NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 16a0019n.06

                                                 Nos. 15-3076/3078                                        FILED
                                                                                                  Jan 12, 2016
                                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                               DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                      FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                              )
                                                              )
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                      ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                              )
             Plaintiff-Appellee,                              )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
                                                              )     NORTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
    v.                                                        )
                                                              )
    DWIGHT ERWIN HERRERA,
                                                              )
                                                                                     OPINION
            Defendant-Appellant.                              )
                                                              )
                                                *** *** *** ***
            Before: CLAY and ROGERS, Circuit Judges; THAPAR, District Judge.*

            THAPAR, District Judge. A jury convicted Dwight Herrera of two counts: conspiring

to distribute cocaine and traveling in interstate commerce with the intent to conduct an

unlawful activity. The district court sentenced him to a total of 240 months for these two

crimes, then tacked on 30 more months for violating the terms of his supervised release. On

appeal, Herrera makes four arguments as to why we should reverse his convictions.

Specifically, he says that the district court should have granted his motion to suppress,

allowed him to substitute counsel, excluded an alternate juror, and forbidden the prosecutor

to ask witnesses whether they would face perjury charges for lying. He also makes one




*
    Hon. Amul R. Thapar, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Kentucky, sitting by designation.
Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


argument as to why we should vacate his sentence, namely that the district court should have

allowed him to serve the extra 30 months concurrently. We affirm.

                                          I. Background

       Beginning in 2012, Herrera was a member of a conspiracy that distributed drugs in

the Cleveland area. R. 39 at 419 (superseding indictment). Law enforcement became aware

of the Ohio-based part of the conspiracy while investigating an international drug-trafficking

operation that smuggled drugs into California from Mexico, then distributed the drugs more

broadly throughout the United States. R. 310 at 2236–40. Herrera and his co-conspirators

participated in this larger scheme by smuggling drugs from California to Ohio inside secret

compartments in their vehicles. 

R. 39 at 419. Once the drugs arrived in Ohio,

the members of the conspiracy—including Herrera—were in charge of distributing the drugs

locally. R. 310 at 2241–43.

       On Herrera’s final trip to Cleveland to distribute drugs, one of his co-conspirators

picked him up in Michigan, and the pair traveled to the home of the co-conspirator’s father.

R. 311 at 2559, 2613–18. Surveilling officers watched Herrera arrive at the home and carry

two bags inside. R. 26 at 175. A few hours later, the officers executed a search warrant,

which allowed them to search for drug-related documents, on the home. 

search, the officers opened one of the bags Herrera had removed from his car and found

cocaine inside it. R. 91 at 708–12. Officers then stopped the search and returned with a

revised warrant that permitted them to search the premises for drugs. 

The

officers arrested Herrera during this raid. R. 26 at 175.

       Herrera challenged the search of his bags, arguing that the search exceeded the scope

of the original warrant. The district court held that Herrera lacked standing to challenge the
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search because he refused to acknowledge that the bags were his or that he was the person

seen carrying them into the house. R. 91 at 757. The district court further held that the

search of the bags was within the scope of the warrant issued by the magistrate judge. R. 91

at 758.

          The government later charged Herrera with two crimes: conspiracy to possess and

distribute at least five or more kilograms of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),

(b)(1)(A), and § 846, and traveling in interstate commerce with the intent to conduct an

unlawful activity—namely racketeering—in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1952(a)(3). R. 39 at

419–449. After a trial, the jury convicted him on both counts. R. 314 at 3334–35 (trial

transcript). The district court sentenced Herrera to 240 months for the conspiracy count and

60 months for the interstate-travel-in-aid-of-racketeering count, ordering him to serve these

sentences concurrently. R. 254 at 1931–36 (judgment). The court also sentenced Herrera to

30 more months for violating the terms of his supervised release, to be served consecutively.

R. 330 at 3740. This appeal followed.

                                            II. Discussion

          A.     Motion to Suppress

          Herrera first argues that the district court erred when it denied his motion to suppress

the evidence the officers found during the raid of the house. We review “the district court’s

findings of fact for clear error and its conclusions of law de novo.” United States v. Smith,

, 535 (6th Cir. 2010).

