii) At the second step, we consider the medical severity of your impairment(s). If
        you do not have a severe medically determinable physical impairment that meets the

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       duration requirement . . ., or a combination of impairments that is severe and meets
       the duration requirement, we will find that you are not disabled. . . .
       (iii) At the third step, we also consider the medical severity of your impairment(s).
       If you have an impairment(s) that meets or equals one of our listings in appendix 1
       to subpart P of Part 404 of this chapter and meets the duration requirement, we will
       find that you are disabled. . . .
       (iv) At the fourth step, we consider our assessment of your residual functional
       capacity and your past relevant work. If you can still do your past relevant work, we
       will find that you are not disabled. . . .
       (v) At the fifth and last step, we consider our assessment of your residual functional
       capacity and your age, education, and work experience to see if you can make an
       adjustment to other work. If you can make an adjustment to other work, we will find
       you are not disabled. If you cannot make an adjustment to other work, we will find
       that you are disabled.

       According to the ALJ, Dragon met her burden in steps 1 and 2, but failed on steps 3, 4, and

5. We disagree. We conclude that the ALJ’s decision to reject the evidence in the record supporting

Dragon’s claims of impairment and to affirmatively find that Dragon was of borderline intellectual

functioning as opposed to mentally retarded was not supported by substantial evidence. Our

discussion will elaborate on why the ALJ erred in finding that Dragon failed to develop her disability

on steps 3, 4, and 5.

                                                 A.

       The third step requires an examination of the medical severity of Dragon’s impairments and

a determination of whether they meet one of the listings found in appendix 1. Dragon argues that

she meets the listing for mental retardation, specifically Listing 12.05C, which has three

requirements: (1) “significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive

functioning initially manifested during the developmental period; i.e., the evidence demonstrates or

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supports onset of the impairment before age 22”; (2) “[a] valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ

of 60 through 70”; and (3) “a physical or other mental impairment imposing an additional and

significant work-related limitation of function.” 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.05C.1 The

ALJ determined that Dragon failed to meet this listing because of his affirmative finding that Dragon

“is of borderline intelligence and not mentally retarded.” The ALJ ignored the wealth of evidence

in support of Dragon’s claims and affirmatively found otherwise.

                                                   i.

        Regarding the first requirement, the ALJ stated that “[t]here is very little to no substantive

indication that [Dragon] has a history of deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested during

the developmental period prior to the attainment of age 22.” “Adaptive functioning includes a

claimant’s effectiveness in areas such as social skills, communication, and daily living skills. West

v. Comm’r Soc. Sec, 240 F. App’x 692, 698 (6th Cir. 2007) (citing Heller v. Doe by Doe, 

, 329 (1993)). Dragon, however, did present significant evidence to the contrary, including a set

of I.Q. scores obtained in 1992 when she was 12-years old. This testing resulted in a verbal I.Q.

score of 65, a performance I.Q. score of 72, and a full scale I.Q. score of 66. The ALJ disregarded



        1
         To meet the requirements of Listing 12.05B, Dragon needed to establish manifestation of
deficits in adaptive functioning prior to the age of 22 and a valid verbal, performance, or full scale
I.Q. score of 59 or less. 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.05B. To meet the requirements
of Listing 12.05D, Dragon needed to establish manifestation of deficits in adaptive functioning prior
to the age of 22, a valid I.Q. of 60 through 70, and at least two of the following: marked restriction
of activities of daily living; marked difficulties in maintaining social functioning; marked difficulties
in maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace; or repeated episodes of decompensation, each of
an extended duration. 

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these scores because “this testing was 14 years ago and occurred while [Dragon] was a child.”2

Disregarding the scores on this ground misconstrues the relevance of the scores; indeed, an older

score was relevant to establish the manifestation of Dragon’s impairment before the age of 22. Cf.

West, 240 F. App’x at 698 (“While the claimant may use a qualifying IQ score before the age of 22

to demonstrate that his subaverage intellectual functioning initially manifested during his

developmental period, . . . a claimant is by no means required to produce an IQ score obtained prior

to age 22.”).

        The ALJ also disregarded these scores because they were “only referenced in the file and

[were] not actually contained in the file to assess whether the results were considered to be valid.”

