NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 18a0242n.06

                                            No. 17-3777

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                               FILED
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                             May 15, 2018
                                                                              DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
JONATHAN JIMMY VANEGAS TORRES,                          )
                                                        )
 Petitioner,                                            )
                                                        )      ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
v.                                                      )      FROM THE UNITED STATES
                                                        )      BOARD   OF  IMMIGRATION
JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS, III, Attorney General,           )      APPEALS
                                                        )
 Respondent.                                            )      OPINION
                                                        )



 BEFORE: GIBBONS, BUSH, and LARSEN, Circuit Judges.

        JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Jonathan Jimmy Vanegas Torres, a thirty-four-year-

 old native and citizen of Mexico, sought asylum and withholding of removal under both the

 Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) and the Convention Against Torture. He claims

 eligibility for these protections against deportation based on a likelihood of his being tortured

 upon his return to Mexico or persecuted by the Knights Templar, a Mexican gang, because of his

 membership in a particular social group. But he defines his proposed group only by its suffering

 persecution at the hands of the Knights Templar based on circumstances similar to his own. This

 definition is impermissibly circular and lacks social distinction.      So his asylum and INA

 withholding applications fail. And because he offers insufficient evidence of his likely torture in

 Mexico with the government’s acquiescence, his application for protection under the Convention

 Against Torture fails as well. We therefore deny his petition for review.
No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


                                                   I

       Vanegas Torres claims that he was apprehended by the Knights Templar in March 2015.

They drove him around in a van, roughed him up, and demanded 50,000 pesos from him with a

10-day deadline. They threatened to kill him and his family if he did not pay. So Vanegas Torres

trekked north to the border and presented himself to authorities there. This was a familiar

endeavor to Vanegas Torres: he previously had entered or attempted to enter the United States

illegally on eight occasions since January 2003.

       He appeared before an immigration judge in December 2016. He argued that he faced

persecution because of his membership in a particular social group: “Mexican nationals who

were kidnapped and beaten by Knights Templar Cartel who will be targeted for violence by

Knights Templar because they fled Mexico because they were unable to meet extortion

demands.”     The judge first found that Vanegas Torres’s testimony was inconsistent with

documentary evidence and thus was not credible. The judge also found that the testimony of

Vanegas Torres’s wife relied only on assertions by Vanegas Torres, so it too was not credible.

At any rate, the judge then held that the definition of Vanegas Torres’s alleged particular social

group was impermissibly circular and found that the group lacked social distinction. So the

judge found that Vanegas Torres had failed to prove eligibility for asylum or withholding of

removal under the INA. The judge also found that Vanegas Torres had failed to establish his

likely torture with the acquiescence of the Mexican government. The judge then denied Vanegas

Torres’s applications for relief.

       On appeal, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denied relief for reasons similar to

those given by the immigration judge: a circularly defined particular social group, a failure to

establish the social distinction of that group, and insufficient evidence to show his likely torture



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


with the Mexican government’s acquiescence. We agree with the BIA. Vanegas Torres’s

alleged particular social group is circularly defined. It also lacks social distinction. These

combine to doom his applications for both asylum and withholding of removal under the INA.

He also fails to meet the Convention Against Torture’s stringent requirement of government

acquiescence in his alleged likely torture in Mexico. We therefore deny his petition for review.

                                                II

       The BIA issued an independent decision on Vanegas Torres’s asylum and withholding of

removal applications. So we review only its decision on these issues and not the decision of the

immigration judge. Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 

, 497 (6th Cir. 2015). Legal

conclusions are reviewed de novo, and we review any “factual findings and credibility

determinations for substantial evidence.” Zhao v. Holder, 

, 246 (6th Cir. 2009)

(citation omitted). The substantial-evidence standard is highly deferential; the BIA’s factual

findings “are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to

the contrary.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Khozhaynova v. Holder, 

, 191 (6th Cir.

2011). We may not reverse simply because we “would have decided the case differently.” Lin v.

