NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0069n.06

                                           No. 12-5134
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                   Jan 14, 2013
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        )
                                                 )
       Plaintiff-Appellee,                       )
                                                 )
v.                                               )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                 )    STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
SEAN JAY WIDMER,                                 )    EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                 )
       Defendant-Appellant.                      )



       Before: COOK and WHITE, Circuit Judges; SHARP, District Judge.*


       COOK, Circuit Judge. Sean Widmer pleaded guilty to one count of knowingly receiving

child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2) and (b)(1). The district court imposed

a low-end Guidelines sentence of ninety-seven months’ imprisonment, followed by five years of

supervised release. On appeal, Widmer challenges the procedural and substantive reasonableness

of his sentence and the special conditions imposed on his supervised release. For the following

reasons, we AFFIRM Widmer’s sentence, and VACATE and REMAND the special conditions of

his supervised release for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




       *
       The Honorable Kevin H. Sharp, United States District Judge for the Middle District of
Tennessee, sitting by designation.
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


                                                  I.


       On February 1, 2010, federal investigators interviewed Widmer regarding child pornography

on his computer. Widmer admitted that he used a file-sharing software program to receive child

pornography via the Internet. He also provided written consent for agents to examine his computer,

and agents’ later examination identified seven still images and 134 videos depicting identifiable child

victims, prepubescent children in sexual contact with adults and other children, and sadistic and

masochistic conduct. Because the Guidelines credit each video as seventy-five images, Widmer

possessed 10,057 images.


       Widmer stipulated to a base offense level of twenty-two in his plea agreement. Probation’s

Presentence Investigation Report (“PSR”) calculated the applicable sentencing adjustments. Widmer

obtained reductions for receipt without the intent to distribute (two levels) and acceptance of

responsibility (three levels). He also received enhancements because he possessed more than 600

images (five levels), used a computer to receive the pornography (two levels), and the images

contained prepubescent minors (two levels) and depicted sadistic, masochistic, or violent content

(four levels). Widmer’s offense level totaled thirty. This offense level and Widmer’s criminal

history yielded an advisory Guidelines range of 97–121 months’ imprisonment. Additionally, 18

U.S.C. § 3583(k) mandated a minimum five-year term of supervised release, on which the PSR

recommended the court impose the Eastern District of Tennessee’s standard special conditions of

supervised release for sex offenders. Widmer objected to five: sex-offender mental-health


                                                 -2-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


treatment, a post-release psychosexual evaluation, probation-officer compliance searches, and

restrictions on both his association with minors and use of computers.


       To support his challenge, Widmer argued that testing performed by Dr. Ted Shaw

demonstrated that he presented no risk to children and had a low likelihood of recidivism. (See R.

27, Def.’s Obj. PSR.) At a later hearing, however, the court found Shaw’s report “highly subjective”

and ordered additional assessment and testing with Dr. James Michael Adler. (R. 44, Addt’l Testing

Hr’g Tr. at 66:18–20, ID #336.) During this additional testing, Widmer admitted masturbating to

images in his child pornography collection (R. 45, Adler Report at 13, ID #353), and Dr. Adler’s

report assessed a “low-moderate” risk of recidivism (id. at 11, ID #351).


        Three days before the sentencing hearing, the court issued an order overruling Widmer’s

PSR objections (see R. 49, Jan. 20, 2012 Order, ID #506), concluding that the challenged

conditions, if imposed at the sentencing hearing, would not impermissibly delegate sentencing

authority to the probation department (id. at 11–12, ID #516–17). Further, the court found each of

the PSR’s recommended supervised-release conditions reasonably related to the crime of child

pornography, but “[i]t remain[ed] for the Court to determine at sentencing whether [Widmer’s]

specific offense, history, and characteristics merit the imposition of these post-incarceration terms.”

(Id. at 14, ID #519.)


       Widmer also filed a “Motion for Below-Guidelines Sentence Based on § 3553(a) Factors and

Sentencing Memorandum” (R. 47), seeking a sixty-month mandatory-minimum sentence. At the

                                                 -3-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


sentencing hearing, after listening to testimony from Drs. Shaw and Adler, the court imposed a

ninety-seven month, low-end, within-Guidelines sentence and five years of supervised release with

the standard special conditions.


