RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                     File Name: 12a0103p.06

                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


                                                 X
                         Plaintiffs-Appellants, -
 DOMINIC CATALDO, et al.,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                      No. 10-3583
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                                                  -
 UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION;
                                                  -
 UNITED STATES STEEL AND CARNEGIE
                                                  -
 PENSION FUND; UNITED STEELWORKERS OF
                                                  -
                                                  -
 AMERICA, a.k.a. United Steelworkers; and

                        Defendants-Appellees. -
 USX CORPORATION, et al.,
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                  No. 09-01253—Dan A. Polster, District Judge.
                                  Argued: October 6, 2011
                            Decided and Filed: April 13, 2012
   Before: MARTIN and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; ANDERSON, District Judge.*

                                    _________________

                                          COUNSEL
ARGUED: Mark W. Biggerman, Pepper Pike, Ohio, for Appellants. Rodney M.
Torbic, UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, David
M. Fusco, SCHWARZWALD, McNAIR & FUSCO, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellees.
ON BRIEF: Mark W. Biggerman, Pepper Pike, Ohio, William A. Carlin, CARLIN &
CARLIN, Pepper Pike, Ohio, for Appellants. Rodney M. Torbic, UNITED STATES
STEEL CORPORATION, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, David M. Fusco,
SCHWARZWALD, McNAIR & FUSCO, Cleveland, Ohio, Stanley Weiner, Johanna
Fabrizio Parker, Michael M. Michetti, JONES DAY, Cleveland, Ohio, Sasha Shapiro,
UNITED STEELWORKERS INTERNATIONAL UNION, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,
for Appellees.




        *
        The Honorable S. Thomas Anderson, United States District Judge for the Western District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.


                                                1
No. 10-3583        Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.             Page 2


                                  _________________

                                       OPINION
                                  _________________

       GRIFFIN, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs are 225 individuals currently or formerly
employed at steel mills located in Lorain, Ohio. They claim that their union, employer,
and plan administrator violated provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security
Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 1001-1461, and Ohio’s common law by intentionally
misleading them regarding how pension benefits would be calculated, inducing some to
retire early. The district court dismissed the claims, concluding that certain of the
ERISA claims were time-barred, that the others failed to state a claim for relief, and that
the common-law claims were preempted by federal law. We affirm.

                                             I.

       The following facts are accepted as true for purposes of this appeal. See Bennett
v. MIS Corp., 

, 1091 (6th Cir. 2010).

       Plaintiffs work or used to work at steel mills located in Lorain, Ohio (the “mills”
or the “Lorain Works”). At all times relevant here, they were represented in their
collective bargaining efforts by the United Steelworkers of America (“USW”). They are
eligible participants in an employer-sponsored pension plan governed by ERISA.

       The mills have changed ownership many times in the last two decades. Before
1989, defendant U.S. Steel Corporation (“U.S. Steel”) owned them, and plaintiffs’
pension plan was administered by defendant United States Steel & Carnegie Pension
Fund (the “Fund”). U.S. Steel sold the mills in 1989 to Kobe Steel, Ltd., at which time
Kobe Pension Fund began administering the plan. The mills were sold again in 1999,
this time to Lorain Tubular Company, LLC, and the Fund resumed administration of
plaintiffs’ pension plan.

       While U.S. Steel and (later) Kobe Steel owned the mills, plaintiffs’ pension
benefits were determined in the same way benefits were determined for employees
No. 10-3583        Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.             Page 3


working at other U.S. Steel-owned mills. Specifically, benefits were calculated based
in part on a percentage of total wages earned during the five years in which the plan
participant earned the highest annual income, without regard to whether the years were
consecutive to one another (the “best five years method”). In 1999, however, when
Lorain Tubular bought the mills and the Fund became the plan’s administrator again, a
cut-off date was established so that the best five years could include only those years up
to and including 1999. Thus, income earned in 2000 and beyond – which for many
employees was higher than in past years – could not be considered in the benefit
calculations.

       In 2001, Lorain Tubular merged into U.S. Steel, and plaintiffs once again became
employees of U.S. Steel. Based upon promises made in 2003 by persons or entities
plaintiffs do not specifically identify in the complaint, plaintiffs became “hopeful” that,
as employees again of U.S. Steel, they would be treated like all other U.S. Steel
employees with respect to their pension benefits, meaning that their “best five years”
would no longer be limited to the years before 2000. Plaintiffs were later told, however,
that the current formula for calculating pension benefits would remain in place. At no
time was the pension plan amended to reflect the alleged promises.

       Around this time, U.S. Steel offered its employees the opportunity for early
retirement through its “USS Transition Assistance Program for [USW] Represented
Employees,” or “TAP.” Employees who chose to participate in TAP would receive a
lump sum payment and “a significantly more favorable pension calculation” than under
the then-current regime. Plaintiffs sought assurances from U.S. Steel, the Fund, and
USW that Lorain Works employees who chose to participate would receive the same
TAP benefits as U.S. Steel employees in other mills who retired under TAP. “[O]ne or
more” defendants promised they would.