Holder, 

, 976 (6th Cir. 2009). Instead, reversal is appropriate only if the evidence

compels a contrary conclusion. 

asylum and withholding of removal under the INA face similar

requirements. For asylum, an alien must show that he is a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i);

8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a); see Koliada v. INS, 

, 486–87 (6th Cir. 2001). A refugee is

someone “who is unable or unwilling to return to . . . [his] country because of persecution or a

well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a

particular social group, or political opinion[.]” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); Rreshpja v. Gonzales,



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions

, 554 (6th Cir. 2005). Similarly, for withholding of removal under the INA, an

alien must show that his “life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the

alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.”

8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b).

       Vanegas Torres bases his applications for both asylum and withholding of removal under

the INA on his alleged membership in a particular social group. So if he cannot establish a

sufficient proposed particular social group, his claims for asylum and withholding of removal

fail. See, e.g., Kante v. Holder, 

, 327 (6th Cir. 2011). No statute defines the phrase

“membership in a particular social group.”        

BIA decisions and our own

precedents have clarified the relevant requirements.

       A proposed social group must share a “common, immutable characteristic.” Zaldana

(quoting Urbina-Mejia v. Holder, 

, 365 (6th Cir. 2010)).

It also must satisfy a “particularity” requirement. 

that “the group can be

described in terms sufficiently distinct such that the community would recognize it as a discrete

class of persons.” 

And the proposed group must be “socially distinct”;

that is, the members “must be perceived as a group by society.” 

Finally,

in attempting to meet these requirements, a petitioner cannot propose a social group that is

“circularly defined by the fact that it suffers persecution. . . . [T]he individuals in the group must

share a narrowing characteristic other than their risk of being persecuted.” 

.

       Vanegas Torres defines his group as “Mexican Nationals who were kidnapped and beaten

by Knights Templar Cartel who will be targeted for violence by Knights Templar because they

fled Mexico because they were unable to meet extortion demands.” But this is circular: the



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


group is essentially defined only by its persecution. The past persecution that Vanegas Torres

references is his abduction, beating, and extortion. And the future persecution Vanegas Torres

fears results from that same persecution. His proposed group shares no other characteristic. In

Kante, we rejected as circular a proposed group of “women subjected to rape as a method of

government 

–27. And in Rreshpja, we rejected as circular a proposed

group of “attractive Albanian women who are forced into 

.

Similarly, here, Vanegas Torres’s group of Mexican nationals, defined by no common

characteristic other than previous and anticipated future persecution by the Knights Templar, is

defined circularly. 

.

       The additional element of fleeing the alleged persecution does not cure its circularity.

The petitioners in Kante and Rreshpja also fled to the United States because of their alleged

persecution. 

(fleeing Guinea); 

(fleeing

Albania). But we still denied their petitions for review. 

; 

. Fleeing persecution is not a sufficiently narrowing characteristic to preclude a

group from being defined only by its persecution. It is inherent in every application for asylum

or withholding of removal under the INA that the applicant is fleeing persecution.           See

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (defining a refugee as someone unable or unwilling to return to his

home country “because of persecution”); 8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A) (requiring an application for

withholding of removal under the INA to show “that his life or freedom would be threatened” if

he were removed to his country). So we agree with the BIA that the definition of Vanegas

Torres’s proposed particular social group is impermissibly circular.




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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


       We also uphold the BIA’s decision based on substantial evidence that Vanegas Torres’s

proposed social group was not “socially distinct.” Zaldana 

–500. In

light of our precedent and the record before us, the BIA’s ruling must stand.

       In Zaldana Menijar, we upheld the BIA’s decision that the petitioner’s proposed group

lacked social distinction when he defined it as “active and long-term former gang members” or

“El Salvadoran male youth, who were forced to actively participate in violent gang activities for

the majority of their youth and who refused to comply with demands to show their loyalty

through increasing violence.” 

And in Munoz-Cano v. Sessions, we again upheld

the BIA’s determination that “men who were involved with a gang who left the gang without

permission” lacked social distinction to establish a particular social group. 690 F. App’x 407,

410 (6th Cir. 2017). See also Blanco-Santa Maria v. Sessions, 707 F. App’x 384, 387–88 (6th

Cir. 2017) (upholding BIA’s determination that a proposed group of “young, male Salvadoran

students who wish to pursue professional careers, expressly oppose gang practices, believe in the

rule of law, and oppose crime and violence” lacked social distinction).

