NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 18a0460n.06

                                           No. 17-3938

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                      FILED
                                                                                Sep 05, 2018
                                                                            DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
    UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                          )
                                                       )
         Plaintiff–Appellee,
                                                       )     ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                       )     UNITED STATES DISTRICT
         v.                                            )     COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                       )     DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                       )
    MARC MONTGOMERY,                                   )
                                                       )
         Defendant–Appellant.
                                                       )
                                                             OPINION


Before: BATCHELDER and CLAY, Circuit Judges; and SARGUS, District Judge.

        SARGUS, District Judge. Following trial, a jury found Appellant Marc Montgomery

(“Montgomery”) guilty of aiding and abetting Levert Bates (“Bates”) in the armed robbery of Key

Bank in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d) (count one), and of aiding and abetting Bates in using

and carrying, and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime of violence in violation

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (count two). The trial court granted Montgomery’s judgment of

acquittal for the brandishing element of count two. On August 28, 2017, the trial court sentenced

Montgomery to eighty months imprisonment on count one and sixty months on count two, to run

consecutively. (ECF No. 72.)




The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., Chief United States District Judge for the Southern
District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


       At the sentencing, the trial court applied a two-level enhancement under USSG

§ 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), finding it reasonably foreseeable to Montgomery that Bates would physically

restrain a bank employee during the course of the robbery. Following sentencing, the district court

imposed its judgment on August 28, 2017. (ECF No. 75.) Thereafter, Montgomery filed a timely

notice of appeal on August 31, 2017. (ECF No. 76.)

       Montgomery now challenges his conviction based on the sufficiency of the evidence and

also challenges application of the two-level enhancement. We find the prosecution presented and

the jury relied on sufficient evidence to find Montgomery guilty of aiding and abetting an armed

bank robbery. We further find that the trial court properly applied the two-level enhancement. We

therefore AFFIRM Montgomery’s conviction and the sentence he received.

                                                I.

       On November 20, 2016, an armed robbery of Key Bank occurred in Garfield Heights, Ohio

at 9:20 AM. That morning, Montgomery rode with Bates to the bank. At some time prior to the

robbery, Bates informed Montgomery that he planned to rob the bank. (Appellant Br. at 18, Doc.

24 (Montgomery admits that he knew about Bates’ plan to rob the bank “before Mr. Bates went to

commit the robbery.”).) Evidence at trial showed that Montgomery and Bates were waiting in the

bank’s parking lot before 9:00 AM and then that they drove through the parking lot at 9:10 AM.

After seeing a police car parked at a nearby store, Montgomery warned Bates of the police presence

and drove with him to investigate whether the police remained in the area. Bates and Montgomery

ultimately parked on a street near the bank.

       Video footage shows Bates leaving the car and walking towards the bank. Then, a few

minutes later, Bates returned to the car where he put on a mask and grabbed his gun and duffel

bag. Bates reported that Montgomery knew he had a gun and that “the two discussed and agreed

to rob the bank using the firearm.” (Sealed Presentence Report at 4, Doc. 7.) Montgomery admits
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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


that he saw the gun prior to the robbery and asked Bates “[w]hat are you going to do?” (Sentencing

Tr. 7:12–15, ECF No. 88); (Id.; GEX 17C, Timestamp 1:36:30–1:42:12.)

       Upon entering the bank, Bates pointed his loaded firearm at the first teller, Mary Sutton

(“Sutton”), and forced her to give him money from her teller drawer. Bates then forced Sutton to

accompany him to the vault, where a second teller, Susan Lowe (“Lowe”), was working. Bates

ordered Lowe to put the vault’s contents in his duffle bag, threatening that if she failed to do so he

would “blow [her] head off.” (Trial Tr. Lowe Test. at 108:11–24.) Lowe put the money in the

bag, along with a GPS bait pack. Bates then left the bank and got into the passenger side of the

car.1 Montgomery then drove Bates to Montgomery’s house, where Montgomery lived, which is

approximately one to two miles from the bank.

