NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 12a0101n.06

                                            No. 10-3975

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                        FILED
                                                                                        Jan 27, 2012
CLAIRMONT MELVILLE,                    )                                          LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                       )
      Petitioner-Appellant,            )                   ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                       )                   UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.                                     )                   COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN
                                       )                   DISTRICT OF OHIO
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,              )
                                       )
      Respondent-Appellee.             )                           OPINION
_______________________________________)


Before: MOORE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges; QUIST, District Judge.*

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. In November 1992, a jury convicted

Petitioner-Appellant Clairmont Melville of conspiracy to distribute and to possess with the intent

to distribute over fifty grams of cocaine base. Melville has since filed two motions to vacate his

sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, both of which assert that the prosecution failed to correct material

false testimony, thereby denying him a fair trial. The second § 2255 motion, which was supported

by an affidavit purportedly from the falsely testifying witness, also includes allegations that the

prosecution failed to disclose an agreement to reduce significantly the witness’s thirty-year sentence

in return for his testimony against Melville. After this court granted leave to file the second motion,

the district court held an evidentiary hearing and denied both of Melville’s claims. We AFFIRM.




       *
       The Honorable Gordon J. Quist, Senior United States District Judge for the Western District
of Michigan, sitting by designation.
No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


                             I. BACKGROUND & PROCEDURE

A. The November 1992 Trial

       In April 1992, a grand jury indicted Melville for engaging in a drug conspiracy. Ken Lloyd

Adams, the alleged leader of the operation and Melville’s childhood friend from Guyana, was one

of the witnesses who testified against Melville at trial. Adams provided what the government later

classified as “instrumental” testimony about Melville’s involvement in the conspiracy. Pet’r App.

at 22 (§ 5K1.1 Mot. re Adams at 1). By the time of Melville’s trial, Adams and many of the other

witnesses either had pleaded guilty or had been tried and convicted for their own roles in the

conspiracy. A number of those witnesses also had already received substantially reduced sentences

for their cooperation in obtaining those earlier convictions. Following Adams’s testimony against

Melville, the district court likewise reduced Adams’s sentence from thirty to sixteen years in prison.

       At trial, defense counsel asked Adams whether there had been any promises to reduce his

sentence in exchange for testifying. Adams disclaimed any such expectation. Instead, he stated that

his motivation was vindictive: Adams had been imprisoned for his role in the conspiracy and wanted

Melville to face the same result. In closing arguments, Melville’s attorney nonetheless emphasized

the likely influence of a possible sentence reduction on Adams’s decision to testify:

       Let’s talk about these other people that make up the evidence against Mr. Melville.
       One of these individuals, Kim Taylor, she was facing 210 to 262 months, and if you
       will recall, she only ended up being sentenced to 60 months. I would say this is a big
       difference. Why did she end up with such a difference? Pursuant to what we call
       5K1.1[,] which is a provision of the sentencing guidelines, and that is essentially a
       consideration for her assisting the government, and it has got to be substantial. She
       helped the government substantially, and the government tells the judge, asks the


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Melville v. United States


       judge, the judge has the discretion—he doesn’t have to if he doesn’t want to—to give
       that person a reduction in sentence.
       ....
               [A]fter someone is tried and found guilty, after their trial and their sentence,
       the government can still come in and ask the Court to change that person’s sentence
       if they provide again that substantial assistant [sic]. Substantial, that has got some
       teeth in it, and I would submit to you that that is why Mr. Adams is here and he is
       facing a lot. He is facing—he is not facing—he got 30 years. Now, if he gets
       anywhere near the reduction that Kim Taylor did, don’t you think he would say just
       about anything in that regard? Thirty years is a long time.

Resp’t App. at 268–70 (Closing Arg. Tr. at 18–20).