          “It is well-established that Fourth Amendment rights . . . may not be vicariously

asserted.”     United States v. Williams, 

, 510–11 (6th Cir. 2003) (internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, to prevail on a motion to suppress, the defendant must show
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that the search violated his rights rather than the rights of someone else. Even making the

generous assumption that Herrera had standing, however, his motion-to-suppress argument

fails because the search did not actually violate his Fourth Amendment rights. As the

Supreme Court has held, “[a] lawful search of fixed premises generally extends to the entire

area in which the object of the search may be found and is not limited by the possibility that

separate acts of entry or opening may be required to complete the search.” United States v.

Ross, 

, 820–821 (1982). And as this Court has further explained, when a

warrant has “authorized [] officers to look anywhere on [a particular] property for a small,

easy-to-conceal item, it would be extremely difficult . . . to establish that the officers

searched in places not authorized.” United States v. Garcia, 

, 508 (6th Cir.

2007).

         Here, the police had a warrant to search the house for drug-related documents. That

warrant permitted police to search anywhere that the drug-related documents might be. The

bags could have easily contained such documents, and thus the warrant permitted the police

to search them. Indeed, one of the bags was a backpack, the type of container in which

people often store documents. And once the police opened the bag, the plain view doctrine

allowed the police to seize the cocaine that they found inside. See Minnesota v. Dickerson,

, 375 (1993); see also United States v. Blakeney, 

, 1027 (6th Cir.

1991) (holding that documents discovered during a search were admissible under the plain

view doctrine even though the warrant made no reference to those documents). Thus, it

seems that the warrant authorized the police to search the bags.

         Herrera responds that the search was nevertheless invalid because the magistrate

judge did not expressly contemplate a search of the bags when he signed the warrant. In
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support of this argument, Herrera correctly points out that probable cause to search an area

must exist both at the time the magistrate issues a warrant and at the time the warrant is

executed. United States v. Archibald, 

, 560 (6th Cir. 2012). Because the police

knew the bags arrived in the residence only immediately prior to the search, Herrera argues,

the police must have known that the bags were not covered by the magistrate judge’s

warrant. Thus, when they searched the bags anyway, he seems to argue, they exceeded the

scope of the warrant.

       This argument reads the scope of the warrant too narrowly: a warrant relates to the

premises as the police find them—not as they were at the time the magistrate signed the

document itself. The magistrate judge issued a warrant that allowed police to search the

entire residence for drug-related documents. As explained above, such a warrant allows the

police to search any container found within the residence that could reasonably contain such

documents. See Illinois v. Gates, 

, 238 (1983) (stating that a magistrate judge

must only ensure that there is “a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will

be found in a particular place”). That the bags were brought onto the premises after the

warrant was issued is irrelevant. If the search warrant was for drugs, and drugs arrived

immediately after the warrant was issued, no one would contest that police could search and

seize the drugs. Documents are no different. Here, the police found the premises with the

bags present, and thus they were permitted to search them. The defendant points to no

authority that requires a residence to be frozen in time once a warrant is issued. Such a rule

would be impossible to implement: the police who arrive at a scene usually have no

knowledge of how long various items have been at the property or whether the items were on

the property at the time the magistrate judge issued the warrant. Rather, it matters only that
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the item is on the property at the time of the search and that it is covered by the scope of the

warrant. And the bags here satisfied both of these conditions. Thus, the officers searched

the bags pursuant to a valid search warrant, which means that they did not violate the Fourth

Amendment when they did so. The district court properly denied Herrera’s motion to

suppress.

       B.       Motion to Substitute Counsel

       Next, Herrera argues that the district court erred when it forbade him to substitute

counsel.     We review a district court’s decision on an indigent defendant’s motion to

substitute counsel for abuse of discretion. United States v. Mooneyham, 

, 291

(6th Cir. 2007). When determining whether a district court abused its discretion, the Court

considers:

                (1) the timeliness of the motion, (2) the adequacy of the court’s
                inquiry into the matter, (3) the extent of the conflict between the
                attorney and client and whether it was so great that it resulted in
                a total lack of communication preventing an adequate defense,
                and (4) the balancing of these factors with the public’s interest
                in the prompt and efficient administration of justice.

United States v. Mack, 

, 556 (6th Cir. 2001).