Nothing in the school records suggests that the scores were invalid, whether or not the actual testing

was contained in the file. The scores and school records indicating that Dragon was to proceed in

a separate educational program suggest the manifestation of Dragon’s impairment before the age of

22. Moreover, the records indicate that she had a “mild articulation delay,” qualified for a program

“for developmentally handicapped and for speech therapy,” and did not have the skills to pass her

ninth grade proficiency tests. The I.Q. scores were consistent with the evidence in the school records

and were valid to prove one of the necessary elements of her disability claim—that her deficits in


       2
         Seemingly in support of this finding, the Commissioner cites an Appendix 1 Listing for the
proposition that test results must be sufficiently current, and I.Q. tests obtained before the age of 16
are not necessarily reliable. The provision cited deals specifically with mental retardation under
Listing 112.05, regarding mental disorders for children under age 18. See 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt.
P, App. 1 § 112.00D(10) (stating that I.Q. scores “must . . . be sufficiently current for accurate
assessment under 112.05” and that “[g]enerally, the results of IQ tests tend to stabilize by the age of
16”). But Dragon’s claim has been made under Listing 12.05, not under Listing 112.05.

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adaptive functioning manifested prior to the age of 22. For those reasons, we find that the ALJ

lacked substantial evidence to determine that Dragon’s childhood I.Q. scores were invalid and lacked

substantial evidence to conclude that Dragon had failed to establish “significantly subaverage general

intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning initially manifested during the

developmental period.”

                                                 ii.

       The second requirement under Listing 12.05C is “[a] valid verbal, performance, or full scale

I.Q. of 60 through 70.” To establish this, Dragon submitted the set of I.Q. scores obtained by Dr.

Deardorff, in which Dragon scored a verbal scale I.Q. of 58, performance scale I.Q. of 51, and full

scale I.Q. of 50 on the WAIS-III. The ALJ concluded that these scores were not valid because “[t]he

I.Q. scores obtained by Dr. Deardorff were felt to be underestimates of [Dragon’s] intellectual

functioning.” This conclusion was based on Dr. Deardorff’s Axis II categorization of “borderline

intellectual functioning” and Dr. Deardorff’s statement that Dragon’s “tested I.Q. [was] lower than

would be expected on the basis of clinical presentation,” but that “[e]motional and motivational

factors may have interfered with performance on this measure as [Dragon] appear[ed] to be of

borderline intelligence.” An affirmative finding of borderline intellectual functioning is usually

associated with I.Q. scores of at least 70.

       The ALJ ignored Dr. Deardorff’s earlier observation that Dragon “did not appear to

exaggerate or minimize her difficulties . . . [and] was adequately motivated.” In spite of his

“borderline intellectual functioning” classification and high expectations, Dr. Deardorff


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acknowledged that Dragon’s I.Q. scores suggested that her performance falls “moderately below the

average range” on tasks calling for the comprehension of words, abstract verbal reasoning abilities,

a fund of information, or common-sense reasoning abilities. He further observed that she falls “well

below average limits” in her perceptual-organizational or non-verbal problem-solving abilities,

arithmetic reasoning skills, and short-term memory skills. Dr. Deardorff also discussed his

administration of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Form III. Dragon’s memory abilities and attention

and concentration skills fall within the moderately retarded range—“at well less than the 1st

percentile for her age group”—and her reading abilities fall in the mildly retarded range—“at about

the 1st percentile for her age group.” Dragon’s “[w]ord recognition abilities fall at the third grade

level but her reading comprehension abilities are very likely not as well developed as her meager

word recognition abilities.” Dr. Deardorff also assessed Dragon with a GAF of 55, indicating

moderate symptomatology.

        Notwitstanding the general consistency of Dragon’s test results, the ALJ placed great

emphasis on the statement that Dragon’s tested I.Q. was lower than expected and found that Dr.

Deardorff’s statement on this point completely invalidated the I.Q. scores. This conclusion is not

supported by substantial evidence. Dr. Deardorff apparently did expect Dragon to perform better

on the I.Q. test based on her presentation. Yet, in order to actually test as of borderline intelligence,

Dragon would have had to achieve an I.Q. score of 70, twenty points higher than she actually scored.

Moreover, Dr. Pawlarczyk surmised that Dragon’s “school age score [sic] are more likely an [sic]




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true estimate of her intellectual ability.” Dragon’s school age scores placed her below the range of

borderline intellectual functioning.