       Seventeen minutes later, Garfield Heights Police found Montgomery and Bates at

Montgomery’s mother’s house. Officer Matthew Krejci testified that when he walked up the

driveway, he witnessed Montgomery holding a large stack of money.               Police apprehended

Montgomery and Bates, who were standing near “[a] green duffle bag with U.S. currency in and

around [it] and a black semiautomatic handgun next to the bag.” (Trial Tr. Cramer Test. at 20–

21.) The money recovered from the scene matched the bank’s amount of loss, about $55,000.

        Following Montgomery’s trial, the jury convicted him of count one, aiding and abetting

armed bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), and of count two, aiding and

abetting using, carrying, and brandishing a firearm in relation to the armed bank robbery, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A).




1
 The parties dispute what Montgomery did while Bates entered the bank. Whether he went to
the gas station down the street or not is not relevant here based on Montgomery’s actions post-
robbery.
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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


       Montgomery moved for a judgment of acquittal pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal

Procedure 29, and the trial court granted the motion in part on the brandishing a firearm element,

finding that “while there was sufficient evidence of Defendant’s intent that Levert Bates “carry or

use” a firearm during the robbery, there was insufficient evidence that Defendant intended Bates

to ‘brandish’ a firearm.” (Order on Mot. for J. of Acquittal at 3, ECF No. 43.) The trial court

ultimately denied the remainder of Montgomery’s motion after the close of evidence.                At

sentencing, over Montgomery’s objection, the court applied a two-level enhancement under

USSG. § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B), finding it foreseeable to Montgomery that Bates would forcibly move a

bank employee during the course of the robbery.

       Montgomery appeals, challenging his conviction for sufficiency of the evidence and the

application of the sentencing enhancement.

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Montgomery asserts the evidence presented at trial does not support a finding that he aided

and abetted Bates in the robbery but, rather, that the evidence shows at most he served as an

accessory after the fact. In support, he argues that his conduct did not arise until after the robbery

took place, when he drove Bates from the bank to his house.

       This Court “review[s] a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting a criminal

conviction de novo,” United States v. Robinson, 

, 255 (6th Cir. 2016), with the

defendant “bear[ing] a very heavy burden” of persuasion. United States v. Wright, 

,

1088 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v. Prince, 

, 746 (6th Cir. 2000)). In

reviewing sufficiency, “[t]he question is ‘whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

v. Virginia, 

, 319 (1979)).



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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


Thus, the defendant can prevail “only if, viewing the record as a whole, the judgment is not

supported by substantial and competent evidence.” 

States v. Blakeney, 

, 1010 (6th Cir. 1991)).

       To sustain a conviction for armed bank robbery under Section 2113(a) and (d), the

government was required to establish:

       (1) that by force or threat of force; (2) the defendant attempted to take from a person
       in another’s presence an item of value; (3) that is in the custody or control of a bank;
       and (4) in doing so, placed in jeopardy the life of any person by use of a dangerous
       weapon or device.

United States v. Davis, 

, 408–09 (6th Cir. 2002). “Aiding and abetting requires that

a defendant in some sort associate himself with the venture, that he participate[] in it as something

he wishes to bring about, and that he seek by his action to make it succeed.” United States v.

Perales, 534 F. App’x 502, 504 (6th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Lowery, 

,

1202 (6th Cir. 1995)). Montgomery does not contest that Bates committed the crime of bank

robbery but argues that the government did not show he aided and abetted Bates. To prove aiding

and abetting, the government had to establish: “(1) an act by [Montgomery] that contributed to the

commission of the crime; and (2) [Montgomery’s] intent to aid in the commission of the crime.”

(citation omitted). In contrast, a person is guilty of serving as an accessory after the

fact when he or she, “knowing that an offense against the United States has been committed,

receives, relieves, comforts or assists the offender in order to hinder or prevent his apprehension,

trial or punishment.” 18 U.S.C. § 3.

       Montgomery’s argument fails because it ignores several significant pieces of evidence.