       Adams, however, was hardly the only witness to provide damaging testimony about the

extent of Melville’s role in the conspiracy. Jurors also heard from other co-conspirators, many of

whom corroborated or supplemented Adams’s statements. See, e.g., 

(Trial Tr. at 72: Taylor

Test.) (recounting that Melville was “top dog with Ken Adams,” and that Melville “[b]rought dope,

picked up money, and went in and out of different states to take care of their business”); 

(Trial Tr. at 173–74: Sutton Test.) (recalling that Melville was one of Adams’s “right-hand men”);

(Trial Tr. at 252–53: Watson Test.) (stating that Watson had worked under Melville

and that Melville controlled proceeds from crack sales and gave Adams money in exchange for

packages of crack). The government also produced evidence that Melville was actually present in

two of the drug houses when officers executed search warrants for those premises.




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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


       Thus, after a five-day trial, the jury returned a verdict of guilty. The district court sentenced

Melville to 235 months in prison,1 and Melville’s conviction and sentence were upheld on direct

appeal. United States v. Melville, No. 93-3685, 

(6th Cir. June 21, 1994).

B. Post-Conviction Proceedings

       On September 23, 1998, the district court denied Melville’s first motion to vacate his

sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. On November 15, 2006, Melville filed a Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 60(b) motion for reconsideration of that denial. In his second filing, Melville

presented more specific allegations and an affidavit, purportedly from Adams, that gave details about

the alleged agreement. According to the affidavit, the government promised “to ensure that

[Adams’s] sentence was reduced by more than half” in exchange for his testimony. R. 84-1 (Adams

Aff. at 3). Construing Melville’s filing as a motion to file a successive § 2255 motion, the district

court transferred it to this court. After we granted authorization to file the motion on the basis of

newly available evidence, we then returned the motion to the district court as a second motion to

vacate under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

       In response to Melville’s motion, the government argued that the Adams affidavit was a

forgery because the signature differed from earlier documents and because the words did not appear

to be his own. The government also submitted a responsive affidavit from Assistant U.S. Attorney


       1
         Although Melville is currently on supervised release, that does not render his § 2255 motion
moot. Melville filed his motion while still incarcerated. In any event, an individual on supervised
release is still “in custody” under the habeas statutes. See Akrawi v. Booker, 

, 255 n.1
(6th Cir. 2009); see also 13C CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT , ARTHUR R. MILLER & EDWARD H. COOPER,
FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3533.4.1, at 170 (3d ed. 2008).

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


Gary Spartis, the prosecutor in Melville’s case, asserting that Spartis had never promised anything

in return for Adams’s testimony. Faced with the conflicting evidence, the magistrate judge

recommended an evidentiary hearing to determine whether any agreement between Adams and the

government had existed. Finding the evidence immaterial to Melville’s case, the magistrate judge

also recommended that the district court dismiss Melville’s claim of prosecutorial misconduct arising

out of the government’s failure to correct Adams’s testimony indicating that he had not met with any

government officials prior to trial.2 The district court adopted both recommendations.

       At the evidentiary hearing on June 11, 2009, Melville called only two witnesses, neither of

whom had any specific recollection of his case. The government, in contrast, called two witnesses

who testified at length about the local U.S. Attorney’s general practices and about the government’s

specific actions in Melville’s case. First, the government called Special Agent Frank D’Alesio, who

accompanied Spartis when he interviewed Adams on November 9, 1992. D’Alesio testified that

Adams was proffered during the interview—in other words, that D’Alesio and the Assistant U.S.

Attorney went through the facts of the case with Adams to determine the type of testimony he could



       2
        In support of this second claim, Melville points to the following exchange with Adams:
       Q. Have you had any discussions with anyone from the government with regards
            to coming in here or did you just show up here one day? By here, I mean in the
            courtroom to testify?
       A. I didn’t have no discussion. I got a call from the Correction Officer and they
            said you have to go to court. I didn’t know what I was coming for or nothing.
       Q. Okay. Did you have the opportunity to review with Mr. Spartis or Detective
            Benson or anybody else any of your testimony before you came in here?
       A. No.
Resp’t App. at 217–18 (Trial Tr. at 363–64).

