RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                    File Name: 14a0201p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                   _________________


 GREEN PARTY OF TENNESSEE; CONSTITUTION PARTY ┐
 OF TENNESSEE,                                         │
                                 Plaintiffs-Appellees, │
                                                       │       Nos. 13-5975/6280
                                                       │
        v.                                             >
                                                       │
                                                       │
 TRE HARGETT, in his official capacity as Tennessee │
 Secretary of State; MARK GOINS, in his official │
 capacity as Coordinator of Elections for the State of │
 Tennessee,                                            │
                             Defendants-Appellants. │
                                                       ┘
                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Middle District of Tennessee at Nashville.
                 No. 3:11-cv-00692—William J. Haynes, Jr., District Judge.
                                  Argued: August 7, 2014
                            Decided and Filed: August 22, 2014

              Before: COLE, Chief Judge; COOK and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                        COUNSEL

ARGUED: Janet M. Kleinfelter, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Alan P. Woodruff, Gray, Tennessee, for Appellees. ON
BRIEF: Janet M. Kleinfelter, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellants. Alan P. Woodruff, Gray, Tennessee, for Appellees.




                                              1
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 2

                                       _________________

                                            OPINION
                                       _________________

       COLE, Chief Judge.       The Green Party of Tennessee and the Constitution Party of
Tennessee seek to appear on Tennessee’s general election ballots as minor political parties. In
February 2011, they filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Tennessee state officials to
challenge laws that they claim have unconstitutionally impeded their access to the ballot. One
year later, the district court granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs; the defendants then
appealed, and this court reversed and remanded, in part because Tennessee had amended the
statutes at issue. On remand, both parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment, and the
district court again granted the plaintiffs’ motion. Defendants again appeal.

       This appeal presents four questions: (1) whether the plaintiffs have standing to challenge
Tennessee’s election laws, (2) whether the state’s ballot-access scheme for minor political parties
unconstitutionally burdens the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights, (3) whether the state’s
preferential ballot-ordering statute impermissibly discriminates against minor political parties in
violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments, and (4) whether the district court properly
awarded attorney’s fees to the plaintiffs. We conclude that the plaintiffs do have standing, but
we reverse and remand the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the plaintiffs on
their ballot-access and ballot-ordering claims. We further conclude that the plaintiffs are a
prevailing party entitled to attorney’s fees, but we vacate the district court’s fee award and
remand for recalculation.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       This case centers on two sets of Tennessee statutes, the first regarding when a political
party’s name may appear alongside its chosen candidates on the state’s general-election ballot,
and the second regarding the order in which parties’ and candidates’ names appear on the ballot.
The plaintiffs, minor political parties active in Tennessee, allege that they consistently have been
denied access to Tennessee’s ballot due to the state’s unduly strict requirements. To be clear,
this case does not involve Tennessee’s rules regarding when a particular candidate may appear
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.        Page 3

on the ballot; it involves only the requirements a political party must meet. In fact, under
Tennessee law, a candidate with no party affiliation can very easily qualify to appear on the
ballot upon submitting a petition signed by as few as twenty-five registered, eligible voters. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-5-101(b).

       The full history of this litigation is addressed in a prior opinion from this court, as well as
two district court opinions. See Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 

(M.D.
Tenn. 2012) (Green Party I), rev’d, 

(6th Cir. 2012) (Green Party), remanded to

(M.D. Tenn. 2013) (Green Party II). The facts relevant to this appeal are
provided below.

A. Tennessee’s Ballot-Access and Ballot-Ordering Provisions

       Since the early 1960s, Tennessee has imposed certain requirements on organizations
seeking to be recognized as political parties on the state’s ballots. See Libertarian Party of Tenn.
v. Goins, 

, 1069–70 (M.D. Tenn. 2010) (summarizing history of ballot-
access scheme). The plaintiffs argue that these requirements effectively bar them from appearing
on Tennessee’s general-election ballot, in violation of their First Amendment rights to expression
and political association. In support, they note that the only minor political party since 1961 to
have qualified for ballot access via petition was George Wallace’s American Independent Party,
which qualified in 1968 and 1972. See Green Party 

.

       In 2011, when the plaintiffs filed their complaint in this case, political parties could
qualify to appear on the ballot in one of two ways. First, if, in the past four years, at least one of
a party’s candidates running for state office had received a number of votes equal to or greater
than 5% of the total votes cast in the previous gubernatorial election, that party would be
designated a “statewide political party” and as such would automatically qualify for inclusion on
the next general election ballot. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(31) (2011). Second, a party
that did not meet this 5%-vote threshold could seek inclusion—as a so-called “recognized minor
party”—by submitting a petition signed by a number of registered voters equal to or greater than
2.5% of the total vote cast in the previous gubernatorial election. See 

(2011). This petition was due in April, 119 days before Tennessee’s primary election held in
early August. See 

(2011) (amended 2012, 2014), 2-5-101(a)(1) (2011).
Nos. 13-5975/6280          Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.        Page 4

Furthermore, when this litigation began, participation in Tennessee’s primary election was
mandatory for certain offices. See 

(2011) (amended 2012), 2-13-203 (2011)
(amended 2012). As addressed below, these requirements have since changed—which is in large
measure why we now take a second pass at the plaintiffs’ claims.

       The plaintiffs also challenge a statute requiring that political parties appear on
Tennessee’s general-election ballots “in the following order: majority party, minority party, and
recognized minor party, if any,” with the names of any independent candidates listed last. 

(2011) (hereinafter the “ballot-ordering” provision). The plaintiffs argue that
this provision, which has remained unchanged during this litigation, unconstitutionally
discriminates against minor parties by conferring an advantage on the Republican and
Democratic Parties.