Montgomery admitted that he knew Bates intended to rob the bank before the crime took place,

that he warned Bates about the presence of police near the bank, and that he rode with Bates to

investigate whether the police were still nearby. And it is undisputed that Montgomery served as

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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


Bates’ getaway driver after watching Bates walk into the bank equipped with a bag, a gun, and a

ski mask. This evidence shows that Montgomery associated himself with the robbery, encouraged

its commission, and contributed to its success. The evidence is therefore sufficient to support

Montgomery’s conviction for aiding and abetting the armed bank robbery. See 

.

       Further in support of the jury’s conviction, Officer Krejci testified that when he tracked

Montgomery and Bates to Montgomery’s house he found Montgomery in the garage holding a

stack of cash while standing next to Bates and a duffel bag full of cash matching the loss the bank

incurred. As the trial court observed at Montgomery’s sentencing,

       . . . it makes no sense at all that if Bates had been the robber and you had no
       involvement that you’d be sitting there sharing money with him in your garage . . .
       . In fact, the opposite would be true. If Bates had done it on his own, the last thing
       he would have wanted to do was let you know how much money he’d gotten.

(Sentencing Tr. 22:13–20, ECF No. 88.) This rings especially true here, as Bates managed to

obtain roughly $55,000 from the bank. A jury could therefore infer that Montgomery further

supported the commission of the crime by assisting with the planning of the robbery and agreeing

in advance to serve as the getaway driver. See United States v. Akiti, 

, 887 (8th Cir.

2012) (“Because the evidence shows that Akiti met with Tang before the robbery, drove him to

and from the robbery, and split the money from the robbery, a reasonable jury also could have

concluded beyond a reasonable doubt that Akiti knew a credit-union robbery was being committed

and knowingly acted in some way for the purpose of aiding the robbery.”).

       Montgomery relies on Brown v. Palmer, 

(6th Cir. 2006), to support his

assertion that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction. In contrast to the instant

case where Montgomery knew Bates planned to rob the bank with a gun and drove Bates from the

robbery, in Brown “[t]he state offered no evidence that Brown had ever met the gunman prior to

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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


arriving at the gas station, that Brown possessed a weapon or handed one to the gunman, or that

Brown knew that the gunman was going to commit a robbery and carjacking.” 

Thus,

Brown is inapposite.

       We therefore find the conviction for aiding and abetting Bates in the armed bank robbery

is supported by sufficient evidence.

B. Application of Sentencing Enhancement USSG § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B)

       Montgomery challenges the trial court’s application of a two-level sentencing enhancement

under USSG § 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) based on Bates’ forcing Sutton to accompany him to the vault

during the robbery. The Court reviews a trial court’s factual determinations underlying an

application of a sentencing guideline for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. United

States v. Angel, 

, 320 (6th Cir. 2009). “Whether the criminal acts of others in a jointly

undertaken criminal activity are reasonably foreseeable is a question of fact, reviewable only for

clear error.” United States v. Canestraro, 

, 433 (6th Cir. 2002) (footnote omitted).

Facts found for sentencing purposes need only be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.

United States v. Gates, 

, 708 (6th Cir. 2006), cert. denied, 

(2006).

       United States Sentencing Guidelines Section 2B3.1(b)(4)(B) applies a two-level sentencing

enhancement “if any person was physically restrained to facilitate commission of the offense or to

facilitate escape.” The application note to Section 2B3.1 explains that “[t]he guideline provides

an enhancement for robberies where a victim was forced to accompany the defendant to another

location . . . .” USSG § 2B3.1 Applic. Note background. In calculating the guideline range, a

court must consider not only the defendant’s own actions, but also any other individuals’ actions

that were “(i) within the scope of the jointly undertaken criminal activity, (ii) in furtherance of that




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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


criminal activity, and (iii) reasonably foreseeable in connection with that criminal activity.” USSG

§ 1B1.3(a)(1).

       Montgomery does not dispute that Bates restrained Sutton when he forced her to

accompany him to the bank’s vault. Rather, he contests the enhancement, asserting Bates’ actions

in restraining Sutton were unforeseeable to him. The trial court’s determination that it was

foreseeable to Montgomery that Bates would restrain a bank employee during the robbery is

factual and is therefore reviewed for clear error. See 

.