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


provide and, although Adams was not promised a reduction, it was indicated that “his cooperation

would be noted to the Court.” R. 113 (Evid. Hr’g Tr. at 28). D’Alesio discussed his general

recollections about working with the U.S. Attorney’s office in that area—specifically, that explicit

promises were never made but that Assistant U.S. Attorneys would usually tell witnesses that their

cooperation would be noted to the judge, who would make the final determination on the need for

a reduction. In response to a question concerning whether Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35

or § 5K.1 motions were ever mentioned, D’Alesio stated that “I believe in this case it might have

been a 5K1 we were talking about.” 

But when asked about the accuracy of Adams’s

statement that he had no expectation of a reduction, D’Alesio believed the statement to be true

because no promises had been made and any indication that the government could assist in reducing

Adams’s sentence would have been couched in indefinite terms. Finally, D’Alesio stated generally

that his testimony was based on his “general recollection of the way things were done in most cases,”

rather than a specific memory of Melville’s case. 

       The government then called Gary Spartis, the Assistant U.S. Attorney who prosecuted

Melville’s case. Spartis testified to his specific recollections of the November meeting with Adams.

When asked whether there was any discussion about what Adams could expect in return for

testifying against Melville, Spartis responded that they “didn’t get into any type of discussion as to

what would happen with regard to his sentence.” 

Spartis indicated that his reluctance to

make such an offer stemmed from the fact that he “was pretty skeptical of Ken Adams as a witness.

I did not know whether or not he was going to be truthful if he testified. And it really wasn’t clear


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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


until the second day or so of trial . . . whether or not we were going to risk putting Ken Adams on.”

In terms of any specific discussion about a potential Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure

35 motion, Spartis maintained that “[t]he most I would have gotten into with him would have been

that, if you are truthful, we will treat you fairly, something general like that, but nothing with regard

to Rule 35, a motion for reduction, or anything like that.” 

lines, Spartis later stated

that

        I do not think that we represented to Ken Adams anything with regard to a reduction
        or a Rule 35. I do not think we specifically mentioned it to him, because, in my
        opinion, his testimony would be stronger if he did not expect anything. . . . [I]f he’s
        not been promised anything, then it adds credibility to the witness. . . . In other
        words, it doesn’t look like his testimony is bought and paid for . . . by a reduction or
        anything like that.

Although Spartis recognized Adams’s likely hope that his testimony would lead to a

reduction in sentence, Spartis did not believe that Adams’s statements regarding his expectations for

such a reduction were inaccurate because there had been no specific discussion of that possibility.

Spartis noted, however, that because he had been aware of Adams’s likely expectation, Spartis made

a point of acknowledging it in his closing argument “in order to provide full disclosure to the jury.”

        Defense counsel also questioned Spartis about the exchange in which Adams testified that

he had not been in prior contact with government officials. Because Adams was summoned to

testify and transferred to the courthouse before he had engaged in any discussions with the

government, Spartis had not deemed Adams’s response to be inaccurate at the time of trial. Spartis

stated that, in hindsight, he wished he had approached the bench to discuss the proffer session, but

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


“[a]t the time, [Spartis] didn’t interpret [defense counsel’s] questions to elicit that response.” 

        After the evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge concluded that Melville failed to meet his

burden of showing any promise or agreement between Adams and the government that would entitle

Melville to relief.3 The district court adopted that recommendation and dismissed Melville’s § 2255

motion. Melville timely appealed, and the district court granted his motions for a certificate of

appealability as to the two issues now before this court.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

        For the court to grant relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, “a petitioner must demonstrate the

existence of an error of constitutional magnitude which had a substantial and injurious effect or

influence on the guilty plea or the jury’s verdict.” Humphress v. United States, 

, 858

(6th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). “[W]e review the district court’s factual findings

for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo.” 

exists “only when we are left with

the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United States v. Kellams, 

, 648 (6th Cir. 1994). Thus, “[i]f there are two permissible views of the evidence, the

factfinder’s choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous.” 

is particularly

difficult to overcome when a district court opts to credit one witness over another where both



        3
        Because the Adams affidavit that Melville attached to his original motion was never
authenticated, the magistrate judge did not consider it.