       Similarly, Vanegas Torres proposes a group that was persecuted by a gang and faces

further persecution from refusing to comply with that gang’s demands. As in Zaldana Menijar

and Munoz-Cano, here the evidence fails to establish that the petitioner’s group is “perceived as

a group by society.” Zaldana 

; accord Munoz-Cano, 690 F. App’x at

410. Vanegas Torres’s evidence shows the tragic fact that gang violence is all too prevalent in

Mexican society. But this sadly cuts against him, because it increases the difficulty of showing

the social distinction of a proposed group that will suffer from gang violence. See Zaldana

(“Though the documentary evidence in the record does establish El

Salvador as one of the most dangerous countries in the world, nothing in the record shows



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


Salvadorans as viewing [petitioner’s proposed group of those forced into gang violence who

refused to comply with gang demands] as socially distinct within their society.”); Munoz-Cano,

690 F. App’x at 410 (explaining that although petitioner had shown that the country of removal

was “a dangerous country with prevalent gang activity,” he could not establish the social

distinction of his proposed group of men involved with a gang). That Vanegas Torres might

suffer from generalized gang violence, without more, is insufficient to establish a particular

social group. See Umana-Ramos v. Holder, 

, 674 (6th Cir. 2013) (“[Petitioner] has

not established that he is more likely than other citizens in [the country of removal] to be subject

to the violence of the country’s criminal gangs.”).

       Vanegas Torres must establish his membership in a particular social group. The BIA

held that he failed to so do. And the record does not compel us to reverse that decision. All that

remains, then, is the Convention Against Torture.

       For protection under the Convention, Vanegas Torres must show “that it is more likely

than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed to [Mexico].” See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2);

Zaldana 

. Torture is defined as “any act by which severe pain or

suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted . . . when such pain or suffering is

inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or

other person acting in an official capacity.”           8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1).       To establish

acquiescence, regulations require “that the public official, prior to the activity constituting

torture, have awareness of such activity and thereafter breach his or her legal responsibility to

intervene to prevent such activity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(7). We have held that acquiescence

includes “willful blindness” to the torture by the government. Amir v. Gonzales, 

,

927 (6th Cir. 2006).



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


       The BIA found that Vanegas Torres’s evidence did not support an application under the

Convention Against Torture. In so doing, it found no clear error in the immigration judge’s

factual findings related to Vanegas Torres’s application under the Convention Against Torture.

So we review both the BIA’s and the immigration judge’s decisions on Vanegas Torres’s

application.   See 

(explaining that we also review the

immigration judge’s decision “[t]o the extent the BIA adopted the immigration judge’s

reasoning”). And we review their findings of fact for substantial evidence. 

therefore uphold the factual findings of the BIA and the immigration judge if they are based on

“reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence” after considering the whole record. See Kamar

v. Sessions, 

, 817 (6th Cir. 2017). Even if, initially, we would have made a factual

finding differently, we may not reverse unless we are “compelled to conclude to the contrary” of

the BIA or immigration judge. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); see Kamar v. 

(“We apply the same standard of review for withholding of removal claims made under the

Immigration and Nationality Act and for requests for protection under the Convention Against

Torture.”); 

; Chege v. Lynch, 636 F. App’x 682, 685 (6th Cir. 2016).

       Relative to the issues of asylum and withholding of removal under the INA, Vanegas

Torres gives cursory attention to the Convention Against Torture in his papers. He argues that

“he fears harm that would constitute torture through either instigation or acquiescence of the

Mexican government if he is returned to Mexico.” And he contends that he proved that “the

Mexican government cannot or will not protect him from the cartels.” He also argues that his

evidence shows “widespread police corruption in Mexico” and that “the Mexican government is

corrupt and unable to control the criminal organizations that threaten and harm members of [his]

particular social group.” Although reports of potential police corruption and violence by cartels



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


are concerning, upon reviewing the record as a whole, we are not compelled to reverse the

decisions of the BIA and the immigration judge on Vanegas Torres’s application for relief under

the Convention Against Torture.