       Montgomery “need not have committed [the act of restraining Sutton] for the

enhancements to apply; rather, he need only have known it was ‘reasonably probable’ that a co-

participant would commit them.” United States v. Carpenter, 

(6th Cir. 2016), rev’d

on other grounds, 

. “As a general matter, an accomplice to robbery should foresee

that robbery likely entails physical restraint or worse.” 

As Montgomery

asserts, “foreseeable” is defined as conduct “such that a person of ordinary prudence would expect

[the conduct] to occur or exist under the circumstances.” Foreseeable, MERRIAM-WEBSTER,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foreseeable (last visited June 11, 2018).            The

application note to Section 1B1.3 guides the Court with the following example of what the

Guidelines finds foreseeable:

       . . . two defendants agree to commit a robbery and, during the course of that robbery,
       the first defendant assaults and injures a victim[,] [t]he second defendant is
       accountable for the assault and injury to the victim (even if the second defendant
       had not agreed to the assault and had cautioned the first defendant to be careful not
       to hurt anyone) because the assaultive conduct was within the scope of the jointly
       undertaken criminal activity (the robbery), was in furtherance of that criminal
       activity (the robbery), and was reasonably foreseeable in connection with that
       criminal activity (given the nature of the offense).

USSG §1B1.3 Applic. Note 3(D).




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No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


       Here, viewed together, the circumstances of the robbery show no clear error in the

application of the sentencing enhancement. Montgomery was aware Bates entered the bank with

the intent to rob it and that Bates not only brought a gun in with him, but that he intended to use it

during the course of the robbery. Sutton, the bank teller, was working near the front door of the

bank fixing a sign when Bates walked in. She was the only bank employee working in the front

area, while Lowe was working in the vault. She testified, “[a] man came in the door, and I looked

up at him because I wanted to acknowledge him. And I asked him, ‘[h]ow can I help you?’ and

he had a really big green bag and he lifted up his head and he said, ‘[f]ill this bag up or I’m going

to shoot you.’” (Trial Tr. Sutton Test. at 38:9–25; 39:1–10.) She then went over to her drawer

and emptied it for him. Bates then forced Sutton to accompany him to the vault where Lowe was

working. Sutton explained “he said ‘Open the door’ and I told him I couldn’t. He said, ‘Open the

door or I’m going to shoot you.’” (Trial Tr. Sutton Test. at 39:14–25.) From inside the vault Bates

was able to obtain more than $55,000.

       Bates’ restraint of Sutton to gain access to the bank’s vault was within the scope of and in

furtherance of the robbery that the jury convicted Montgomery of aiding and abetting.

Montgomery was with Bates prior to the robbery and was then available to drive him directly from

the bank to his house. The trial court could, therefore, infer for the purposes of sentencing that

Montgomery was aware at the time he drove Bates from the bank that the robbery took longer than

it would have for Bates to only take money from the teller drawer. Indeed, the trial court noted

during sentencing that “most bank robberies are in the range of [$]2[,000] to $5,000” and

questioned “so why would Bates, if you had not been involved with the planning of the robbery

before . . . ever open the satchel to you to let you know that he had collected over $50,000?”

(Sentencing Tr. 22:10–24, ECF No. 88.)



                                                  9
No. 17-3938, United States v. Montgomery


       Because Montgomery knew of the robbery before it took place and was aware that Bates

was armed, it was not clearly erroneous for the trial court to find it reasonably foreseeable to

Montgomery that Bates would engage in conduct to merit the enhancement. 2                 Moreover,

Montgomery admits that a substantial number of bank robberies – nearly 15% – involve physical

restraint. Based on the evidence produced a trial, we find no clear error in the application of the

enhancement. See 

.

                                                 II.

       For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM Montgomery’s conviction and the application of

the sentencing enhancement.




2
  We also note that the total applicable guideline range for Montgomery as calculated by United
States Pretrial Services was 360 months to life and that the trial court sentenced him to consecutive
sentences of 80 months and 60 months. (Sealed Presentence Report at 9.)
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