       In reliance on defendants’ assurances, some of the plaintiffs chose to retire under
TAP. But after doing so, they immediately began to receive significantly less than they
expected and less than TAP retirees from other steel mills were receiving. Meanwhile,
No. 10-3583          Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.          Page 4


plaintiffs who retired after 2003 (not under TAP) have continued to receive pension
benefits calculated using only years before 2000.

          Plaintiffs who are still employed at the Lorain Works have inquired with
defendants regarding the benefits they are to receive upon retirement and have asked for
assurances that there is adequate capital in the plan to “ensure proper benefits upon
retirement.” “Yet, they consistently receive incorrect benefit determinations and vague
and inadequate responses.”

          Plaintiffs filed the instant action on June 1, 2009, and asserted the following
claims:     (1) breach of ERISA fiduciary duty; (2) ERISA equitable accounting,
restitution, and other equitable relief; (3) equitable estoppel; (4) failure to furnish
requested plan documents; (5) common-law fraud; (6) common-law negligence; (7)
common-law breach of fiduciary duty; and (8) common-law promissory estoppel.
Defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ claims for failure to state a claim. See Fed. R.
Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The district court granted the motions and dismissed all of plaintiffs’
claims. Plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                              II.

          “We give fresh review to a district court’s order to dismiss a claim under Civil
Rule 12(b)(6). In doing so, we accept all allegations in the complaint as true and
determine whether the allegations plausibly state a claim for relief.” Roberts ex rel.
Wipfel v. Hamer, 

, 581 (6th Cir. 2011) (internal citation and quotation
marks omitted).

                                              III.

          The district court concluded that plaintiffs’ claims against U.S. Steel and the
Fund for breach of ERISA fiduciary duty were time-barred. We review that conclusion
de novo. Friends of Tims Ford v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 

, 964 (6th Cir. 2009).
No. 10-3583               Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                        Page 5


         The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c), and
a plaintiff generally need not plead the lack of affirmative defenses to state a valid
claim, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) (requiring “a short and plain statement of the claim”
(emphasis added)); Jones v. Bock, 

, 216 (2007). For this reason, a motion
under Rule 12(b)(6), which considers only the allegations in the complaint, is generally
an inappropriate vehicle for dismissing a claim based upon the statute of limitations.
But, sometimes the allegations in the complaint affirmatively show that the claim is
time-barred. When that is the case, as it is here, dismissing the claim under Rule
12(b)(6) is appropriate. See 

(“If the allegations . . . show that
relief is barred by the applicable statute of limitations, the complaint is subject to
dismissal for failure to state a claim[.]”).

         ERISA contains a statute of limitations that governs “action[s] . . . with respect
to a fiduciary’s breach of any responsibility, duty, or obligation under this part [29
U.S.C. §§ 1101-1114], or with respect to a violation of this part[.]” 29 U.S.C. § 1113.1
The parties agree that this provision applies to plaintiffs’ fiduciary-duty claims.2
Simplified somewhat, the statute requires that a claim be brought within three years of

         1
             The entire statute of limitations reads as follows:
         No action may be commenced under this subchapter with respect to a fiduciary’s breach
         of any responsibility, duty, or obligation under this part, or with respect to a violation
         of this part, after the earlier of –
         (1) six years after (A) the date of the last action which constituted a part of the breach
         or violation, or (B) in the case of an omission the latest date on which the fiduciary
         could have cured the breach or violation, or
         (2) three years after the earliest date on which the plaintiff had actual knowledge of the
         breach or violation;
         except that in the case of fraud or concealment, such action may be commenced not later
         than six years after the date of discovery of such breach or violation.
29 U.S.C. § 1113.
         2
            Although the complaint is not clear on this point, we assume for purposes of this analysis that
plaintiffs are not asserting a right to individual benefits under § 1132(a)(1)(B), to which we would apply
the most analogous state statute of limitations rather than § 1113. See Meade v. Pension Appeals & Review
Comm., 

, 194-95 (6th Cir. 1992) (applying Ohio’s fifteen-year limitations period for breach
of contract claims to a plaintiff’s claim for benefits); see also Kennedy v. Electricians Pension Plan, 

, 1120 (5th Cir. 1992) (“Congress limited the application of § 1113 ‘to suits claiming breach of
an ERISA trustee’s fiduciary duty “under this part,” which does not include beneficiary suits under
§ 1132(a)(1)(B).’” (quoting Johnson v. State Mut. Life Assurance Co. of Am., 

, 1262 (8th
Cir. 1991))).
No. 10-3583           Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                     Page 6


the date the plaintiff first obtained “actual knowledge” of the breach or violation forming
the basis for the claim, but in no event later than six years after the breach or violation.

means “knowledge of the underlying conduct giving rise to the
alleged violation,” rather than “knowledge that the underlying conduct violates ERISA.”
Wright v. Heyne, 

, 331 (6th Cir. 2003). Pointing to plaintiffs’ allegation
that they learned in 2003 that they would not receive the benefits they were allegedly
promised, the district court concluded that plaintiffs had to file within three years of that
time, or in 2006. Because they filed in 2009, three years after the limitations period
expired, the district court found the claims time-barred and dismissed them for failure
to state a claim.