                                                  II.


A. Reasonableness of the Sentence


       We review a district court’s sentencing determination for reasonableness under a deferential

abuse-of-discretion standard, United States v. Bolds, 

, 578 (6th Cir. 2007), first ensuring

that the district court committed no significant procedural error such as “treating the Guidelines as

mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors . . . or failing to adequately explain the chosen

sentence.” Gall v. United States, 

, 51 (2007). If the sentence is procedurally sound, we

then consider its substantive reasonableness. United States v. Grossman, 

, 595 (6th Cir.

2008) (quoting 

).


       i. Procedural Reasonableness


       Widmer levied two procedural-reasonableness challenges: First, he argued that the court

abused its discretion by misconstruing his variance motion as a downward-departure motion,

erroneously employing departure standards to deny a variance. Second, he argued that the court’s

use of the phrase “the heartland” suggests it treated the Guidelines as mandatory, thereby

overlooking the § 3553(a) sentencing factors.

                                                 -4-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


        Widmer’s first argument fails because the record demonstrates that the court conducted

separate departure and variance analyses, affording him two chances at relief. The court separately

outlined the grounds on which it could grant a departure or variance (see R. 55, Sent’g Tr. at

151:2–17 (explaining departures), 151:18–152:4 (explaining variances)), explaining, for example,

that it “has much more discretion and may take a wide range of considerations into account when

determining whether a downward variance is appropriate under . . . Section 3553(a).” (Id. at

151:18–21.) The court clearly signaled when it moved from departure to variance analysis:

“Furthermore, a downward variance is not warranted . . . .” (Id. at 152:18 (emphasis added).)

Ultimately, the court independently decided the departure and variance issues: “The Court finds that

there is no basis for a downward departure and that the Section 3553(a) factors do not indicate that

a downward variance is warranted in this case.” (Id. at 155:14–16.) Though Widmer insists that his

“Motion for a Below Guidelines Sentence” requested only a downward variance, we find no abuse

of discretion in the court’s decision to analyze an additional possible ground for shortening

Widmer’s sentence.


        Widmer further contends that the court’s use of the phrase “the heartland,” a concept

developed before the Guidelines became advisory, betrays the court’s improper treatment of the

§ 3553(a) factors. He posits that the court treated the Guidelines as mandatory by first requiring facts

to remove Widmer’s case from “the heartland” of child pornography cases before considering the

§ 3553(a) factors. Again, the record belies Widmer’s claim. The court individually assessed the

§ 3553(a) factors and simply found that they did not warrant a downward variance. (See 

No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


155:15–16.) The court clearly understood the Guidelines’ advisory nature. (See, e.g., 

(declaring that it “treat[s] the Sentencing Commission Guidelines as advisory only”).) We glean no

procedural error from the court’s two brief references to “the heartland.”


       ii. Substantive Reasonableness


       “A sentence is substantively unreasonable if the sentencing court arbitrarily selected the

sentence, based the sentence on impermissible factors, failed to consider pertinent § 3553(a) factors,

or gave an unreasonable amount of weight to any pertinent factor.” United States v. Cunningham,

, 733 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Collington, 

, 808 (6th Cir.

2006)). Because Widmer’s ninety-seven month sentence falls within the properly calculated

Guidelines range of 97–121 months, we afford it a presumption of reasonableness. United States

v. Simmons, 

, 365 (6th Cir. 2009). “Defendant bears a heavy burden in showing that

his sentence at the low-end of his Guidelines range is [substantively] unreasonable.” 

(citing United States v. Bolds, 

, 581 (6th Cir. 2007)). Here,

presumptive reasonableness dooms Widmer’s substantive-reasonableness challenges.


       Widmer argues that the district court inappropriately utilized the “market theory” of child

pornography to impose his sentence. Because his conduct involved downloading rather than

exchanging or purchasing child pornography, Widmer argues that he could not have affected the

child-pornography market. When courts consider general deterrence as a sentencing factor, the

inquiry “should be focused upon the market for such activities” and target the “production,

                                                -6-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


distribution, receipt, or possession of child pornography.” United States v. Robinson, 

,

777 (6th Cir. 2012). General deterrence “is crucial in the child pornography context.” United States

v. Camiscione, 

, 834 (6th Cir. 2010).