B. The History of This Case

       1. Initial Proceedings in the District Court

       The plaintiff political parties filed this lawsuit in July 2011, challenging the ballot-access
and ballot-ordering provisions described above as well as an additional statute not relevant here.
As the plaintiffs’ attorney acknowledged at oral argument for the instant appeal, the complaint
attacked Tennessee’s election statutes on the basis that they were facially invalid. As discovery
proceeded, both the plaintiffs and the defendants submitted reports from election-law experts
regarding the effects of Tennessee’s ballot-access scheme on minor parties; the defendants also
filed affidavits from state election officials explaining why, in their view, the 119-day petition-
filing deadline was necessary to prepare ballots for the state’s August primary elections.

       The plaintiffs moved for summary judgment, which the district court granted as to all of
their claims. The court held unconstitutional Tennessee’s 2.5% petition-signature requirement
and 119-day filing deadline, both standing alone and in combination, and also invalidated
Tennessee’s ballot-ordering provision. Green Party 

–09, 1013–14,
1016. In regard to the ballot-access scheme, the district court concluded that the parties’ use of
expert testimony and empirical data had “convert[ed] [the p]laintiffs’ challenge into . . . an ‘as
applied’ challenge.” 

The court enjoined Tennessee from enforcing the offending
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.     Page 5

statutes, ordered that the Green Party and Constitution Party be listed alongside the names of
their respective candidates on the 2012 general-election ballot, and instructed the state to
“conduct a public random drawing” to determine the order in which the parties would be listed
on the ballot. 

The defendants appealed and sought a partial stay of the district
court’s order. This court granted their request for a stay only as to the random drawing for ballot
order. See Green Party of Tenn. v. Hargett, 493 F. App’x 686 (2012) (per curiam).

       After the defendants had filed their notice of appeal, the plaintiffs moved for attorney’s
fees, which the defendants opposed in part. Of the approximately $90,000 in fees that the
plaintiffs requested, the court granted $65,181 after concluding that some hours had been “block-
billed” or not described with the necessary specificity.

       2. Tennessee’s Statutory Amendments

       In the spring of 2012, while the defendants’ appeal was pending, Tennessee amended its
ballot-access statutes. The legislature eliminated the requirement that all parties’ candidates for
certain offices be selected by primary election and replaced it with a provision permitting minor
parties to “nominate their candidates for any office by any method authorized under the rules of
the party or by primary election.” 2012 Tenn. Pub. Acts Ch. 955, § 6 (amending Tenn. Code
Ann. § 2-13-203(a)) (emphasis added). Under the new regime, if a party chooses to nominate by
its own procedures, rather than by primary election, the party must then qualify to appear on the
general election ballot by filing a petition meeting the 2.5% signature requirement at least 90
days before the general election. 2012 Tenn. Pub. Acts. Ch. 955, § 1 (amending Tenn. Code
Ann. § 2-13-107(a)). On the other hand, if a party chooses to hold a primary election, the 2.5%
signature requirement and original petition-filing deadline—119 days before the primary
election, in early April—remain unchanged. Tenn. Code. Ann. § 2-13-107(a)(1) (2012).

       3. The Initial Appeal

       In the fall of 2012, after that year’s general election, a panel of this court reversed the
district court’s grant of summary judgment to the plaintiffs and remanded the case for further
development. Green 

. In doing so, the court noted that Tennessee’s
amendments to its ballot-access scheme had “fundamentally changed” the legal framework at
Nos. 13-5975/6280            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 6

issue and concluded that the district court should have the opportunity to re-evaluate the
plaintiffs’ claims. 

        Two aspects of the panel’s decision are particularly relevant now.          First, the panel
observed that, although minor parties were no longer compelled to hold primary elections, they
were still bound by the 2.5% signature requirement. Because this provision remained in place,
the panel reasoned that the plaintiffs’ ballot-access claim was not moot. It therefore remanded
this claim, instructing the district court “to evaluate the various components of Tennessee’s
election laws as part of the larger framework for providing ballot access to minor political
parties.” 

panel drew an important legal conclusion, by which it intended to
limit the district court’s analysis: it concluded “that the 2.5% signature requirement, standing
alone, is not unconstitutional on its face.” 

Party of Tex. v. White, 

,
789 (1974), and Jenness v. Fortson, 

(1971)).

        Second, the panel remanded the plaintiffs’ claim regarding the ordering of parties on
general-election ballots. Characterizing this challenge as facial in nature, the panel concluded
that it “f[ell] short” of the difficult standard such claims entailed. 

As the panel
explained, the district court record did not establish how Tennessee’s ballots were formatted,
which the panel found relevant to the question of whether, and to what degree, the order of
parties affects voter behavior. 

(citations omitted). The panel therefore remanded for
further factual development. 

Remand

        About two months after the case was remanded, the plaintiffs again moved for summary
judgment, arguing that the existing record established that the Tennessee statutes were
unconstitutional notwithstanding this court’s view that the ballot-access scheme had
fundamentally changed. Little additional discovery occurred on remand, though the plaintiffs
did submit a copy of each Tennessee county’s 2012 general-election ballot, as relevant to their
claim regarding preferential ballot-ordering. The defendants filed a response as well as a cross-
motion for summary judgment. They submitted to the court an additional affidavit and pointed
to evidence already in the record to argue that the plaintiffs lacked standing in light of the recent
statutory changes and that their claims lacked merit.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 7

       Again, the district court granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs. Green Party 

. The court first concluded that the 2.5% signature requirement, in
combination with the new 90-day filing deadline, was greater than necessary to show “a
modicum of voter support for ballot access,” and that “historical and expert proof” established
that the requirement “imposes a severe burden on [p]laintiffs’ First Amendment rights.” 

court held that Tennessee’s ballot-ordering provision violated the Fourteenth
Amendment because empirical studies “relied upon by [other] courts” demonstrate that a
candidate’s placement on the ballot affects voting behavior. 

now appeal this
second grant of summary judgment.