        Plaintiffs contend that the district court applied the wrong limitations period –
that it should have applied a six-year period instead of a three-year period because they
assert fraud in count one. The final clause of the statute of limitations provides: “except
that in the case of fraud or concealment, such action may be commenced not later than
six years after the date of discovery of such breach or violation.” 29 U.S.C. § 1113. If
plaintiffs’ fiduciary-duty claims fall within this clause, they were permitted to file no
later than “six years after the date of discovery of [the] breach or violation.” 

no serious dispute that plaintiffs’ claims are timely if a six-year limitations period is
used.3 The question, then, is whether this is a “case of fraud or concealment.”

        The parties’ disagreement concerns a question of statutory interpretation. U.S.
Steel and the Fund contend that the fraud-or-concealment exception applies only in
situations where the fiduciary has attempted to hide its breach from the injured party,
i.e., only where there has been “fraudulent concealment,” and not simply where the
underlying breach sounds in fraud. Plaintiffs, by contrast, take a literal approach and
read the exception to apply exactly when it says so: in cases of fraud or concealment,



        3
           The promises upon which these claims are based were allegedly made in early 2003, and
plaintiffs learned the promises were false later that year. The complaint was filed on June 1, 2009.
Although the complaint does not identify the specific dates on which the misrepresentations were made,
U.S. Steel and the Fund do not argue that plaintiffs failed to file within six years of discovering the
violation.
No. 10-3583           Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                     Page 7


meaning that a six-year period applies to claims of fiduciary fraud even absent later acts
of concealment.4

        We have not squarely considered this issue before. The parties say otherwise,
but we disagree with their characterization of our precedent. Plaintiffs, for their part,
rely primarily on our statement in Tassinare v. American National Insurance Co., 

(6th Cir. 1994), repeated in 

, that a “plaintiff with
actual knowledge of a non-fraudulent breach of ERISA fiduciary duties must file suit
within three years.” 

(emphasis added). By implication,
plaintiffs reason, a fraudulent breach would be subject to a six-year limitations period.
Although we agree with the logic of that position, we cannot agree that this one
statement in Tassinare, a case that involved no allegations of fraud or concealment,
represents our considered view on the matter. Nor did we address the issue in Rogers
v. Millan, 

, 

(6th Cir. May 8, 1990) (per curiam)
(unpublished table decision), when we said “the six-year period can be reduced to three
years if there is no fraud or concealment and the defendant can show that the plaintiff
had actual knowledge of the breach or violation.” 

That statement merely
summarizes the statute; it provides no analysis of the fraud-or-concealment clause.

        For their part, U.S. Steel and the Fund cite Browning v. Levy, 

(6th
Cir. 2002), as directly supporting their proposition that “the three-year limitations period
is not circumvented by allegations of fraud that support a breach of fiduciary duty claim
. . . but rather by allegations that the fiduciary has attempted to hide the alleged breach
from the party bringing the action.” The citation is completely off the mark and slightly
misleading. The relevant line from Browning is: “In order to invoke the doctrine of
fraudulent concealment, affirmative concealment must be shown; mere silence or
unwillingness to divulge wrongful activities is not sufficient.” 

(citation,
internal quotation marks, and alterations omitted).                By citing Browning for the
proposition they do, U.S. Steel and the Fund have merely assumed the point they must


        4
          Although the complaint contains allegations of “concealment,” they are wholly conclusory, and
we do not consider them. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

, 1949-50 (2009).
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.              Page 8


prove: that the clause applies only in cases of fraudulent concealment. The citation to
Browning is particularly inapposite given that we never even mentioned in that case the
statute we are interpreting here.

        One week after briefing in this case was complete, we issued Brown v. Owens
Corning Investment Review Committee, 

(6th Cir. 2010). U.S. Steel and the
Fund promptly brought the case to our attention, claiming that it definitively answers the
question we consider today. In their Rule 28(j) response letter, plaintiffs agree that
Brown answers the question, but ask us not to follow it because it conflicts with our
earlier decisions in Tassinare, Wright, and Rogers. See 6th Cir. R. 206(c).

        We disagree with the parties’ reading of Brown. U.S. Steel and the Fund seize
upon the following line in Brown: “ERISA’s fraud exception to the statute of limitations
‘requires the plaintiffs to show (1) that defendants engaged in a course of conduct
designed to conceal evidence of their alleged wrong-doing and that (2) [the plaintiffs]
were not on actual or constructive notice of that evidence, (3) despite their exercise of

(quoting Larson v. Northrop Corp., 

, 1172
(D.C. Cir. 1994)) (alteration in original).