        Here, the district court relied on the market theory for only part of its general deterrence

analysis before properly considering the sentence’s deterrent effect. After explaining that “[t]hose

who receive child pornography form a market for the images and encourage the further abuse of

children depicted in the images,” (R. 55, Sent’g Tr. at 153:3–6), the court employed yet another

rationale—difficulty of detection. “General deterrence is especially important in child pornography

cases because child pornography is . . . difficult to detect, as the Internet allows potential offenders

to perpetrate the offense in the privacy of their homes.” (Id. at 154:22–25.) The court stated that

Widmer’s sentence “will send a signal to would-be offenders that receipt of child pornography

carries significant consequences.” (Id. at 155:6–7.) Cf. 

(reversing

district court because it “failed to consider how its sentence provided adequate ‘general deterrence’

to the population at large”). The district court clearly considered the need for its sentence to promote

general deterrence, and its analysis withstands Widmer’s challenge.


        Widmer next argues that the district court overlooked the results of the additional, court-

mandated testing. Yet the record shows that counsel, the court, and Widmer discussed Dr. Adler’s

additional testing throughout Widmer’s sentencing hearing. At the start of Dr. Adler’s testimony,

the court confirmed it received his written report. (R. 55, Sent’g Tr. at 28:9.) During the hearing,


                                                 -7-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


Widmer’s counsel and the Government questioned Dr. Adler at length about his findings. (Id. at

27–76.) When Widmer addressed the court, he referenced his interactions with Dr. Adler. (Id. at

157:12–16.) The court considered the import of Widmer’s masturbation to images of adolescent

females (id. at 154:6–9), later recounting that “Dr. Michael Adler[] found ample evidence that

[Widmer] has some sexual interest in children and reported that [Widmer] had a low to moderate

range of risk of recidivism.” (Id. at 167:22–25.)


       Widmer also overstates Dr. Adler’s testimony as proof that he lacks a sexual interest in

children. Dr. Adler’s report suggests that Widmer poses a “low-moderate range of risk” and “most

likely does not have a ‘sexual interest’ in children.” (See R. 45, Adler Report at 11, ID #351.) These

statements contradict Widmer’s exaggerated interpretation—that the test absolves him of culpable

conduct and any risk of recidivism. Rather than disproving Widmer’s sexual interest in children,

Adler’s report raises questions about Widmer’s culpability and motivations. The report also found

that Widmer’s “use of child pornography is much more complex than he currently acknowledges,”

and “[w]hen challenged, [he] becomes angry, agitated, and reports memory loss.” (Id.) The court

could draw upon all of these findings, and Widmer fails to show abuse of discretion.


       Nor did the district court violate Tapia v. United States, 

(2011), by imposing

a longer sentence than otherwise appropriate so Widmer could complete a treatment program. Tapia

instructs that “a court may not impose or lengthen a prison sentence to enable an offender to

complete a treatment program or otherwise to promote rehabilitation.” 

.


                                                -8-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


Here, the probation officer recommended that Widmer submit to sex offender and drug treatment

while imprisoned. The court recommended such treatment to the Bureau of Prisons after finding that

Widmer “is in need [of] and will benefit from [treatment] during his incarceration.” (R. 55, Sent’g

Tr. at 155:11–13.) Contrary to Tapia, where the lower court imposed a fifty-one month sentence “so

[defendant] is in long enough to get” recommended 

, here the court

merely found that Widmer would benefit from treatment during incarceration and recommended as

much. The court’s rehabilitative concerns here differ markedly from the imposition of treatment

for rehabilitative purposes at issue in Tapia. Thus, we find that the district court did not violate

Tapia’s prohibition.


        Widmer further contends that the court erred when weighing the § 3553(a) factors. But the

court properly considered these factors, going so far as to commend Widmer for his work history,

favorable characteristics, references, and post-rehabilitative efforts. (R. 55, Sent’g Tr. at 152:18–22.)