       Here, Herrera made three requests to substitute his counsel.           The district court

conducted a hearing on each of these requests. R. 306 (transcript from first hearing); R. 320

(transcript from second hearing); R. 328 (transcript from third hearing). At his first hearing,

Herrera raised several complaints about his interactions with counsel, including: 1) that his

counsel was not reading documents to him even though Herrera is legally blind, 2) that his

counsel refused to file motions that Herrera requested because counsel believed they were



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Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


frivolous, and 3) that his counsel had an “attitude” when discussing the case with him.

R. 306 at 2116–19. Herrera re-raised these issues in his second and third hearings.

       Although the first Mack factor weighs in Herrera’s favor because Herrera brought his

first motion to substitute counsel well before the anticipated trial date, the remaining Mack

factors all weigh against him. The second factor—the adequacy of the court’s inquiry into

the matter—weighs against Herrera because the district court held three separate hearings to

address Herrera’s request to substitute counsel. During these hearings, the district court

inquired into all of Herrera’s allegations. As the court continued this inquiry, it became clear

that the real issue between Herrera and his counsel was that Herrera disagreed with his trial

counsel’s strategy in the case. Herrera acknowledged as much on several occasions. For

example, in his first hearing Herrera stated that “I call [my counsel], he answered, but I’m

asking him to do certain things in my case and he always tell[s] me ‘I can't file this,’ ‘I can't

file that.’ I said ‘You can file anything. If the Court is going to deny it, let them deny it.’”

R. 306 at 2115. When the Court explained that “what motions to file or what to say in those

motions” was a decision for counsel—not the client—the defendant further stated: “but when

I try to talk to him he always get[s] an attitude. I never seen an attorney get an attitude like

that when you trying to discuss something about the case.” R. 306 at 2120.

       In the second hearing, counsel explained that “I have answered his phone calls.

I have gone out to see him several times. I have taken communications from his girlfriend,

so I have tried to do my best to represent him,” and said that his disagreements with Herrera

would not affect his ability to represent him. R. 320 at 3557. At the third hearing, Herrera

again said that his counsel was not reading documents to him, but counsel directly refuted

this assertion. R. 328 at 3704-05. As the hearing progressed, it once again became clear that
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Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


the defendant’s primary complaint involved differences in strategy and the defendant’s

misunderstanding of the law. 

Because the record shows that the district court

engaged in multiple, in-depth discussions with Herrera about his conflicts with his counsel,

and because Herrera had ample opportunity to explain these purported conflicts, the second

Mack factor weighs against finding that the district court abused its discretion when it denied

his motion to substitute. See United States v. Vasquez, 

, 467 (6th Cir. 2009)

(affirming district court’s denial of a motion to substitute where the court engaged in

“multiple lengthy discussions” and defendant had “ample opportunity to discuss in detail his

complaints”).

       The third Mack factor—whether the conflict was so extensive that it caused a

complete breakdown in communication or prevented an adequate defense—also weighs

against finding that the district court abused its discretion. As explained above, although

Herrera and his attorney disagreed about strategy, Herrera acknowledged that his counsel

nevertheless continued to communicate with him. And Herrera’s attorney explained that,

despite the disagreements, he continued to represent Herrera vigorously. Thus, it appears

that the conflict neither caused a complete breakdown nor prevented an adequate defense.

       As for the fourth Mack factor—the public’s interest in the prompt and efficient

administration of justice—the record suggests that appointing new counsel would have

undermined that interest. Most of Herrera’s disagreements with his counsel stemmed from

Herrera’s misunderstanding of the law, a misunderstanding that likely would have persisted

even if Herrera had a new lawyer. See United States v. Marrero, 

, 467 (6th Cir.

2011) (explaining that a district court substituting counsel would impede the efficient

administration of justice where most of the disagreements stemmed from a misunderstanding
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Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


of the law). Moreover, Herrera’s last request to substitute counsel came only a few weeks

before trial, and granting it would have resulted in a lengthy continuance to allow new

counsel to learn about the case. In such circumstances, a substitution of counsel is rarely

warranted. See United States v. Whitfield, 259 F. App’x 830, 834 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining

that “when the granting of the defendant’s request would almost certainly necessitate a last-

minute continuance, the trial judge’s actions are entitled to extraordinary deference” (internal

quotation marks omitted)). In sum, three out of the four Mack factors weigh against a

finding that the district court abused its discretion. The district court’s decision to deny

Herrera’s motion to substitute counsel was not reversible error.