        Insofar as this line purports to set forth the entire set of circumstances in which
the clause can apply, it is dictum because doing so was not necessary to our holding in
Brown. Cf. United States v. Stevenson, — F.3d — , 

, at *3 (6th Cir.
Feb. 23, 2012) (concluding that a passage in an earlier published decision unequivocally
answering the issue presented was dictum because it was unnecessary to the holding).
The precise issue considered in Brown was when the plaintiffs obtained actual
knowledge of the facts that gave rise to the fiduciary’s alleged breach of duty. We
agreed with the district court that the plaintiffs learned of the facts more than three years
prior to filing suit, rendering their claim time-barred. 

. We
further agreed that the plaintiffs’ request to amend their complaint to allege that the
fiduciary took steps to hide or conceal their earlier breach was futile. 

It
was during this discussion that we articulated the above test for the fraud-or-concealment
clause. We found the proposed allegations foreclosed a claim of fraudulent concealment
No. 10-3583             Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                     Page 9


because most of the alleged actions taken by the fiduciary to cover up the wrongdoing
occurred after the plaintiffs received actual knowledge of it. 

And the
fiduciary’s alleged conduct pre-dating the plaintiffs’ actual knowledge did not rise to the
level of concealment. 

no occasion in Brown to consider whether a claim of
fraud, by itself, would be subject to the six-year period because the plaintiffs never
pressed such a claim; they claimed that the defendant fiduciary failed to divest the
plaintiffs’ retirement plans of company stock before it became worthless, a non-
fraudulent breach of fiduciary duty. 

574. Brown’s discussion does not bind
us.

        Nor do we agree with the conclusion other circuits have ascribed to our earlier
cases, indicating that we have interpreted the statute in the way U.S. Steel and the Fund
would have us do. Specifically, our decision in Farrell v. Automobile Club of Michigan,

(6th Cir. 1989), has been cited by both the District of Columbia and
Seventh Circuits as indicating that we have taken sides on a circuit split on the issue and
favor the position taken by U.S. Steel and the Fund. See 

n.15;
Radiology Ctr., S.C. v. Stifel, Nicolaus & Co., 

, 1220 (7th Cir. 1990). It
is unclear which passage in Farrell these courts rely upon. Regardless, Farrell does not
answer the question here.5 The plaintiffs there did not assert that the six-year period
applied, even though their claim sounded in fraud. See 

They instead
argued that they obtained actual knowledge of the violation within three years of filing.
We found that the evidence showed the contrary – that the plaintiffs learned of the
breach more than three years before filing. 

Yet we held that, because
plaintiffs had filed an identical claim in state court within three years of learning of the
alleged violation, the limitations period was equitably tolled while the state claim
remained pending. 

(applying Burnett v. New York Cent. R.R. Co., 

(1965)). Farrell, too, does not bind us here.

        Therefore, whether a six-year limitations period applies in instances where the
claim is based upon fraud and there are no allegations of separate conduct undertaken

        5
            Indeed, no party before us cites Farrell in support of their respective positions.
No. 10-3583              Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                       Page 10


by the fiduciary to hide the fraud is an open question in this circuit. Although some
other circuits have concluded that it does not apply in such situations, see, e.g., In re
Unisys Corp. Retiree Med. Benefit “ERISA” Litig., 

, 503 (3d Cir. 2001);
Radiology 

, the Second Circuit has provided a persuasive
contrary interpretation. See Caputo v. Pfizer, Inc., 

, 188-90 (2d Cir. 2001).

        We need not takes sides on the split at this time, however, for even were we to
conclude that the exception applies in such situations, plaintiffs have failed to
sufficiently plead fraud in this case. Any discussion on the matter therefore would be
dictum, and we decline to opine unnecessarily. See United States v. Hardin, 

, 415 (6th Cir. 2008) (noting that “when the facts of the instant case do not require
resolution of the question[,] any statement regarding the issue is simply dicta” (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted)); cf. Souter v. Jones, 

, 589 (6th Cir.
2005) (reserving the determination of whether an actual innocence exception to the
federal habeas statute of limitations exists until finding that the petitioner could satisfy
the exception if it did). Abstaining is particularly prudent here because the allegations
of fraud are woefully inadequate (as we discuss below), the briefing on the question was
minimal, the issue was not litigated vigorously below, and the question is a rather
complicated one. Therefore, we assume, but do not decide, that a claim of fiduciary
fraud not involving separate acts of concealment is subject to a six-year limitations
period that begins to run when the plaintiff discovered or with due diligence should have
discovered the fraud.