       The remainder of Dr. Deardorff’s report details Dragon’s substantial limitations, including

poor attention, concentration, arithmetic, reading, and reasoning skills. The ALJ may choose to

disregard I.Q. scores that would normally lead to a finding of disability when those scores were

undermined by a doctor’s full evaluation. See Daniels v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 70 F. App’x 868, 869,

872 (6th Cir. 2003) (finding that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s finding that claimant was

not mentally retarded although claimant had a performance I.Q. of 67 because the examining doctor

also found claimant to be within the “borderline range of intelligence” and clinically “appeared to

function in the dull-normal range of intelligence”). But that was not the case here. The ALJ

disregarded Dr. Deardorff’s full evaluation, which served to reinforce the I.Q. scores, rather than

undermine them.

       Further in support of his decision to reject the I.Q. scores, the ALJ stated, “[T]he fact that

[Dragon] was able to graduate from high school, albeit with an individualized education plan, is not

consistent with mental retardation. She is married and has a six year old daughter who she appears

to do a good job taking care of.” The regulations permit the ALJ to question the validity of test

results in conjunction with other factors.      “In assessing the validity of a claimant’s I.Q.,

‘[i]nformation from both medical and nonmedical sources may be used to obtain detailed

descriptions of the individual’s activities of daily living; social functioning; concentration,

persistence and pace; or ability to tolerate increased medical demands (stress).’” Brown v. Sec’y of


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Health & Human Servs., 

, 269 (6th Cir. 1991) (quoting 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P,

App. 1, § 12.00D). Nonetheless, the Sixth Circuit has found that certain activities are not necessarily

“inconsistent with a valid test I.Q. of 68”—use of public transit, making change at a grocery story,

doing laundry (but with strong body odor), cleaning, limited reading comprehension (equivalent to

a third-grade education), or the ability to keep records of work activity. 

But see West, 240

F. App’x at 698 (citing claimant’s ability “to drive a garbage truck on a part-time basis, to care for

his daily needs, to pay bills, to shop for groceries, to interact with friends and families, and to engage

in numerous other daily activities” as evidence that claimant was not deficient in adaptive

functioning).

        In this case, the ALJ reasoned that, because Dragon was a high school graduate and a mother,

her I.Q. scores were invalid. Given the record here, these things cannot be held against her. See 20

C.F.R. § 416.920(d) (“If you have an impairment(s) which . . . is listed in Appendix 1, we will find

you disabled without considering your age, education, and work experience.”). She graduated from

high school on an individual education plan and never passed her ninth grade proficiency tests.

Although she has a good relationship with her daughter, all the while she has been living with

another parental figure—first her daughter’s father and now her new husband. Because Dragon’s

activities are not inconsistent with her tested I.Q. scores and Dragon’s performance during Dr.

Deardorff’s evaluation was not inconsistent with her tested I.Q. scores, the ALJ’s decision to

invalidate the I.Q. scores was not supported by substantial evidence.




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                                                   iii.

        The third requirement for meeting Listing 12.05C is a physical or other mental impairment

imposing an additional and significant work-related limitation of function. The ALJ appeared to

reject the evidence presented by Dragon on this point by relying on the findings of Dr. Pawlarcyzk.

The ALJ stated, “With specific regard to the . . . criteria pertaining to the claimant’s mental

impairments, the [ALJ] agrees with the findings of Dr. Pawlarcyzk that [Dragon] has a mild

restriction of activities of daily living, moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence

or pace, and no episodes of decompensation.”3 This reliance appears to have affected the ALJ’s

finding that the severity of Dragon’s impairments did not meet Listing 12.05C as well as the ALJ’s

finding of her RFC, which affects the fourth step of the analysis.

        Dr. Deardorff performed a consultative psychological evaluation of Dragon on July 13, 2004.

On August 4, 2004, Dr. Pawlarczyk performed a psychiatric review of the record (the PRTF), which

included Dragon’s school records and Dr. Deardorff’s evaluation. In weighing medical opinions,

generally, a treating source is to be given more weight than an examining source and an examining

source (Dr. Deardorff) more weight than a non-examining source (Dr. Pawlarcyzk). 20 C.F.R. §

404.1527(d)(1)–(2).4 This is not a bright-line rule. See Lyons v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 19 F. App’x 294,