       The defendants also appeal the district court’s award of attorney’s fees to the plaintiffs.
As noted, the district court initially granted the plaintiffs $65,181 in fees. After a panel of this
court reversed and remanded the case, the defendants unsuccessfully moved for relief from the
fee award, arguing that the plaintiffs were no longer a prevailing party. The court then re-
granted summary judgment, and the plaintiffs sought additional fees incurred after remand,
which the defendants opposed. The district court granted in part the plaintiffs’ new motion for
fees, awarding them an additional $15,587. On appeal, the defendants argue that both the
original and the additional fee awards were erroneous.

                                         II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

       This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo. Green 

(citing Huckaby v. Priest, 

, 216 (6th Cir. 2011)). A court may grant summary
judgment only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and
the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). If the court
determines that there are genuine disputes over material facts—“facts that might affect the
outcome of the suit”—it must deny the motion for summary judgment. Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t
of Nashville, 

, 568 (6th Cir. 2013). In making this determination, we construe the
evidence “in the light most favorable to” the non-moving party. 

          Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 8

B. Standing

       As an initial matter, the defendants assert that the plaintiffs lack standing to challenge
Tennessee’s ballot-access and ballot-ordering statutes. This argument relies largely on the fact
that the state’s intervening statutory amendments provided the plaintiffs with a new means of
appearing on the ballot.     Although the plaintiffs’ complaint originally challenged three of
Tennessee’s ballot-access provisions on their own and in combination—the primary-election
requirement, the 2.5% signature requirement, and the 119-day petition-filing deadline—this
scheme for appearing on the ballot is now optional. See 2012 Tenn. Pub. Acts Ch. 955, § 6
(amending Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-13-203(a)). The defendants therefore argue that because the
plaintiffs have not stated or demonstrated that they intend to select candidates by primary
election, rather than by their own procedures, they no longer have standing to attack these
provisions. We disagree.

       1. Legal Framework for Standing

       The doctrine of standing functions to ensure that courts apply the judicial power only to
“cases” and “controversies” and not to abstract legal quandaries. See U.S. Const., art. III, § 2,
cl. 1. Put differently, standing allows courts to determine whether a plaintiff has a “personal
stake in the outcome of the controversy.” Susan B. Anthony List v. Dreihaus, 

,
2341 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted).              When a plaintiff asserts only an
“undifferentiated, generalized grievance about the conduct of government” and fails to show that
he or she has suffered a particular harm, courts will deny the plaintiff standing. Lance v.
Coffman, 

, 442 (2007).

       To demonstrate standing, a plaintiff must show an “injury in fact,” meaning an injury to a
legally cognizable interest that is “concrete and particularized” and “actual and imminent,” rather
than “conjectural or hypothetical.” Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 560 (1992)
(internal quotation marks omitted).      Additionally, the plaintiff must demonstrate “a causal
connection between the injury” and the defendant’s conduct, and must show that a favorable
decision from the court would likely redress the harm. 

The defendants argue that
the Green Party and Constitution Party lack the first requirement, an injury in fact.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.       Page 9

       2. Ballot-Access Provisions

       Although the defendants correctly note that the plaintiffs are no longer compelled to hold
primary elections, one key aspect of their challenge still stands. Regardless of how the plaintiffs
choose to select their candidates, they will not appear on Tennessee’s general-election ballot
unless they circulate a petition and meet the 2.5% signature requirement. This court, in the
initial appeal, relied on this point when it noted that the intervening changes to Tennessee law
did not render the plaintiffs’ ballot-access claim moot. Green 

–24.
Moreover, the signature requirement applies indefinitely. To have any hope of participating in a
general election, a minor political party must consistently concern itself with how to qualify for
ballot access and, necessarily, how to obtain the required number of signatures. A minor
political party can escape the petition-signature requirement only by attaining “statewide
political party” status—which would, of course, first require the party to file a qualifying petition
and participate in a general election. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-1-104(a)(31).

       Granted, under the amended laws, the plaintiffs have more time to collect the necessary
signatures—until 90 days before the general election, should they choose not to hold a primary.
But this new fact merely alters the court’s analysis; it does not deprive the plaintiffs of standing.
Notwithstanding other changes to the law, the plaintiffs continue to assert that the 2.5%
requirement is unworkable in light of Tennessee’s “larger framework” for regulating ballot
access. Green 

.

       The records in this case and in other cases involving these parties establish that the
plaintiffs have actively participated in Tennessee politics, even though neither has qualified to
appear on a ballot by petition. Both parties have endorsed their chosen candidates in Tennessee,
who then appeared on the state’s ballot without a political affiliation; additionally, the
Constitution Party has tried but failed to collect the requisite number of signatures. See Green
Party 

–69; 

–73. In light of Tennessee’s
stringent and costly ballot-access requirements—particularly, those in effect before 2012—it is
understandable that the plaintiffs have chosen to participate in state politics without seeking
party recognition in all election cycles.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.       Page 10

       Furthermore, the plaintiffs have suffered a unique, individualized harm as a result of
Tennessee’s ballot access laws, an “injury peculiar to” them and not “common to all members of
the public.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Tennessee’s ballot-
access laws have restricted the plaintiffs’ political activities within the state and have limited
their ability to associate as political organizations, and the plaintiffs have therefore articulated “a
factual showing of perceptible harm” resulting from the state’s regulations. See 

; see also Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 

, 1152–54 (2013) (distinguishing,
in the First Amendment context, between “allegations of a subjective chill” on free expression,
which do not confer standing, and allegations that government acts “regulate, constrain, or
compel” the plaintiff’s actions, which may confer standing (alteration and internal quotation
marks omitted)); see also LaRoque v. Holder, 

, 786–87 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (candidate
had standing to challenge application of § 5 of the Voting Rights Act without any “obligation to
demonstrate definitively” that he would have a better chance of succeeding without the
application of § 5); Krislov v. Rednour, 

, 855, 857–58 (7th Cir. 2000) (candidate
had standing to challenge petition-circulation requirement despite having voluntarily dropped out
of race for office). Because the 2.5% signature requirement directly affects the plaintiffs’ ability
to associate and campaign for political office, they maintain standing to challenge Tennessee’s
new ballot-access scheme.