        Plaintiffs have not adequately alleged any underlying fraud. To be sure, the
primary theory of liability contained in plaintiffs’ fiduciary-duty claims does sound in
fraud.6 Specifically, plaintiffs allege that those who retired under the TAP program did
so in reliance upon defendants’ false representations that plaintiffs’ retirement benefits
would be calculated the way other U.S. Steel employees’ benefits were calculated.7 See


        6
            It is unclear what other theories of fiduciary liability (if any) are contained in count one.
        7
         The other plaintiffs do not allege any detrimental reliance upon defendants’ alleged
misrepresentations, an essential element in a claim of fraud. See 

.
No. 10-3583             Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                    Page 11

(listing the elements of common-law fraud). The problem for
these plaintiffs, however, is that they have not pleaded the fraud with even the slightest
amount of particularity. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b).

        “We interpret ‘Rule 9(b) as requiring plaintiffs to allege the time, place, and
content of the alleged misrepresentation on which he or she relied; the fraudulent
scheme; the fraudulent intent of the defendants; and the injury resulting from the fraud.’”
See 

(quoting Yuhasz v. Brush Wellman, Inc., 

,
563 (6th Cir. 2003)). Plaintiffs’ allegations fall well short of this pleading requirement.

        The complaint avers in relevant part that “[n]umerous Plaintiffs specifically
asked (orally and in writing) [defendants] for assurances that they would receive the
same T.A.P. benefits as all other . . . U.S. Steel employees. In response, one or more of
[defendants] promised the Plaintiffs that they would receive the same such benefits,
made representations, and provided false, inaccurate, and/or misleading information to
the Plaintiffs.” This allegation omits entirely the time and place of the alleged
statements. It also fails to allege the speaker of the alleged statements, instead referring
vaguely only to “defendants,” of which there are many in this case.8 See Heinrich v.
Waiting Angels Adoption Servs., Inc., 

, 404 (6th Cir. 2012) (noting that
Rule 9(b)’s heightened pleading requirements require a plaintiff who pleads fraud to
identify the speaker of the statement); Luce v. Edelstein, 

, 54 (2d Cir. 1986)
(holding that the plaintiff’s failure to connect allegations of fraudulent representations
to particular defendants, attributing representations simply to the “defendants,” could not
satisfy Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement); see also United States ex rel. Branhan v.
Mercy Health Sys. of Sw. Ohio, 

, 

, at *9 (6th Cir. Aug. 5,
1999) (unpublished table decision) (Clay, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part)
(noting that “Rule 9(b) does not permit a plaintiff to allege fraud by indiscriminately
grouping all of the individual defendants into one wrongdoing monolith” (citation and
internal quotation marks omitted)).



        8
            Although this appeal only involves three defendants, the complaint named sixteen.
No. 10-3583          Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.          Page 12


        For these reasons, plaintiffs’ claims for breach of ERISA fiduciary duty against
U.S. Steel and the Fund are time-barred, and the district court properly dismissed them
for failure to state a claim for relief.

                                              IV.

        Even though the above analysis applies with equal force to plaintiffs’ ERISA
fiduciary-duty claim against USW, USW never argued below that the claim was time-
barred. It has therefore forfeited that basis for dismissal for purposes of this appeal. See
Poplar Creek Dev. Co. v. Chesapeake Appalachia, L.L.C., 

, 242 n.5 (6th
Cir. 2011). Nevertheless, plaintiffs’ claim against USW fails because plaintiffs have not
plausibly alleged that USW is an ERISA fiduciary.

        The threshold question in all cases charging breach of ERISA fiduciary duty is
whether the defendant was “acting as a fiduciary (that is, was performing a fiduciary
function) when taking the action subject to complaint.” Pegram v. Herdrich, 

, 226 (2000). “[F]or purposes of ERISA, a ‘fiduciary’ not only includes persons
specifically named as fiduciaries by the benefit plan, but also anyone else who exercises
discretionary control or authority over a plan’s management, administration, or assets.”
Moore v. LaFayette Ins. Co., 

, 438 (6th Cir. 2006); see 29 U.S.C.
§ 1002(21)(A); see also Wright v. Or. Metallurgical Corp., 

, 1101-02 (9th
Cir. 2004) (noting “that an individual or entity can still be found liable as a ‘de facto’
fiduciary if it lacks formal power to control or manage a plan yet exercises informally
the requisite ‘discretionary control’ over plan management and administration”).

        The complaint fails to plausibly allege that USW is an ERISA fiduciary. First
of all, USW is not named in plan documents as a fiduciary.                  Plan documents
demonstrate, rather, that U.S. Steel has delegated to the Fund the fiduciary function of
administering plan benefits to participants. Moreover, the complaint contains only the
most conclusory of allegations that USW exercises discretionary control or authority
over plan administration, management, or assets, so it cannot be considered a de facto
fiduciary under ERISA.
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.           Page 13


        Seemingly recognizing the inadequacy of their allegations, plaintiffs seek to affix
a fiduciary status to USW on the un-pleaded theory that USW explained plan benefits
and business decisions regarding plan benefits to plaintiffs and made assurances to those
considering retirement. They cite Bouboulis v. Transport Workers Union of America,

(2d Cir. 2006), for support. Bouboulis involved imposing a fiduciary status
on an employer who made assurances regarding plan benefits to it employees. 