        3
        The language of these criteria do not specifically pertain to Listing 12.05C (the criteria
appear in Listing 12.05D and others), but this statement implies a reliance on Dr. Pawlarcyzk’s
evaluation rather than Dr. Deardorff’s in concluding that Dragon did not meet any of the listings.
        4
        The “treating-physician doctrine” is inapplicable in this case. The testimony of a treating
physician is entitled to substantial deference, but in this case Dr. Deardorff was merely an examining
physician, performing an evaluation at the expense of the Social Security Administration. See

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302 (6th Cir. 2001) (“A non-examining physician’s opinion may be accepted over that of an

examining physician when the non-examining physician clearly states the reasons that his opinions

differ from those of the examining physicians.”). Whether an opinion is consistent with the record

as a whole or supported by relevant evidence will also factor into the evaluation of medical opinions.

20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(3)–(4). The weight of non-examining sources will be given weight

dependant on the “degree to which they provide supporting explanations for their opinions.” 20

C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(3).

       In this case, Dr. Pawlarcyzk’s evaluation consisted almost entirely of checked boxes and a

regurgitation of some of Dr. Deardorff’s findings. He provided little explanation or support for his

conclusion that Dragon did not satisfy the diagnostic criteria of mental retardation and anxiety-

related disorders. Dr. Deardorff’s analysis, however, was quite detailed and supported not only by

his own evaluation, but also by the rest of the record. Dragon was able to graduate from high school

but only with an individual education plan and regardless of her inability to complete some basic

requirements. Additionally, Dragon has proved that she is not unemployed for lack of trying. Prior

to applying for SSI, Dragon has attempted many jobs for short time periods but has been unable to

maintain consistent employment. Dragon testified that she had difficulty keeping up, that she was

made fun of, that she was slower than others, and that she would get discouraged and frustrated at

her various jobs.    Dr. Deardorff’s analysis confirmed her difficulties in relating to others,

remembering instructions, keeping pace, maintaining attention, and withstanding stress and pressure.


Barker v. Shalala, 

, 794 (6th Cir. 1994).

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He determined that she suffered from anxiety disorder, reading disorder, borderline intellectual

functioning, occupational problems, problems interacting with social environment, problems with

primary support group, and educational problems. His assessment was consistent with a finding of

mental retardation under 12.05C, which requires a finding of “a physical or other mental impairment

imposing an additional and significant work-related limitation of function.”5 Substantial evidence

did not support the ALJ’s decision to disregard Dragon’s examining doctor’s evaluation in favor of

a form with little substantive information. Dr. Deardorff’s more complete evaluation demonstrated

that Dragon met her burden of establishing that she met Listing 12.05C.

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the ALJ’s determination that Dragon failed to

meet a listing in Appendix 1 was not supported by substantial evidence. The regulations suggest that

the analysis may end here: “If we can find that [Dragon is] disabled or not disabled at a step, we

make our determination or decision and we do not go on to the next step.” 20 C.F.R. §

416.920(a)(4). Nevertheless, we will continue with our evaluation of the ALJ’s decision to fully

conclude that it was not supported by substantial evidence.




       5
         Furthermore, Dragon can likely establish disability under Listing 12.05B or 12.05D as well.
Listing 12.05B requires “a valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 59 or less,” which was
precisely found by Dr. Deardorff. Listing 12.05D requires “a valid verbal, performance, or full scale
IQ of 60 through 70, resulting in at least two of the following: 1. Marked restriction of activities of
daily living; or 2. Marked difficulties in maintaining social function; or 3. Marked difficulties in
maintaining concentration, persistence, or pace; or 4. Repeated episodes of decompensation, each
of extended duration.” Dr. Deardorff’s evaluation demonstrates this as well.

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                                                  B.

       If Dragon had failed to demonstrate her disability under the third step, the court would then

move to the fourth step—an assessment of Dragon’s RFC and her past relevant work. In reaching

a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ is to assess the claimant’s physical abilities, mental abilities, other

abilities affected by impairments, and total limiting effects. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(b)–(e). The RFC

is based on medical evidence but also statements made by the claimant on what she can do.

Additionally, the ALJ will “consider descriptions and observations of [the claimant’s] limitations

from [her] impairment . . . provided by [the claimant], [the claimant’s family], neighbors, friends,

or other persons.” 

Dragon argues that, for the same reasons discussed above,

the ALJ erred in relying on Dr. Pawlarcyzk’s evaluation alone. We agree.