       3. Ballot-Ordering Provision

       The defendants further argue that because plaintiffs have not qualified for ballot access in
an upcoming election, they have not suffered an injury in fact arising from the state’s ballot-
ordering provision. This argument likewise fails. As discussed above, the plaintiffs have
participated in Tennessee’s electoral politics in various ways, including by backing candidates
listed as independents on the state’s ballots. These independent candidates, it bears noting, were
affected by the ballot-ordering statute. Furthermore, as the district court noted in its second
order granting summary judgment, the plaintiffs did in fact appear on the general election ballot
in 2012 as a result of the court’s first order and were therefore subject to the ballot-ordering rule
Nos. 13-5975/6280                 Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                Page 11

at that time. Green Party 

. We conclude that the plaintiffs have
standing to pursue their ballot-access claim as well as their ballot-ordering claim.1

C.     Tennessee’s 2.5% Petition-Signature Requirement and its Overall Ballot-Access
       Scheme

         At the core of the plaintiffs’ ballot-access claim is Tennessee’s 2.5% petition-signature
requirement, which remains unchanged despite the state’s recent statutory amendments. The
record, and the plaintiffs’ arguments before this court, clearly identify the signature requirement
as the key barrier impeding the plaintiffs from participating in general elections. But we can
evaluate the impact of this requirement only within the context of Tennessee’s ballot-access
scheme as a whole, including its new deadline for submitting petitions. See Green 

(citing Libertarian Party of Ohio v. Blackwell (Blackwell), 

, 586
(6th Cir. 2006)).         Moreover, because the signature requirement “standing alone, is not
unconstitutional on its face,” 

we must consider its actual effects on the plaintiffs
specifically. Because we conclude that the record does not allow us to determine the extent to
which the plaintiffs are burdened by the signature requirement, as it operates in combination with
Tennessee’s new deadline and other aspects of its ballot-access scheme, we reverse the district
court’s grant of summary judgment and remand for further development of the record.

         1. Legal Framework for Ballot-Access Claims

         The right of individuals to associate in political organizations, and the right of citizens to
cast a meaningful vote, are among the most important values in our democracy. See 

(citing Williams v. Rhodes, 

, 30 (1968)). Associational rights and
voting rights are closely connected, since “the right to form a party for the advancement of


         1
           Although the defendants challenge only the plaintiffs’ standing, other concepts of justiciability help to
illustrate why the plaintiffs have suffered a cognizable injury. See 13B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller,
Federal Practice and Procedure § 3531.12 (3d ed. 1998) (observing that “[r]ipeness and mootness easily could be
seen as the time dimensions of standing”). As the plaintiffs aptly argue, their alleged injury is not moot because it is
“capable of repetition, yet evading review.” See Libertarian Party of Mich. v. Johnson, 

, 930 (6th Cir.
2013); Libertarian Party of Ohio v. Blackwell (Blackwell), 

, 585 (6th Cir. 2006). Similarly, the
plaintiffs’ claim is not unripe, as it “arises in a concrete factual context and concerns a dispute that is likely to come
to pass.” Warshak v. United States, 

, 525 (6th Cir. 2008) (en banc) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Moreover, the plaintiffs would likely suffer hardship if they must wait to adjudicate this claim. 

court
were to hold that the plaintiffs can challenge the ballot-ordering statute only after qualifying for ballot access, a
court hearing the new case would likely have at most 90 days to consider it.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.     Page 12

political goals means little if a party can be kept off the election ballot.” 

. Still, states may impose reasonable restrictions on ballot access to ensure that political
candidates can show a “significant modicum of support” from the public, Jenness v. Fortson,

, 442 (1971), and to avoid “election- and campaign-related disorder,” Timmons v.
Twin Cities Area New Party, 

, 358 (1997). State restrictions on ballot access
therefore “are not automatically subjected to heightened scrutiny.” 

.

        The Supreme Court articulated the contemporary standard for evaluating constitutional
challenges to a state’s election laws in Anderson v. Celebrezze, 

, 788–89 (1983),
and again in Burdick v. Takushi, 

, 434 (1992). First, the court must “consider the
character and magnitude of” the plaintiff’s alleged injury. 

. Next, it
“must identify and evaluate the precise interests put forward by the State as justifications for the
burden imposed by its rule.” 

must assess the “legitimacy and strength of each of
those interests,” as well as the “extent to which those interests make it necessary to burden the
plaintiff’s rights.” 

step in this analysis is important. When the restrictions imposed by the state are
“severe,” they will fail unless they are narrowly tailored and advance a compelling state interest.

.        If, however, the regulations are minimally burdensome and
nondiscriminatory, rational-basis review applies, and the regulations will usually pass
constitutional muster if the state can identify “important regulatory interests” that they further.

many regulations “fall in between these two extremes.” Obama for Am. v.
Husted, 

, 429 (6th Cir. 2012). In these situations, courts engage in a flexible
analysis, weighing the burden on the plaintiffs against the state’s asserted interest and chosen
means of pursuing it. See 

; Obama for 

.

        In cases predating Anderson and Burdick, the Supreme Court held that petition-signature
requirements as high as 5% are not facially invalid. Three cases are particularly relevant here.
First, in Jenness v. Fortson, the Court upheld Georgia’s ballot-access scheme requiring
independent and minor-party candidates to submit petitions meeting a 5% signature requirement
in early 

, 442. Three years later, the Court considered another 5%
signature requirement in Storer v. Brown, 

, 726–27 (1974).             Noting that the
Nos. 13-5975/6280                Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                Page 13

California laws at issue in Storer placed a substantial limitation on the collection of signatures—
in particular, a signer was not eligible if he or she had participated in another party’s primary
election—the Court vacated the judgment for the state and remanded the case to determine
whether this added hurdle made the 5% requirement unduly burdensome. 

And
that same year, in American Party of Texas v. White, the Court held constitutional a 1% party-
support requirement that also imposed additional restrictions on petition circulation, including a
notarization requirement and a signature-disqualification provision similar to that in Storer.