The court did so because the employer was also the plan’s administrator, and employees
could have reasonably believed that their employer was communicating to them in both
capacities (employer and administrator). See 

Corp. v. Howe, 

, 503 (1996)).      Here, however, USW was plaintiffs’ collective bargaining
representative, not their employer. And there is no basis for plaintiffs to have
reasonably believed that USW was acting in the capacity of a plan administrator when
it allegedly made assurances. Indeed, plaintiffs were specifically informed in 1999 that
the Fund would again be administering their pension plan. USW is not an ERISA
fiduciary. The district court correctly dismissed this claim.

                                             V.

        In count three of their complaint, plaintiffs assert a claim for equitable estoppel.
The district court dismissed this claim on the ground that this court had yet to recognize
such a theory of liability in the context of a pension plan (as opposed to a welfare benefit
plan). After the district court entered judgment, however, we recognized a claim for
equitable estoppel in the context of a pension plan. See Bloemker v. Laborers’ Local 265
Pension Fund, 

(6th Cir. 2010). Unfortunately for plaintiffs, the special
facts that gave rise to liability in Bloemker are absent here.

        In Bloemker, the plaintiff decided to retire early after he was told by the plan
administrator in a certified letter that he would receive a certain amount in pension
benefits each month during retirement. 

After receiving benefits for more than
a year in an amount consistent with what he was initially told, the plaintiff was advised
that, due to a computer programming error, the administrator had been overpaying him
approximately $500 per month. The administrator asked the plaintiff to return more than
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.           Page 14


$11,000 in overpayments. 

sued the plan administrator under ERISA
and asserted a claim of equitable estoppel, but the district court dismissed the claim.
Reversing, we held that a plaintiff can invoke equitable estoppel in the pension-plan
context if the plaintiff can demonstrate the traditional elements of estoppel plus (1) a
written representation; (2) plan provisions which, although unambiguous, do not allow
for individual benefit calculation; and (3) extraordinary circumstances in which the
balance of equities strongly favors the application of estoppel. 

We found that
the plaintiff had met each of these requirements.

        The only plaintiffs in any position to assert a claim of equitable estoppel here are
those who participated in the TAP retirement program, because it is only they who
allegedly relied to their detriment on the alleged representations by the Fund. See 

(stating that reliance is an element of traditional estoppel). Moreover, only the Fund
can potentially be estopped from doing anything, because it is the only defendant that
pays pension benefits in accordance with plan documents. See generally Armistead v.
Vernitron Corp., 

, 1299 (6th Cir. 1991) (“Equitable estoppel . . . precludes
a party from exercising contractual rights because of his own inequitable conduct toward
the party asserting the estoppel.”).

        These plaintiffs cannot state a claim for equitable estoppel against the Fund for
two reasons. First, plaintiffs have not adequately pleaded a claim of traditional equitable
estoppel, which requires that the defendant’s actions “contain an element of fraud, either
intended deception or such gross negligence as to amount to constructive fraud.”

(citation, internal quotation marks, and alteration omitted).
As explained above, plaintiffs have not satisfied their burden to plead fraud with
particularity.

        Second, plaintiffs cannot satisfy the justifiable-reliance requirement of an
estoppel claim. A reason we initially hesitated to recognize an estoppel theory when the
terms of the plan are unambiguous is because a participant’s reliance on a representation
regarding the plan “‘can seldom, if ever, be reasonable or justifiable if it is inconsistent
with the clear and unambiguous terms of plan documents.’” 

(quoting Sprague
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.            Page 15


v. Gen. Motors Corp., 

, 404 (6th Cir. 1998) (en banc)). We found this
reason inapplicable in Bloemker, however, because it was impossible for the plaintiff to
determine his correct pension benefit due to the complexity of the actuarial calculations
and his lack of knowledge about the relevant actuarial assumptions used. 

not
a situation where a clear answer to the plaintiff’s question about his plan was easily
answered by reference to plan documents, and the information provided by the plan
administrator – how much the plaintiff would receive each month in benefits – could not
be contradicted by the plan documents. Therefore, it was justifiable for the plaintiff to
rely on the letter calculating the monthly amount. 

contrast, plaintiffs do not allege that the plan documents are ambiguous
on the point at issue here – which years can be included under the best five years
method. Nor do they allege that the documents prevent them from calculating their own
benefits. Indeed, plaintiffs were admittedly aware of precisely how their benefits would
be calculated under the plan: by using the annual income from the participant’s best five
years up to and including 1999. They simply contend that pension benefits should be
calculated in a way different from what is called for in plan documents. Such allegations
cannot form a basis for an ERISA estoppel claim. Therefore, plaintiffs’ reliance on
alleged statements that contradict plan documents (which are unambiguous on the point)
was not justifiable as a matter of law. Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for equitable
estoppel.