       If the ALJ had given any credence to Dr. Deardorff’s evaluation, the RFC would have looked

quite different. The ALJ’s RFC stated that Dragon “cannot interact with the general public more

than occasionally,” while Dr. Deardorff’s more thorough analysis added that Dragon’s “mental

ability to relate to others, including fellow workers and supervisors is moderately to seriously

impaired by her emotional difficulties. . . . She very likely would have difficulty relating adequately

to others in completing simple repetitive tasks.” Consistent with Dr. Deardorff, the ALJ found that

Dragon “can perform only simple, routine tasks and is able to understand, remember, and carry out

only short and simple instructions.” The ALJ, however, ignored Dr. Deardorff’s statement that

Dragon’s “pace may be slowed by her depressive symptomatology.” The ALJ determined that

Dragon “cannot work at a rapid production-rate pace” and “is able to make only simple work-related


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Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


decisions.” Dr. Deardorff viewed Dragon as even more limited, noting that Dragon’s “attention and

concentration skills were not strong during this evaluation and may deteriorate over extended time

periods, slowing her performance in completing simple repetitive tasks.” Furthermore, the ALJ

completely ignored Dr. Deardorff’s assessment that Dragon’s mental ability to withstand stress and

pressure of day-to-day work activities is moderately impaired by her emotional difficulties. He

noted, “Such stress may result in increased anxiety and decreased attention and concentration skills,

and might also result in creased suspiciousness and misinterpretation of the behavior and statements

of those around her.” The ALJ and Dr. Deardorff agreed that Dragon’s reading and arithmetic skills

are limited. We conclude that the ALJ’s RFC was not supported by substantial evidence.

       Additionally, the ALJ’s incomplete RFC was insufficient to elicit apt testimony from the VE

regarding Dragon’s ability to perform her past relevant work. The VE testified that Dragon’s

previous work has ranged from medium to light work, all unskilled. The VE also testified that the

education described by the ALJ was not a functionally limited education, but rather Dragon’s

education would be considered “marginal.” Given the ALJ’s assessment of Dragon’s RFC, the VE

testified that Dragon could perform her past work as a dishwasher. Based on this testimony, the ALJ

remained confident that Dragon would be able to work—“despite her history of academic problems

and some unsuccessful work attempts.” The ALJ understood the VE’s testimony to say that “despite

the[] limitations stemming from [Dragon’s] severe impairments, [Dragon] could perform her

composite job as a dishwasher, both as actually performed and as customarily performed in the




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Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


national economy.” We conclude that this is simply not the case. Had the VE been presented with

a more accurate picture of Dragon’s limitations, the VE’s testimony could have easily differed.

       Furthermore, Dragon has clearly put forth the effort to find work; she attempted and failed

to work as a dishwasher at Old Country Buffet. In assessing a claimant’s RFC, the ALJ will consider

her statements about what she can do. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(3). And in assessing a claimant’s

ability to perform past relevant work, the claimant is to provide information about work done in the

past. 

Then the ALJ may look to others who may know about the claimant’s

work as well as to vocational experts. 

information regarding her past relevant

work and testified that she quit her job at Old Country Buffet for a number of reasons:

       [T]hey told me if I didn’t quit there, I would have got fired because they found out
       that I was pregnant and then I couldn’t keep up and like I was sick a lot and they told
       me they were going to fire me and they said I was also too slow.

Dragon also testified as to why she believes she is unable to work in general:

       I’m unable because any job I tried in the past, I couldn’t keep up because I’m slower
       than others and like say if people made fun of me, I would get discouraged and that
       holds me like I can’t do it and I feel like, basically, I feel I’m too dumb to do it, like
       any kind of job.

The ALJ found Dragon’s testimony “credible to the extent that such testimony is consistent with the

above [RFC] assessment.6 To the extent that any such testimony was reflective of a greater degree

of limitations, such testimony was not found to be credible due to a lack of objective medical



       6
         Dragon argues that the ALJ erred in discrediting her father’s testimony rather than her own,
but we find more significant error in the ALJ’s quick dismissal of Dragon’s own assessment of her
limitations.

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Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


support.” This reasoning is circular. The ALJ found Dragon’s testimony credible to the extent it

confirmed the ALJ’s own conclusion. Thus, it appears the ALJ afforded Dragon’s testimony no

weight at all because the ALJ had come to its conclusion independent of the information from her

testimony.