, 777–80 (1974). These cases remain good law.2 Both the prior panel of this court
and the district court took note of this fact and concluded that, under these precedents,
Tennessee’s 2.5% requirement is not facially unconstitutional. Green 

–21,
824 (quoting the district court opinion).

         2. Application

         Under the contemporary Anderson-Burdick framework, our first and central question is
whether the district court properly re-granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs on the basis
that Tennessee’s 2.5% signature requirement, as applied, imposed a severe burden on the
exercise of their First Amendment rights. To answer this question, we evaluate the effects of the
signature requirement on the plaintiff political parties, keeping in mind that other aspects of
Tennessee’s ballot-access scheme might operate so as to make the signature requirement either
harder or easier to meet. See 

. Here, these other aspects include the
new two-option system—allowing minor parties to nominate either by primary election or by
some other process of their choosing—the respective 119-day and 90-day petition deadlines, the




         2
           Although the plaintiffs suggest that American Party and Jenness have been abrogated by Anderson and
Burdick, the Supreme Court has continued to treat these cases as valid precedent. See, e.g., New York State Bd. of
Elections v. López Torres, 

, 204 (2008) (citing both cases). We understand Anderson and Burdick to
clarify the proper analysis a court should use in evaluating an election-law claim, without calling into question the
Supreme Court’s determination that petition-signature requirements of up to 5% are not necessarily facially invalid.
Furthermore, the Court’s older precedent is consistent with Anderson and Burdick in acknowledging that the
severity of a burden significantly influences a court’s analysis. See, e.g., Am. Party of 

(ballot-
access provision “may not be so excessive or impractical as to . . . always, or almost always, exclude parties with
significant support from the ballot”); 

(noting that the state has “failed to show any
‘compelling interest’ which justifies imposing such heavy burdens on the right to vote and to associate”).
Nos. 13-5975/6280                Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.               Page 14

timing of these two deadlines relative to major-party campaign activity, and any other
restrictions limiting the circulation of petitions and campaigning.3

         Whether a voting regulation imposes a severe burden is a question with both legal and
factual dimensions. See 

(listing factors to consider). If a restriction
does not “affect a political party’s ability to perform its primary functions,” such as organizing,
recruiting members, and choosing and promoting a candidate, the burden typically is not
considered severe. 

rules strike at the very heart of the plaintiffs’
primary functions and no doubt constrain their opportunities to effect political change. But this
fact alone does not permit us to conclude that the burden is severe; we must also consider “the
effect of the regulations on the voters, the parties and the candidates” and “evidence of the real
impact the restriction has on the [political] process.”                   

was not
substantially developed upon remand—does not provide the information we would need to
affirm the grant of summary judgment to the plaintiffs.

         In both of its orders granting summary judgment, the district court relied heavily on the
fact that minor parties have consistently been absent from Tennessee’s ballots. Green Party 

–28, 852; Green Party 

. As the district court
discussed, Tennessee instituted a 5% petition-signature requirement in 1961, which it later
lowered to 2.5% in 1972. Although before 1961, “minor political parties appeared regularly on
the Tennessee ballot,” since 1961, only George Wallace’s American Independent Party has
qualified, on two occasions. Green Party 

. We agree with the district
court that “[p]ast experience will be a helpful, if not always an unerring, guide” in evaluating the
effects of a signature requirement. 

. However, the historical record here
is less relevant than it was before the recent changes to the law because the record does not help
us evaluate whether the effective extension of Tennessee’s petition-filing deadline by four
months has eased the plaintiffs’ burden. Tennessee’s old deadline fell in mid-April, 119 days

         3
          We do not consider whether Tennessee’s old (but now-optional) scheme for accessing the ballot via
primary election remains unconstitutional despite the availability of a less-burdensome alternative. In their briefs
regarding attorney’s fees (Case No. 13-6280), the plaintiffs state that “neither [of the parties] have any desire to
nominate their candidates by primaries and do not expect to ever want to nominate their candidates by primaries so
long as they are classified as ‘minor parties.’” (Pls.’ Br. at 19.) Additionally, the plaintiffs’ briefs for their main
case (No. 13-5795) do not raise arguments that pertain specifically or uniquely to the 119-day deadline, but focus
mainly on attacking the 2.5% signature requirement.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 15

before the statewide primary election and 208 days before the general election. In contrast, the
new deadline for a party choosing not to nominate by primary election falls substantially later, in
early August, one day before the primary election and 90 days before the general election.

       Both the Supreme Court and this court have explained the burdens posed by petition-
filing deadlines set too early in the election year. Independent and minor-party candidates often
craft their platforms in response to mainstream candidates’ views, and they typically appeal to
voters “dissatisfied with the choices within the two major parties.” 

;
see also 

–91. If these candidates are required to complete their
petitioning process many months before the general election, when the major parties’
nominations are only beginning, they are less able to position themselves as meaningful
alternatives. Moreover, they must petition for support among a public that is less engaged and
informed than it would be later in the election cycle. 

.

       Under Tennessee’s new laws, a minor party must still obtain signatures before the
primary election, but it is no longer required to complete its petitioning process months before
the general election. By setting a later deadline, Tennessee has alleviated the burden of its
ballot-access requirements to at least some extent, but we cannot say how much. The district
court concluded that “a comparison of Tennessee’s 2012 amendments and the 2011 statute
reveals little substantive change,” explaining that the new filing deadline for minor parties opting
not to participate in the state’s primary election still “operates to require collection of signatures
during the same time period preceding the August primary that caused the 120 day deadline to be
held unconstitutional in Blackwell and [that] led [the district court] to hold Tennessee’s prior
119 day deadline unconstitutional.”      Green Party 

–48 (citation
omitted).   This reasoning, however, is based on an overly broad reading of Blackwell as
establishing that a petition deadline set before or at the same time as a state’s primary election is
necessarily unconstitutional. In fact, Blackwell struck down an Ohio ballot-access scheme
similar to Tennessee’s old regime, with a lower signature requirement of 1% but a filing deadline
set 120 days before the primary, and (because Ohio’s primaries are held early) nearly a full
year—364 days—before the general 

–83, 591. Blackwell does not
definitively establish that Tennessee’s current filing deadline imposes a severe burden on the
Nos. 13-5975/6280               Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.              Page 16

plaintiffs, either standing alone or in combination with the 2.5% signature requirement. The
change to Tennessee’s filing deadline presents factual questions that cannot be answered on the
existing record.

