NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 12a0777n.06

                                           No. 11-3870

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                         FILED
                                                                                     Jul 18, 2012
CHEIKH NDIAYE,                                            )
                                                          )                   LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
        Petitioner,                                       )
                                                          )
v.                                                        )   ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
                                                          )   FROM AN ORDER OF THE
ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General,                    )   BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
                                                          )   APPEALS
        Respondent.                                       )
                                                          )
                                                          )



        Before: NORRIS, McKEAGUE, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.

        KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. Cheikh Ndiaye petitions for review of a decision of the Board

of Immigration Appeals denying his applications for asylum and withholding of removal. We deny

the petition.

                                                 I.

        Ndiaye first applied for asylum on February 26, 2003. His application stated that he is a

native and citizen of Mauritania. He also asserted the following facts: In 1989, White Moor soldiers

arrested him and his family on account of their race and ethnicity. The soldiers detained him for one

month, tortured him, and forced him into manual labor. The soldiers then forcibly deported him to

Senegal, aided by volunteers from the Red Cross. He spent the next five years in a refugee camp in
No. 11-3870
Ndiaye v. Holder

Senegal, followed by 12 more years in Dakar, Senegal. He came to the United States through J.F.K.

airport in New York City on March 26, 2002, aided by a man named “Modou.”

       The Department of Homeland Security rejected Ndiaye’s asylum application on April 24,

2003, and initiated removal proceedings. DHS issued Ndiaye a Notice to Appear, charging that he

had entered the United States at New York City on March 26, 2002 (as Ndiaye had stated in his

asylum application) without a valid immigration document. Ndiaye admitted the allegations in the

Notice and conceded removability. But he requested relief by filing another application for asylum,

see 8 U.S.C. § 1158, as well as applications for withholding of removal, see 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3),

and protection under the Convention Against Torture, see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c).

       After a hearing, at which Ndiaye was the only witness, the Immigration Judge denied all

requested relief. The IJ found that Ndiaye did not show his asylum application to be timely and did

not support his other applications with credible evidence. The IJ therefore ordered Ndiaye removed

to any country willing to accept him. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed the denial of

relief, but remanded for the IJ to designate a country of removal. The IJ ordered Ndiaye removed

to Mauritania, and the BIA affirmed. Ndiaye then filed this petition.

                                                 II.

       Ndiaye first argues that the IJ should have treated his asylum application as timely. The IJ

determined that Ndiaye had no evidence to support his assertion that he entered the United States

on March 26, 2002. Thus, the IJ said, Ndiaye could not establish that his original asylum

application—filed February 26, 2003—was filed within one year of his arrival in the United States.

See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). This court lacks jurisdiction to review that factual determination. 

11-3870
Ndiaye v. Holder

§ 1158(a)(3); El Moussa v. Holder, 

, 254 (6th Cir. 2009). We may, however, review

constitutional claims and questions of law. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D); Fang Huang v. Mukasey, 

, 650–51 (6th Cir. 2008).

       Ndiaye argues that the IJ’s ruling denied him due process. He relies on our decision in Gjyzi

v. Ashcroft, 

, 714 (6th Cir. 2005). But that case found a due-process violation because

the BIA left intact an IJ’s timeliness determination that lacked any rational basis. 

IJ

offered a reasoned basis for its finding—a lack of evidence. So Gjyzi does not apply.

       Ndiaye also argues that the IJ committed a legal error in failing to hold the government to

its allegation in the Notice to Appear that Ndiaye entered the country on March 26, 2002—a fact

that, if accepted, would make his petition timely. The Ninth Circuit has held that an arrival date in

a Notice to Appear may indicate that the government views the date as undisputed. See Hakopian

v. Mukasey, 

, 846 (9th Cir. 2008). But the statute places the burden on the petitioner

to prove his arrival date “by clear and convincing evidence.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). And even

the Ninth Circuit has recently clarified that the government is free to contest an alien’s arrival

date—notwithstanding the Notice to Appear—where the government gives notice to the petitioner

of its intent to do so. See Cortez-Pineda v. Holder, 

, 1122 (9th Cir. 2010). Thus, we

agree with the Second Circuit that the Notice to Appear may serve as corroborative evidence of the

petitioner’s arrival date, but that it does not itself carry the petitioner’s burden. See Zheng v.

Mukasey, 

, 286, 286 n.5 (2d Cir. 2009).

       The IJ was not legally required to adopt the arrival date in the Notice to Appear. We

therefore cannot review the IJ’s finding that Ndiaye’s petition was untimely.

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Ndiaye v. Holder

                                                 III.

       Ndiaye also challenges the IJ’s determination that he failed to establish his identity and

national origin. Here again, Ndiaye has the burden to establish his entitlement to relief. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3)(C). The IJ’s determinations about identity and national origin “go to the heart of his

claim” for withholding of removal. Mullaj v. Gonzales, 186 F. App’x 574, 576–77 (6th Cir. 2006).

They are therefore “conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude

to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see also 

. (Ndiaye filed

his original asylum application in 2002, so he is not subject to the stricter standard of the REAL ID

Act of 2005. See Amir v. Gonzales, 

, 925 n.4 (6th Cir. 2006).)

       The only evidence that Ndiaye submitted to establish his identity and national origin was a

Mauritanitan national identity card. But this card is suspect in several respects. It is dated March

11, 1991, when Ndiaye claims he was already living in the refugee camp in Senegal. Ndiaye says

that Red Cross volunteers had him fill out a blank form, then took the form to Mauritania and

obtained the card on his behalf. But the IJ was rightly skeptical that Mauritanian authorities would

issue a Mauritanian identity card—listing Russo, Mauritania as the holder’s residence—to a proxy

for a forcibly deported person currently living as a refugee in Senegal. The card also lists a birth

certificate number for the holder, even though Ndiaye stated that he did not have his birth certificate

at the refugee camp. And the card’s signature line is missing the signature of the government official

who supposedly issued it.

       Ndiaye responds that the IJ mistakenly relied on Matter of O-D-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 1079, 1081

(BIA 1998), by treating his identity card as counterfeit without a forensic analysis. But the IJ never

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Ndiaye v. Holder

found that the card was counterfeit; it merely found reasons to doubt that the card genuinely

belonged to Ndiaye. That determination was reasonable.

       Ndiaye also made no attempt to have his family members corroborate his story, even though

he claims that they, too, were forcibly deported to Senegal. Ndiaye stated that he has regular contact

with his family members. That they do not typically write him letters does not show that they could

not support his claims. The absence of such corroborative evidence—evidence that one would

expect to see in a case like this—supports the IJ’s adverse determination. Dorosh v. Ashcroft, 

, 382 (6th Cir. 2004).

       Ndiaye’s proffered “plausible” explanations for the discrepancies noted by the IJ do not

compel the conclusion that the IJ acted unreasonably. Shkabari v. Gonzales, 

, 330 (6th

Cir. 2005).

       The petition for review is denied.




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