       In Zaldana Menijar, we reasoned that the government’s efforts to reduce police

corruption undercut arguments of its acquiescing in any torture flowing from that 

. And in Cristobal-Leon v. Holder, we declined to reverse a finding that the

government there was not acquiescing in gang violence when the government “ha[d] consistently

opposed and fought gang warfare.” 510 F. App’x 397, 400 (6th Cir. 2013). Furthermore, the

inability of a government to control the alleged perpetrators of torture or successfully eliminate

the torture is not alone conclusive of that government’s acquiescence. See Zaldana 

(“That the Salvadoran government is unable to control the gangs does not

constitute acquiescence.”); Perez-Morales v. Holder, 448 F. App’x 585, 589 (6th Cir. 2011)

(observing that “difficulty in curbing gang violence is hardly commensurate with tacit consent or

willful blindness to that violence”). And a fear of crime in general is insufficient “to establish

eligibility for withholding of removal under the [Convention Against Torture].” See Palma-

Campos v. Holder, 606 F. App’x 284, 287 (6th Cir. 2015). Here, the record contains evidence of

the Mexican government’s attempts to combat both police corruption and gang violence. The

proof is enough for the immigration judge and BIA to have found that, at most, Vanegas Torres’s

alleged fear is of generalized crime and violence, which is insufficient under the Convention.

       There is evidence in the record that the Mexican government is not willfully turning a

blind eye to the potential of police corruption. The evidence before the immigration judge

explained that federal police are required to undergo vetting upon their initial application to the

force and repeat that vetting every two years and that corrupt police have been prosecuted and



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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


sentenced accordingly. Further, the record evidence established that the Mexican government

also has deployed thousands of police and soldiers to combat the Knights Templar and that a

recent offensive by the government led to the arrest of several gang leaders, reducing the Knights

Templar’s power. In light of this record evidence, there was substantial evidence to support the

conclusions of the immigration judge and the BIA that the Mexican government does not

acquiesce in any alleged torture, even if the government has struggled to successfully combat the

Knights Templar and police corruption. See Zaldana 

; Cristobal-Leon,

510 F. App’x at 400; Perez-Morales, 448 F. App’x at 589.

           The closest that Vanegas Torres gets to showing any acquiescence by the government in

the Knights Templar’s actions is his wife’s testimony that she believed that their former

hometown mayor was a member of the Knights Templar. As proof, she explained that her

cousin was kidnapped when her cousin’s father contributed money to the mayor’s campaign and

then asked for a position in the mayor’s administration or for his money back.1           But the

immigration judge and BIA were entitled to conclude that her belief, without any other

collaboration, was insufficient to establish that Vanegas Torres’s former mayor was a member of

the Knights Templar.           They also could have deemed the testimony irrelevant, as Vanegas

Torres’s wife admitted that the mayor she believed was a gang member is no longer the mayor.

So there was a sufficient basis in the record to conclude that the former mayor’s alleged

connection to the Knights Templar, even assuming it existed, did not demonstrate that the

government would acquiesce in any potential future torturous acts against Vanegas Torres by the

Knights Templar. Cf. Palma-Campos, 606 F. App’x at 287 (“[Petitioner] did not point to any

evidence of a particular threat of torture to him if he were to return to Mexico.”).



1
    We note that the BIA assumed the credibility of Vanegas Torres’s wife.

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No. 17-3777, Vanegas Torres v. Sessions


       What we said in a prior case also involving an application under the Convention Against

Torture to prevent removal to Mexico is apt here: while there may be “evidence of individual

instances of government corruption, there is no evidence of systemic involvement of the

government in torture that would make it more likely than not that [Vanegas Torres] would be

subject to torture.” See Diaz-Hernandez v. Holder, 635 F. App’x 159, 162 (6th Cir. 2015).

Based on the overall record before us, we are not compelled to reverse the BIA’s decision

denying Vanegas Torres’s application under the Convention Against Torture.

                                             III

       Vanegas Torres’s petition for review is DENIED.




                                             11