        We therefore reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment and remand this
claim for further factual development. We note that the current record does not support granting
summary judgment in favor of the plaintiffs, the party bearing the burden of proof, because it
does not show that there is no genuine dispute of material fact or that the plaintiffs are entitled to
judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). As discussed above, the relevant legal
precedents do not prove that Tennessee’s signature requirement is itself unconstitutional, and the
record lacks the factual information we need to determine whether it actually imposes a severe
burden on the plaintiffs. We advise the district court to re-open the record on remand so that the
parties may submit evidence relevant to the effect of Tennessee’s current ballot-access scheme.4

        As a final point, we agree with the district court that the defendants have not, at least at
this point, put forth compelling interests to support a signature requirement of 2.5%, rather than
something lower. The court rightly pointed out that Tennessee’s supposed interest in avoiding
“voter confusion” is undermined by its rules that liberally grant ballot access to independent
candidates. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-5-101(b). For example, in 2012, Tennessee’s ballot
included nine candidates for the United States Senate, five of whom were independents (and this
number would have been seven, if not for the district court’s order that the Green and
Constitution Party names appear alongside their candidates). It is a puzzling proposition that
voters should be less confused by a ballot listing numerous candidates without a party
designation than by a similar ballot including party designations; the latter, at least, contains
information helpful to distinguishing among lesser-known candidates.                       However, under the

        4
           Although the plaintiffs cannot, at this point, present evidence of their own difficulties complying with
Tennessee’s new scheme, given that it has only recently been enacted, they should nevertheless be able to develop
evidence relevant to this scheme. For example, they might survey states with ballot-access requirements similar to
Tennessee’s current ones to determine whether minor parties have had success in appearing on the ballot in those
states. They might obtain affidavits from party organizers in other states describing the difficulties that they
encounter complying with requirements similar to Tennessee’s. Their experts might be able identify meaningful
distinctions between Tennessee and other states—based on such factors as geography, population demographics, the
educational attainments of its residents, etc.—that could conceivably influence the petitioning process.
Additionally, more detailed evidence of the plaintiffs’ own past attempts to meet Tennessee’s petition-signature
requirements could also be helpful. These suggestions are not intended to limit the type of evidence that the parties
might develop on remand, but only to illustrate where they might begin.
Nos. 13-5975/6280                 Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.                  Page 17

standard for evaluating ballot-access restrictions, “the rigorousness of our inquiry . . . depends
upon the extent to which a challenged regulation burdens First and Fourteenth Amendment
rights.” 

. Because we cannot determine, on the existing record, whether
Tennessee’s current scheme imposes a severe burden on the plaintiffs, we cannot invalidate this
scheme simply because the state’s interests are not compelling. We remand so that the district
court may reassess both the extent of the plaintiffs’ burden, and the state’s asserted interests, on a
more thoroughly developed record.

D. Tennessee’s Preferential Ballot-Ordering Statute

         The defendants also challenge the district court’s conclusion that Tennessee’s ballot-
ordering statute violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments by granting favorable treatment to
established political parties. Green Party 

. The district court twice
granted summary judgment in the plaintiffs’ favor on this claim. After its first grant of summary
judgment, this court reversed and remanded on the following grounds.

         First, the panel noted that the plaintiffs’ challenge was facial in nature and that the
plaintiffs had not put forward evidence demonstrating that ballot position had led to voter bias in
Tennessee. Green 

–27 (“[W]e have no evidentiary record against which to
assess [the plaintiffs’] assertions that voters will be confused or influenced by the position of the
names on the ballot.” (quoting Wash. State Grange v. Wash. State Republican Party, 

, 455 (2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, the panel explained that Tennessee
“presumptively uses what is known as a ‘party block’ ballot form [on which] all of the
candidates for a party are listed in a single column.” 

(internal quotation marks
omitted)).5 This format, the panel reasoned, might mitigate any bias caused by preferential party

         5
          Indeed, the applicable statute does seem to describe a ballot that groups candidates in vertical rows under
party headings, not office headings. Tenn. Code Ann. § 2-5-206(b)(2) reads:
         In general elections, the title of the offices shall be placed vertically on the left or the right side of
         the ballot, and there shall be a vertical column for each political party. Any candidate whose name
         is to be placed on the ballot by virtue of party nomination shall be listed in the political column of
         such candidate's party, opposite the title of the office the candidate seeks. One (1) vertical column
         for independent candidates shall be placed on the ballot and shall appear immediately after the
         political party columns. The independent candidates shall be listed in alphabetical order according
         to the initials of their surnames, beginning with the first initial.
However, the ballots submitted by the plaintiffs do not conform to this description.
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.    Page 18

order, as hypothesized by one of the studies the district court cited. Although the plaintiffs had
submitted to the panel (and not to the district court) one ballot from one Tennessee county using
a “office block” format, the panel declined to consider this evidence “in the first instance,” and
remanded for the district court “to further develop the factual record as necessary.” 

did not conclude that the use of office block ballots alone would be enough to render the
ballot-ordering statute unconstitutional.

       After remand, the plaintiffs submitted portions of ballots for the 2012 general election
from each of Tennessee’s 95 counties. All used the office block format, despite the prior panel’s
observation that Tennessee law seemed to require a party block format. After evaluating the
record as a whole, including this new evidence, we again conclude that the district court
erroneously granted the plaintiffs summary judgment on this claim.