        But Dragon’s testimony was consistent, both internally and with the record provided to the

ALJ, especially Dr. Deardorff’s analysis. Consistency tends to support credibility, see Rogers

Comm’n of Soc. Sec., 

, 248 (6th Cir. 2007), and Dragon consistently presented that she

was unable to keep up at her previous jobs, including her job as a dishwasher. Dr. Deardorff noted

that Dragon has held “a lot” of jobs, which she has left due to relocation, ridicule, and inability.

Dragon has demonstrated that she wanted to work and persistently attempted to find work. She has

been unable to do so, and to conclude that she is able to perform previous work at which she

earnestly failed is contrary to the record. Thus, we conclude that the ALJ’s RFC and the

determination that Dragon was able to perform her past relevant work given that RFC were not

supported by substantial evidence.

                                                  C.

        The fifth step asks whether Dragon is capable of adjusting to other work. Regarding this

step, the ALJ understood the VE’s testimony to suggest that Dragon “could perform the jobs of

unskilled medium cleaner . . . and unskilled light cleaner . . . despite the above limitations.” Indeed,

when presented with the ALJ’s perception of Dragon’s RFC and her education and past work, the

VE testified that Dragon would also be able to perform other unskilled work such as light cleaning


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Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


jobs including cleaning hotel rooms. For the reasons provided above, we find that the ALJ’s

assessment of Dragon’s RFC lacked the support of substantial evidence. We conclude, thus, that the

VE’s testimony is not supported by the record as the VE was not presented with the full assessment

of Dragon’s abilities.

                                                  IV.

        In this case, we find not only that the ALJ’s decision lacked a foundation in substantial

evidence, but also that the evidence of Dragon’s disability is so substantial that she is entitled to an

immediate award of benefits. Dragon has established significantly subaverage general intellectual

functioning with deficits in adaptive functioning before the age of 22, a valid I.Q. score between 60

and 70, and a physical or other mental impairment imposing an additional and significant work-

related limitation of function. See 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1, § 12.05C. Furthermore, we

find that substantial evidence did not support the ALJ’s conclusions that Dragon was of borderline

intellectual functioning, able to perform past relevant work, and able to perform other work. In this

case, we find that all factual issues have been resolved and that the record adequately establishes

Dragon’s entitlement to benefits. See Faucher v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 

, 176

(6th Cir. 1994).

        For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the district court and remand to the ALJ

for an immediate award of benefits.




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No. 09-4489
Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


       DANNY J. BOGGS, Circuit Judge, Concurring in part and Dissenting in part.

Although the majority provides an extensive and persuasive indication as to why the administrative

law judge should have awarded benefits to Mrs. Dragon, I cannot agree that we are able to make that

determination conclusively as an appellate court, and I therefore respectfully dissent from the

conclusion that “the evidence of Dragon’s disability is so substantial that she is entitled to an

immediate award of benefits.” While the ALJ may have erred in placing more weight on Dr.

Pawlarsyck, a non-examining source, than Dr. Deardorff, an examining source, the difference

between the two sources is not so great as to conclusively reverse the ALJ’s determination. In

particular, his reliance on Dragon’s various past work efforts, which frequently had a productive

beginning but ultimately failed because she was simply “slow” rather than totally unable to perform

work, also seems within the ALJ’s fact-finding discretion.



       Further, to the extent that the decision turns on whether Dragon was “of borderline

intellectual functioning as opposed to mentally retarded” (page 9), I agree that it is a close and

contested issue. Dr. Deardorff’s testing was somewhat contradictory in that he did find IQ scores

at quite a low level, but also found her to have “borderline intellectual functioning and a general

ability to function at a higher level than her test scores indicated.” Dr. Pawlarsyck’s evaluation was

more emphatic in support of a higher functioning level, but broadly consistent with an ability to

function at a higher level than her exact scores. This is somewhat consistent with her being able to

graduate from high school, albeit with an individualized education plan. Contrary to the implication


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Dragon v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec.


at page 14, it is not that “these things [are being] held against her,” so much as it is that they do

indicate conflicting evidence.



       While the majority has pointed out deficiencies in the ALJ’s opinion that might well be

sufficient to remand for further proceedings, I simply do not see that the evidence is sufficiently

compelling for the additional step of ordering the ALJ to award benefits, rather that reevaluating the

evidence in light of the majority’s lucid statement of the principles.



       I therefore dissent from the portion of the opinion that requires an immediate award of

benefits.




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