        C.     Juror Impartiality

        Herrera’s third argument is that the district court should have excluded a juror that he

says was biased. The Sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to trial by a panel

of impartial jurors. Irvin v. Dowd, 

, 722 (1961). In most cases, we review a

district court’s decisions on juror impartiality for abuse of discretion. United States v.

Shackelford, 

, 1145 (6th Cir. 1985). Here, however, Herrera never asked the

court to exclude the juror, which means we review instead only for plain error. See United

States v. Herndon, 

, 634 (6th Cir. 1998).

        After the opening statements at trial, Juror 27—an alternate juror—disclosed to the

court that he had previously interacted with one of the case agents and that he had prior

knowledge of the case from social interactions with officers. R. 310 at 2209–14. The juror

also stated that he had seen one of Herrera’s co-defendants at the casino where the juror

worked. The juror had not told the court about these previous interactions during the voir

dire.   See 

    When the district court questioned the juror about these
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disclosures, the juror indicated that nothing about his prior knowledge or interactions would

affect his ability to be fair and impartial. 

Neither party objected to Juror 27

at trial, nor did Juror 27 participate in deliberations. R. 314 at 3319.

       Herrera’s argument that it was error for the district court to seat Juror 27 as an

alternate is without merit. A juror need not be “totally ignorant of the facts and issues

involved,” and it is “sufficient if the juror can lay aside his impression or opinion and render

a verdict based on the evidence presented in court.” Murphy v. Florida, 

, 800

(1975) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, there is nothing to indicate that these brief

interactions affected Juror 27’s ability to serve as an impartial juror.       When the court

questioned the juror about previous encounters with officers, the juror stated that nothing

about these occurrences would affect his ability to be impartial or to follow the court’s

instructions. R. 310 at 2209-12. He also said that the co-defendant’s visits to the casino

where the juror worked would have no impact on his ability to decide the case. 

The conclusion that Juror 27 was not partial is bolstered by the fact that neither the

prosecution nor the defense was concerned enough about Juror 27’s disclosures to object to

his seating at trial. See Skilling v. United States, 

, 396 (2010) (explaining that

the defendant’s failure to object to jurors at trial was “strong evidence” that the defendant did

not believe the jurors were biased). Furthermore, Juror 27, as an alternate, did not participate

in the jury’s deliberations and accordingly had no impact on the verdict. See United States v.

Lawrence, 

, 442 (6th Cir. 2013); see also 

& n.31

(2010) (a defendant was not deprived of a constitutional right when no biased juror sat on the

jury); Ross v. Oklahoma, 

, 86 (1988) (noting that a claim that the jury was partial



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Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


must focus on the “jurors who ultimately sat”). Thus the district court committed no error,

plain or otherwise, by seating Juror 27 as an alternate.

       D.     Prosecutorial Misconduct

       Fourth, Herrera argues that the prosecutor questioned the government’s witnesses in

an impermissible way. Because the defense did not object to the government’s questions

during the examination, this Court reviews the district court’s decision for plain error.

United States v. Garcia, 

, 723 (6th Cir. 2014). “The plain error doctrine

mandates reversal only in exceptional circumstances and only where the error is so plain that

the trial judge and prosecutor were derelict in countenancing it.” United States v. Slone, 

, 598 (6th Cir. 1987) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Herrera contends that the prosecutor committed misconduct when he asked

government witnesses whether they faced perjury charges if they lied to the jury. As Herrera

points out, the prosecutor asked Alfredo Martinez: “Do you know [that] I could probably

prosecute you for perjury in a heartbeat?” R. 311 at 2552. The prosecutor asked Lawrence

Donerson: “You don’t think for a minute that I wouldn’t hesitate to prosecute you, right?”

and whether Donerson knew that he and the prosecutor were “not friends.” R. 312 at 2698.

And the prosecutor asked a third witness, Ronald McCloud: “Q: What are you going to do to

keep yourself from getting prosecuted for perjury? A: Telling the truth. Q: I want you to

look at these people right here. Are you telling them the truth today?” R. 313 at 2966.