               1. Legal Framework for Ballot-Ordering Provisions

       The plaintiffs’ ballot-ordering claim presents a question of first impression in our circuit.
Cases from other jurisdictions are all over the map. Compare McLain v. Meier, 

,
1166–67 (8th Cir. 1980) (incumbent-first statute unconstitutional under even rational-basis
analysis, where clearly erroneous standard of review applied to district court’s factual
determination that placement affected voter behavior), and Gould v. Grubb, 

,
1338–39 (Cal. 1975) (similar), with Bd. of Election Comm’rs of Chi. v. Libertarian Party of Ill.,

, 25–27 (7th Cir. 1979) (two-tier system, with candidates of two major parties
appearing first and second on ballot and all other candidates following, did not violate
constitution absent showing of “intentional or purposeful discrimination”), and New Alliance
Party v. N.Y. State Bd. of Elections, 

, 284–85, 288 (S.D.N.Y. 1994) (plaintiff
had not submitted sufficient evidence that preferential ballot ordering influences voter choice,
and judicial notice was not warranted).

       Beyond disagreeing as to outcomes, courts have not settled on a particular standard for
evaluating preferential ballot-order statutes. Some courts have applied an analysis consistent
with the Anderson-Burdick framework. See 

(noting that the legal
standard “is anything but clear” but observing that because preferential ballot-ordering rules do
not exclude a candidate from the ballot entirely, “most courts have applied the rational basis
Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.     Page 19

test”). Others have required plaintiffs to show “an intentional or purposeful discrimination”
against minor-party and independent candidates. Bd. of Election Comm’rs of 

–25. Here, the plaintiffs’ claim draws not only on the Equal Protection Clause, but also on the
First Amendment: essentially, the plaintiffs argue that they have been denied an equal
opportunity to exercise their rights to association and political expression.         We therefore
conclude that this claim is most appropriately evaluated under the framework of 

–89, and 

. See Obama for 

(explaining
that Anderson and Burdick articulate “a single standard for evaluating challenges to voting
restrictions,” whether raised under the First or the Fourteenth Amendments).

       2. Application

       As the district court recognized, studies do not definitively establish whether a party’s or
candidate’s position on the ballot influences voter behavior. Green Party 

–60. Some conclude that it likely does, some conclude that it may, but only to a small degree
or only in nonpartisan elections, and some conclude that it likely does not. Moreover, as the
defendants argued, some studies have concluded that the most important factor affecting voter
decision in a partisan election—like Tennessee’s general election—is party affiliation.
Ultimately, the district court chose to credit studies, as well as cases from other jurisdictions,
finding that preferential ballot-placement statutes confer a benefit on candidates listed first or at
the top of the ballot. In particular, the court explained that it was “rel[ying] upon the Eighth
Circuit’s ruling in McLain that despite differences in the studies, ‘many studies report a finding
of some ballot advantage in the top position.’” 

n.15).

       Given that this case is at the summary judgment stage, the district court erred in reaching
its conclusion on the basis of conflicting evidence and cases from other jurisdictions. Even on an
issue involving abstract legal principles, and not just everyday factual questions of the sort that
juries readily decide, a plaintiff moving for summary judgment bears the same heavy burden a
defendant does. The plaintiff must demonstrate that there is no genuine issue of material fact,
while the court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. See

. The effect of preferential ballot ordering on voter behavior involves
questions of fact, see 

, and the record here simply does not establish
Nos. 13-5975/6280            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.      Page 20

that Tennessee’s ballot-ordering statute appreciably affects voter behavior. Rather, it establishes
only that there is a factual dispute as to whether ballot position sways voters, and if so, how
much. This is precisely the sort of question that cannot be resolved on summary judgment. We
therefore reverse the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim and remand it for
further development.

E. The District Court’s Award of Attorney’s Fees

          Finally, the defendants appeal the district court’s award of attorney’s fees in the amount
of $76,768.41—an initial $61,180.91 for fees incurred in the district court before the defendants’
first appeal, and an additional $15,587.50 for fees incurred after remand. The defendants make
two arguments: first, that the district court erred in denying their motion for relief from its initial
fee award, filed shortly after this court remanded the case, and second, that the district court
erred in granting plaintiffs additional fees on remand. Essentially, the defendants argue that the
plaintiffs are not a “prevailing party” under the fee-awarding statute, 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b),
because the prior panel reversed the district court’s order granting them summary judgment. We
reject the defendants’ contention that the plaintiffs are not a prevailing party, but we vacate the
district court’s fee award and remand for recalculation.

          1. Legal Framework for Awarding Attorney’s Fees

          Although litigants are typically responsible for paying their own attorney’s fees,
Congress has created exceptions for certain types of cases. Under 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b), the
“prevailing party” in an action to enforce civil rights under § 1983 may recover “a reasonable
attorney’s fee as part of the costs” of litigation. See Hescott v. City of Saginaw, --- F.3d ---, 

, at *3 (6th Cir. 2014). To be considered a prevailing party, a litigant must have
“receive[d] at least some relief on the merits of his claim” amounting to “a court-ordered change
in the legal relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant.” Buckhannon Bd. & Care
Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 

, 603–04 (2001) (internal
quotation marks and alterations in original omitted). Thus, if a defendant voluntarily changes its
conduct during the course of litigation, thereby mooting the plaintiff’s case, the plaintiff will not
be considered a prevailing party even though he or she may have obtained the relief sought. 

Nos. 13-5975/6280           Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.     Page 21

       These basic principles still apply when a court of appeals reverses a district court’s
judgment that rendered one of the litigants a prevailing party. If the court of appeals reverses on
the merits of the underlying claims, the formerly prevailing party no longer prevails and is no
longer entitled to fees. See, e.g., Am. Atheists, Inc. v. City of Detroit Downtown Dev. Auth.,

, 301 (6th Cir. 2009). In contrast, if the reversal is not on the merits, it does not
necessarily upset the prevailing party’s status. “When plaintiffs clearly succeeded in obtaining
the relief sought before the district court and an intervening event rendered the case moot on
appeal, plaintiffs are still prevailing parties for the purposes of attorney’s fees for the district
court litigation.” Diffenderfer v. Gomez-Colon, 

, 454 (1st Cir. 2009) (affirming fee
award to plaintiffs who obtained permanent injunction of Puerto Rico election law in district
court, but whose judgment was mooted by territory’s voluntary change to the law); see also UFO
Chuting of Haw., Inc. v. Smith, 

, 1197 (9th Cir. 2007); Roadway Express, Inc. v.
Admin. Review Bd., U.S. Dep’t of Labor, 6 F. App’x 297, 301 (6th Cir. 2001) (collecting cases).