The court properly determined that Widmer’s risk of recidivism and his offense’s willful and lengthy

nature necessitated specific deterrence. (Id. at 154: 10–19.) It decided the sentence was necessary

to “send a signal to would-be offenders that receipt of child pornography carries significant

consequences.” (Id. at 155:6–7.) We discern no error in the court’s characterization of Widmer’s

conduct, let alone in its evaluation of the evidence to find him sexually interested in children.

Widmer downloaded images of minor children engaging in sexual activity with adult males. (Id. at

12:6–12.) He admitted to Dr. Adler that he masturbated to the images “of the older kids, the



                                                  -9-
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


adolescents.” (Id. at 30:23–24.) The record reflects no clear error in the court’s determination that

Widmer’s masturbation discredits his asserted sexual disinterest in children.


        The district court properly assessed Widmer’s case, and we find no abuse of discretion in

Widmer’s ninety-seven month sentence.


B. Special Supervised Release Conditions


        We review special conditions imposed during supervised release for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Brogdon, 

, 563 (6th Cir. 2007). Despite the Government’s argument

that Widmer failed to object to the terms at sentencing, necessitating plain-error review, Widmer

properly preserved the issue: “I respectfully object to the procedural and substantive reasonableness

of the sentence and of the terms—of some of the terms of supervised release, the ones that we’ve

objected to.” (R. 55, Sent’g Tr. at 168:20–22.) Widmer’s objection to the PSR, filed before the

sentencing hearing, pointed to the same five conditions he now appeals. (R. 27, Def.’s Obj. PSR at

24–46.) Because he previously objected to these five conditions, and his attorney objected to the

procedural and substantive reasonableness of these conditions at sentencing, abuse-of-discretion

applies.


        This court’s review of special conditions involves procedural and substantive components.

To be procedurally reasonable, the court must first “state in open court . . . its rationale for mandating

special conditions of supervised release.” United States v. Carter, 

, 528–29 (6th Cir.


                                                  - 10 -
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Special conditions imposed without specific

justification are “harmless error if the supporting reasons are evident on the overall record, and the

subject special condition[s are] related to the dual major purposes of probation, namely rehabilitation

of the offender and enhancement of public safety.” 

(quoting United States

v. Kingsley, 

, 836 (6th Cir. 2001)).


       In Widmer’s case, the court imposed the shortest possible term of supervised release. See

18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). In its order overruling Widmer’s PSR objections, the court repeatedly tied the

challenged conditions to the crime of child pornography, but postponed examining whether

Widmer’s circumstances merited special conditions until the sentencing hearing. “The PSR’s

recommended conditions of supervised release are reasonably related to the crime for which

Defendant has been convicted. It remains for the Court to determine at sentencing whether the

Defendant’s specific offense, history, and characteristics merit the imposition of these post-

incarceration terms.” (R. 49, Jan. 20, 2012 Order at 14, ID #519.)


       Yet at sentencing, the court imposed the challenged conditions without explaining or

addressing Widmer’s argument that his circumstances did not justify special supervised release

conditions. The court merely stated, “Last, the Defendant shall comply with the sex offender

conditions set forth in Paragraphs 114 through 126 of the pre-sentence report.” (R. 55, Sent’g Tr.

at 164:19–21.) Although we sometimes affirm special conditions of supervised release on a silent

record, see, e.g., United States v. Lantz, 443 F. App’x 135, 144–45 (6th Cir. 2011) (computer


                                                - 11 -
No. 12-5134
United States v. Widmer


restrictions), this case differs because the reasons for imposing Widmer’s special conditions are not

clear from the overall record. The association restriction, for example, bars Widmer from all contact

with minors—even his own daughter—absent a probation officer’s approval. But because Widmer

never solicited or physically harmed a child, the record lacks an obvious rationale for imposing such

a restriction. After having failed to deliver the promised analysis of Widmer’s objections to the

special conditions of supervised release, omitting rationales supporting special conditions of

supervised release cannot be harmless. We therefore vacate the challenged conditions of supervised

release and remand to the district court for a fuller explanation of its reasons for imposing the five

special conditions of supervised release.


                                                 III.


       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Widmer’s sentence, VACATE the special conditions

of supervised release, and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                                - 12 -