According to Herrera, these questions were such flagrant examples of prosecutorial

misconduct that the district court should have stepped in to stop the questioning sua sponte.

The court’s failure to do so, Herrera argues, was plain error that warrants a reversal of his

conviction.
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       The problem with that argument is a rather fundamental one: the prosecutor’s

questions were entirely proper. During cross-examination, Herrera’s counsel implied that the

cooperating witnesses were testifying for the government only to receive a favorable plea

agreement. R. 311 at 2529 (“So, really, what has motivated you to come to Cleveland and

say all these things about Mr. Herrera is the incredible deal that you got, right?”); R. 312 at

2660–61 (implying that the witness wanted a “favor from the Government”). Accordingly,

the government was allowed to address this implication on redirect. See United States v.

Henry, 

, 379 (6th Cir. 2008) (explaining that “the government may attempt to

explain why, based on the facts, that witness’s testimony is honest after the same has been

attacked by the defense” (citations omitted)). The district court did not err, therefore, by

allowing the government to do just that.

       Herrera responds that the prosecutor’s questions amounted to “improper vouching,”

which occurs when the prosecutor “bluntly states a personal belief in a witness’s credibility,

‘thereby placing the prestige of the office of the United States Attorney behind that witness’

. . . .” 

(quoting United States v. Francis, 

, 550–51 (6th Cir.

1999)). The prosecutor did no such thing here. There is no evidence that the prosecutor

expressed his personal belief that the witnesses were telling the truth. Instead, he merely

elicited testimony to show that the witnesses knew the consequences of lying and that the

prosecutor would pursue these consequences if they were untruthful. Such testimony does

not place the prestige of the office of the United States Attorney behind a witness. In sum,

the district court did not commit plain error by allowing the government to ask these

questions.



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Nos. 15-3076/3078, United States v. Herrera


         E.    Consecutive Sentence

         Herrera’s final argument is that the district court erred when it sentenced him to

consecutive terms of imprisonment. Specifically, Herrera argues that it was procedural error

for the district court to require him to serve his sentences for the underlying offenses and his

sentence for the previous supervised-release violation consecutively. Since Herrera did not

object to the consecutive nature of the sentence when given the opportunity, the Court

reviews his sentence for plain error. United States v. Morgan, 

, 694 (6th Cir.

2012).

         A district court may sentence a defendant to serve an undischarged sentence of

imprisonment consecutively, provided that the district court considers “the factors listed in

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), including any applicable Guidelines or policy statements issued by the

Sentencing Commission.” United States v. Johnson, 

, 208 (6th Cir. 2011)

(citing 18 U.S.C. § 3584(b)). A district court commits no abuse of discretion when it “makes

generally clear the rationale under which it has imposed the consecutive sentence and seeks

to ensure an appropriate incremental penalty for the instant offense.” United States v.

Owens, 

, 230 (6th Cir. 1998).

         Here, the district court did just that. At sentencing, the court explained that its

rationale for the consecutive sentence was Herrera’s involvement in a drug conspiracy so

shortly after his release from prison: “You were released from prison on . . . November 30th

of 2011, and this conspiracy for which you were convicted in the Northern District of Ohio

started in 2012. So less than a year after you were released from serving like 10 or 11 years

in prison, you started up doing the same thing. And I have to impose some penalty for that.”

R. 330 at 3740 (sentencing transcript). The district court also considered the 3553(a) factors,
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as it was required to do. 

Ultimately, the district court varied downward from the

recommended guidelines range for the supervised release violation, explaining that since the

defendant was facing a “20-year sentence for the convictions in this case . . . [the court

would] impose a sentence of 30 months for the supervised release on top of the 240. So that

will be a total of 270 months.” 

district court satisfied the requirements to

impose a consecutive sentence, it did not commit plain error.1

                                                    III.        Conclusion

         Because Herrera has failed to show any reason that his convictions should be vacated

or that his case should be remanded for resentencing, we affirm.




1
  Herrera relies on United States v. Cochrane, 

(6th Cir. 2012), to support his argument that the district
court did not adequately explain its reason for imposing a consecutive sentence. But Cochrane is distinguishable
from this case for several reasons. Most importantly, the district court in Cochrane did not provide a rationale for
imposing a consecutive sentence. See 

. The district court here did.

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