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


witnesses “told a coherent and facially plausible story that is not contradicted by extrinsic evidence,’

and where [the district judge’s] finding is ‘not internally inconsistent.’” Brooks v. Tennessee, 

, 897 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 

, 575

(1985)), cert. denied, 

(2011).

B. The Government’s Alleged Failure to Disclose An Agreement with Adams

        Melville argues that the district court erred in not finding at least a tacit agreement between

the government and Adams. Melville maintains that the government’s failure to disclose the

agreement violated Brady v. Maryland, 

, 87 (1963), which requires the government to

disclose potentially exculpatory evidence to the defendant. See also Strickler v. Greene, 

, 280–81 (1999). Melville further argues that the government’s failure to correct Adams’s

testimony denying the agreement’s existence violated Napue v. Illinois, 

, 269 (1959),

which prohibits the prosecution from using false testimony to obtain a conviction and from allowing

such testimony, even if unsolicited, “to go uncorrected when it appears.”

        The law is clearly established that both express agreements and “less formal, unwritten or

tacit agreement[s]” between the prosecution and a witness constitute impeachment material that must

be turned over to the defense. Bell v. Bell, 

, 233 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc). But the

mere fact that a witness has an expectation of favorable treatment in exchange for his testimony is

insufficient to demonstrate such an agreement; rather, “there must be some assurance or promise

from the prosecution that gives rise to a mutual understanding or tacit agreement.” 

. Thus, as long as the government does not promise anything to a witness before he or she


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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


takes the stand, the government may reward that witness for giving favorable testimony even if the

government has not previously disclosed to the defendant its intent to do so. Id.; 

.

       Even if we assume that Melville has provided sufficient evidence to support a tacit agreement

between Adams and the government, that alone does not warrant reversal. Melville still must

demonstrate all elements of a Brady violation, which include (1) that the evidence was favorable to

him; (2) that the government withheld the evidence; and (3) that he was prejudiced by the non-

disclosure—in other words, that “‘the favorable evidence could reasonably be taken to put the whole

case in such a different light as to undermine confidence in the verdict.’” 

–82, 290 (quoting Kyles v. Whitley, 

, 435 (1995)).

       Melville argues that because Adams’s testimony was “instrumental,” “there is a reasonable

probability that [the jury] would have acquitted [him].” Pet’r Br. at 15. Akrawi is again instructive.

In Akrawi, the court determined that in spite of the undisclosed tacit agreement, the petitioner was

unable to show prejudice to support a Brady 

–65. There, some evidence

had been presented at trial to support “the potential for a charge-reduction deal,” which already

permitted defense counsel to use it to impugn the witness’s credibility to some degree. 

Although disclosure of the agreement arguably would have allowed for more effective cross-

examination, the court determined that it would have been only “incrementally so.” 

prosecution’s case did not hinge on that single witness’s testimony; other witnesses also gave

“damning” evidence to support the conviction. 

only a small amount of physical


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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


evidence and a case based largely on testimony by cooperating accomplices, we determined in

Akrawi that the prosecution’s failure to disclose the agreement did not result in prejudice. 