                                             VI.

        In count four, plaintiffs claim that the Fund failed to furnish plan documents upon
request. The district court concluded, based upon a review of letters attached to the
Fund’s motion to dismiss, that this claim was baseless.

        ERISA provides that an “administrator shall, upon written request of any
participant or beneficiary, furnish a copy [of certain specific plan documents] or other
instruments under which the plan is established or operated.” 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(4).
An administrator who fails or refuses to comply with a request may be held personally
liable for the failure. 

No. 10-3583            Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.                        Page 16


         The relevant allegation in this count states as follows:

         On or about March 11, 2009, the Plaintiffs sent written requests to all of
         the Defendants[9] for several Plan and Fund-related Documents
         including, but not limited to, Summary annual reports, Summary Plan
         descriptions, Form 5500s, Trust Agreement, Rules and Regulations of the
         Pension Fund, individual Participant benefit calculations, and 204(h)
         notices. However, as of the date this complaint was filed, each
         Defendant has either failed to respond or provided inadequate responses
         to those requests.

         Attached to the Fund’s motion to dismiss was plaintiffs’ letter request, as well
as the Fund’s response. In their opposition brief in the district court, plaintiffs only
argued that the letters could not be considered without converting the motion into one
for summary judgment. It recognized that matters referenced in the complaint and
central to a plaintiff’s claim can generally be considered on a motion to dismiss, but
argued that they never referenced the letters in their complaint and that the genuineness
and admissibility of the letters were issues of fact not appropriate for resolution under
Rule 12(b)(6). Plaintiffs never argued that the Fund’s response to their request was
legally inadequate under ERISA or that the response was untimely.

         The district court correctly concluded that both letters were sufficiently
referenced in the complaint and central to plaintiffs’ claim so as to be properly
considered on a motion to dismiss. See Weiner v. Klais & Co., Inc., 

, 89 (6th
Cir. 1997). As noted above, paragraph 85 of the complaint expressly mentions plaintiffs’
March 11 request and alleges that “each Defendant has either failed to respond or
provided inadequate responses to those requests.” (Emphasis added.) That is a
sufficient reference to the response, we believe, and the adequacy of the response is the
entire claim, let alone central to it.




         9
          Despite plaintiffs’ reference to “Defendants,” which would include U.S. Steel, the Fund, and
USW, the statutory duty they seek to enforce here applies only to plan administrators, see 29 U.S.C.
§ 1024(b)(4), and the Fund is the only such administrator in this action. See Hiney Printing Co. v.
Brantner, 

, 961 (6th Cir. 2001) (“The law in this Circuit is clear that only a plan administrator
can be held liable under section 1132(c).” (citation, internal quotation marks, and alteration omitted)).
No. 10-3583        Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.           Page 17


       Plaintiffs now argue (for the first time on appeal) that the Fund’s response was
legally inadequate because it did not include documents that fall within section
1024(b)(4)’s residual clause. See 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(4) (administrator must produce,
upon request, “other instruments under which the plan is established or operated”). The
Fund’s response demonstrates that it furnished all the requested documents, except for
regulatory filings and other documents provided to various governmental agencies,
regarding the plan. It also withheld requested “minutes, notes, and reports of all
meetings of the Board of Trustees and negotiating committees since January 1, 1969[,]”
because the request was overly broad. Plaintiffs do not challenge these withholdings.
Rather, they contend that the Fund failed to furnish: (1) actuarial valuation reports;
(2) “procedures”; and (3) “calculations.” Because this argument was not raised below,
it is forfeited on appeal. See Poplar Creek 

n.5. Nevertheless, the
argument is meritless.

       With respect to the actuarial valuation reports, plaintiffs concede that they never
specifically requested them. Accordingly, the Fund had no legal duty to produce them.
See 29 U.S.C. § 1024(b)(4) (noting that duty to furnish plan documents arises “upon
written request of any participant or beneficiary”). But plaintiffs say their lack of a
request poses no problem because these reports so obviously fall within the residual
clause that the Fund had a duty to produce them pursuant to a general request for “plan
documents.”

       To be sure, we have held that actuarial valuation reports do fall under the residual
clause of § 1024(b)(4) and must be furnished upon request. See Bartling v. Fruehauf
Corp., 

, 1069-70 (6th Cir. 1994). And we have further held that the failure
to request a specific document by name does not justify withholding the document when
it “so obviously contains the information” described in the request that the administrator
either knows or should know that it was obliged to produce it. 

For example,
the plaintiffs in Bartling asked for “benefit computation worksheets.” The plan
administrator responded that such documents did not exist because computations were
performed by a computer. The administrator did have in its possession, however, a
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.             Page 18


written “Calculation Procedure,” which described in step-by-step detail the procedures
followed to derive a participant’s benefits under the plan and was equivalent to what
plaintiffs had specifically requested. 