       Furthermore, a civil-rights plaintiff need not succeed on every claim in order to recover
attorney’s fees. Success on a single claim is sufficient to become a prevailing party. See
McQueary v. Conway, 

, 603 (6th Cir. 2010).               When, however, a plaintiff’s
unmeritorious claims are “based on different facts and different legal theories” than her
meritorious claims, a court must treat them “as if they had been raised in separate lawsuits, and
therefore no fee may be awarded for services on the unsuccessful claim[s].” Tex. State Teachers
Ass’n v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 

, 789 (1989) (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart,

, 435 (1983)).        In contrast, if a plaintiff has made both meritorious and
unmeritorious claims that “arise out of a common core of facts, and involve related legal
theories,” a court should not exempt from its fee award the hours spent on the claims that did not
succeed. 

Instead, the court should consider, as its ultimate guide, “the degree of
success obtained.” 

461 U.S. at 436). To determine whether two claims are
related, a court may find it helpful to consider “whether relief sought on the unsuccessful claim
is intended to remedy a course of conduct entirely distinct and separate from” that which gave
rise to the plaintiff’s successful claim. Jordan v. City of Cleveland, 

, 603 (6th Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Nos. 13-5975/6280            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.    Page 22

          An attorney who achieves “excellent results” is entitled to a full fee, regardless of
whether he or she succeeds on every related claim raised. Waldo v. Consumers Energy, Co.,

, 822 (6th Cir. 2013). However, when the plaintiff’s success is limited, the court
may “exercise [its] equitable discretion . . . to arrive at a reasonable fee award” in light of the
hours expended. Tex. State Teachers 

. In no case should a court reduce a
full fee award “simply by using a ratio of successful claims to claims raised.” 

.

          This court reviews an award of attorney’s fees under the abuse of discretion standard.
Abuse of discretion occurs when the district court “relies upon clearly erroneous factual findings,
applies the law improperly, or uses an erroneous legal standard.” DiLaura v. Twp. of Ann Arbor,

, 671 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

          2. Application

          We conclude that the plaintiffs qualify as prevailing parties because the district court
initially ruled that Tennessee’s then-current ballot-access scheme—with mandatory primary
elections, a 2.5% petition-signature requirement, and a 119-day filing deadline—was
unconstitutional, and the court ordered declaratory and injunctive relief to remedy the violation.
Green Party 

–20. The plaintiffs have not been stripped of their
prevailing party status by the legislature’s decision to amend the relevant statutes two months
after the district court issued its order but before the defendants’ appeal was heard.           See

; Roadway Express, 6 F. App’x at 301; see also 

. Moreover, this court never reached the merits of Tennessee’s old ballot-access scheme
and has done nothing to disturb the original judgment of the district court.

          However, the plaintiffs are not necessarily entitled to all of the fees the district court
originally awarded them.       The plaintiffs’ complaint initially raised four claims against the
defendants: (1) that Tennessee’s ballot-access scheme violated their First Amendment rights,
(2) that one particular ballot-access statute was unconstitutionally vague and impermissibly
delegated legislative authority to the state’s coordinator of elections, (3) that a different statute
barring minor parties from using the names “independent” or “nonpartisan” on the ballot violated
the plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights, and (4) that Tennessee’s ballot-ordering statute was
Nos. 13-5975/6280            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.          Page 23

unconstitutional. The district court granted summary judgment in the plaintiffs’ favor on all four
claims, but this court reversed summary judgment on claims (2) and (3) and did so on the merits.
Green 

–26, 829.

       Although the plaintiffs are prevailing parties, the district court abused its discretion by
failing to reassess its fee award after this court reversed and remanded the case, and after the
defendants filed a motion for reconsideration. We accordingly vacate the district court’s fee
award and remand for recalculation of the proper amount. In doing so, we call the district
court’s attention to claim (3), regarding minor party names, which this course reversed on the
merits and which does not pertain to ballot access. We leave it to the district court to determine
how this court’s reversal of summary judgment on this claim should affect its fee award, in
accordance with the precedent discussed above. We further note that the plaintiffs have not yet
attained prevailing-party status on claim (1), regarding ballot-access, and claim (4), regarding
ballot-ordering, in the second round of litigation following remand, and we therefore vacate its
award of $15,587.50 in post-remand fees.

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       This case involves matters of great public importance.          Ballot-access laws invariably
limit—to varying degrees—the right of political parties, candidates, and voters “to associate in
the electoral arena” and thereby “enhance their political effectiveness as a group.” 

. These regulations further threaten to diminish “diversity and competition in the
marketplace of ideas” by ossifying the two-party status quo. 

must reverse
the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the plaintiffs. Their legal arguments
hinge on questions of fact that the record, in its current state, does not resolve.

       This case is accordingly remanded to the district court for further development. On
remand, the parties should supplement the existing record with further evidence demonstrating
the effects of Tennessee’s ballot-access and ballot-ordering provisions on the plaintiff minor
parties, and with any other evidence that they and the district court deem relevant. Furthermore,
this evidence should account for the recent changes to Tennessee’s ballot-access scheme. We
caution the district court and the parties that this court will not look favorably upon any effort to
Nos. 13-5975/6280            Green Party of Tenn., et al. v. Hargett, et al.     Page 24

dispose of this case at the summary judgment stage without substantial development of the
record.

          We also vacate the district court’s award of attorney’s fees to the plaintiffs and remand
this issue to the district court for reassessment and recalculation consistent with this opinion.