        The analysis in Melville’s case is largely the same. Although specific evidence of an

agreement was not presented at trial, both sides in closing arguments addressed the possibility that

Adams sought to receive the same type of sentence reduction as other co-conspirators. See Resp’t

App. at 268–70 (Trial Tr. at 18–20) (excerpt from the defense’s closing argument in which counsel

discussed the government’s ability to move for a reduction in sentence and surmised that “that is why

Mr. Adams is here”); 

(Trial Tr. at 29) (excerpt from the government’s closing argument

that disclosed sentence reductions granted for other co-conspirators but reiterated that Adams

received no promise of a similar reduction). Thus, as in Akrawi, while cross-examination may have

been a more effective mode of impeachment, its absence did not jeopardize the fairness of Melville’s

trial. Likewise, although Adams provided valuable testimony against Melville, he was by no means

the only witness to do so. It therefore cannot be said that further undermining Adams’s credibility

would have resulted in a different outcome any more than in Akrawi.4




       4
         As discussed in greater detail below, an uncorrected statement must be “indisputably false”
to give rise to a violation under Napue v. Illinois, 

(1959). 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Because the evidence does not unquestionably demonstrate an
agreement between Adams and the government, Melville’s contention that the prosecution violated
Napue by failing to disclose an agreement also fails.

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


C. The Assistant U.S. Attorney’s Failure to Disclose Adams’s Allegedly False Testimony
   Regarding Adams’s Prior Meeting with Government Officials

        Melville next argues that the prosecutor’s failure to correct Adams’s testimony denied

Melville a fair trial because it violated Napue v. Illinois, 

(1959).5 “The knowing use

of false or perjured testimony constitutes a denial of due process if there is any reasonable likelihood

that the false testimony could have affected the judgment of the jury.” Coe v. Bell, 

,

343 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). To succeed on such a claim, a defendant

“must show (1) the statement was actually false; (2) the statement was material; and (3) the

prosecution knew it was false.” 

marks omitted). To show falsity, the

defendant must demonstrate that the testimony was “actually perjured”; “mere inconsistencies” are

not sufficient to establish knowing use of false testimony. 

marks omitted);

see also 

(“The subject statement must be ‘indisputably false’ rather than

‘merely misleading.’” (quoting Abdus–Samad v. Bell, 

, 626 (6th Cir. 2005))). In turn,

“[a] false statement is material . . . and ‘[a] new trial is required[,] if the false testimony could in any

reasonable likelihood have affected the judgment of the jury.” 

(second and

third alterations in original) (quoting Giglio v. United States, 

, 154 (1972)).



        5
         The government urges us to apply the law-of-the-case doctrine to decide this issue. Because
this case is easily resolved on the merits, we decline to do so. In any event, circuit precedent renders
it unlikely that law of the case applies. Although we have not definitively decided the question, the
Sixth Circuit has strongly suggested that law of the case does not apply to successive habeas
petitions because of the likelihood “that each habeas petition is a separate and distinct case.”
Rosales-Garcia v. Holland, 

, 398 n.11 (6th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 

(2003).

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No. 10-3975
Melville v. United States


       Even if we take at face value Melville’s assertion that Adams’s statements regarding his

interactions with the government were “indisputably false,” Melville still falls short on the remaining

prongs. First, Melville’s materiality argument suffers for the same reasons as did the prejudice

argument tied to his first claim. Melville’s main use for uncovering the alleged falsehood was,

again, to impugn Adams’s credibility by showing that Adams had lied on the stand. But both

Adams’s status as a convicted co-conspirator and his likely self-preserving motive for testifying had

already damaged Adams’s credibility to some degree. Moreover, Adams’s statements were

corroborated by other witnesses. Thus, even if unveiling the falsehood would have irreparably

damaged Adams’s credibility, there is no reason to believe that the jury’s decision-making processes

would have been materially altered. Second, the evidence presented about the prosecution’s

knowledge indicates that at the time of trial, Spartis believed that the exchange presented “correct,

or accurate, testimony on Mr. Adams’ part, because he never did have any discussions with us prior

to him being writted back and meeting with us on the first day of trial.” R. 113 (Evid. Hr’g Tr. at

56). Although Spartis later had second thoughts about his initial interpretation, Spartis’s testimony

at the evidentiary hearing consistently maintained that he did not harbor such concerns during the

trial. Melville thus has not shown that the government knowingly used false testimony in violation

of his rights. See 

.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the district court’s dismissal of Melville’s

motion to vacate his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255.


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