We stated that “[i]mposing a burden
upon Plaintiffs to ask for the Calculation Procedure by name rather than by description
would be contrary to the spirit of § 1024(b)(4).” 

        Here, plaintiffs have pointed to no specific request in their March 11 letter that
so obviously refers to the actuarial valuation reports. If they wish to take advantage of
the leniency that Bartling prescribes, they must make a minimal effort on appeal to
identify which of their specific requests reasonably embodies the actuarial valuation
reports. Indeed, given that it has been the law in this circuit since 1994, when Bartling
was decided, that such reports must be furnished upon request, the Fund reasonably
could have concluded that, had plaintiffs wanted the reports, they would have clearly
requested them.

        With respect to the “procedures” and “calculations” plaintiffs apparently
requested but never received, plaintiffs do not identify specifically what they are talking
about or explain why the requests were not covered by the Fund’s response. Their
request sought “[a]ll documents . . . regarding . . . benefit calculations . . . .” The Fund’s
letter in response states: “[A]ttached are the following plan documents that are required
to be provided under section 104(b)(4) of ERISA and copies of the most recent benefit
calculations previously prepared for your clients.” (Emphasis added.) The response
obviously covers the requested calculations. As for “procedures,” nowhere in plaintiffs’
request did they ask for “procedures” by itself, and they have not specifically identified
what document they want. If they are referring to the procedures for determining
pension benefits, the furnished documents were responsive.                 See R.21-3 at 2
(“Accordingly, the documents provided should enable you to determine your clients’
eligibility for benefits, the amount of their benefits, and their rights under the Plan.”).
If the response was insufficient, plaintiffs should have availed themselves of the Fund’s
offer to provide more documents upon a specific request. See 

believe your
No. 10-3583          Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.          Page 19


clients are entitled to receive additional documents, please send me a written request
clearly describing such documents.”). Therefore, count four was properly dismissed.

                                             VII.

          In count two, plaintiffs assert a claim for equitable accounting, restitution, and
“other equitable relief.” The district court dismissed this count on the ground that it was
entirely derivative of the fiduciary-duty claims the court had dismissed.

          According to plaintiffs, count two is premised on 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(3), which
permits a participant or beneficiary to obtain injunctive or “other appropriate equitable
relief” to redress ERISA violations or enforce the plan. By its terms, however,
§ 1132(a)(3) speaks of remedies or appropriate forms of relief. Plaintiffs cannot obtain
such relief in the abstract; they must first establish that at least one defendant breached
the plan documents or violated ERISA in some other way. See Peacock v. Thomas,

, 353 (1996) (“Section [1132(a)(3)] does not . . . authorize ‘appropriate
equitable relief’ at large, but only ‘appropriate equitable relief’ for the purpose of
‘redressing any violations or enforcing any provisions’ of ERISA or an ERISA plan.”
(citation, internal quotation marks, alterations, and ellipsis omitted)). And because
plaintiffs have failed to state a violation of ERISA, they are not entitled to any equitable
relief.

                                             VIII.

          Finally, counts five through eight in plaintiffs’ complaint assert claims under
Ohio’s common law for fraud, negligence, breach of fiduciary duty, and promissory
estoppel. The district court concluded that ERISA preempted all of these claims.

          ERISA preempts “any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter
relate to any employee benefit plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a). Congress intended for
ERISA to preempt only traditional state-based laws that implicate relations among the
traditional ERISA plan entities, including the principals, the employer, the plan, the plan
fiduciaries, and the beneficiaries. Thurman v. Pfizer, Inc., 

, 861 (6th Cir.
2007). “[W]hen a state law claim may fairly be viewed as an alternative means of
No. 10-3583         Cataldo, et al. v. United States Steel Corp., et al.             Page 20


recovering benefits allegedly due under ERISA, there will be preemption.” Briscoe v.
Fine, 

, 498 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
Moreover, if resolution of the state-law claim “necessarily requires evaluation of the plan
and the parties’ performance pursuant to it, the claim is preempted.” 

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

        Plaintiffs anticipated ERISA-preemption by prefacing their allegations regarding
the common-law claims with the following: “In the event that any of the Plaintiffs’
claims do not relate to the Pension Plans or any Defendant is not an ERISA fiduciary,
the   Plaintiffs   assert   the   following     common      law    cause   of     action   for
[fraud/negligence/breach of fiduciary duty/promissory estoppel].”               The problem,
however, is that each of plaintiffs’ common-law claims does relate to the pension plan.
Plaintiffs seek to have their plan administered and their pension benefits calculated in
a way that is different from what the plan documents expressly require, based upon
alleged breaches of legal duties created and imposed by state law. ERISA’s broad
preemptive reach does not countenance this. Furthermore, these common-law claims
would require the court to consider the plan documents to determine whether there had
been any breaches of these state-law duties, a further indication that ERISA preempts
these claims. The district court properly dismissed plaintiffs’ common-law claims.

                                              IX.

        For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.