NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                     File Name: 20a0315n.06

                                                   No. 19-3825

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                     FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                        FILED
                                                                                               Jun 02, 2020
                                                                                           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
LIDIA YORLENI REYES ALMENDAREZ                            )
et al.,                                                   )
                                                          )           ON PETITION FOR REVIEW
           Petitioners,                                   )           OF A FINAL ORDER OF THE
                                                          )           BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
v.                                                        )           APPEALS
                                                          )
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,                        )
                                                          )                     OPINION
           Respondent.                                    )



BEFORE: MOORE, SUTTON, and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Lidia Yorleni Reyes Almendarez, her

husband, Yony Eliu Melgar Trochez, their children, Jordi Isai Melgar Reyes and Jhonsen Zaret

Melgar Reyes, Lidia’s brother, Limhi Lenin Reyes Almendarez, and his daughter, Issi Beatriz

Reyes Henriquez, petition for review of the Board of Immigration’s (“BIA”) denial of their

applications for asylum.1 They challenge the BIA’s and immigration judge’s (“IJ”) conclusions

(1) that the persecution of the family by Los Tercerenos, a Honduran gang, was not on account of

their membership in a patrilineal family headed by Lidia and Limhi’s father and (2) that the

Honduran government was not unable or unwilling to protect the petitioners from their persecutors.

We DENY the petition seeking review for the reasons that follow.




       1
           We will refer to petitioners by first name because some share the same last names.
No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Petitioners are citizens and natives of Honduras, specifically San Pedro Sula. See, e.g.,

A.R. 135–36. At various points in 2011, 2012, and 2015, the family was victimized by Los

Tercerenos and suffered tremendous personal loss. On January 1, 2011, Lidia and Limhi’s father,

Jesus Reyes Caballero, was murdered by Los Tercerenos because he refused to meet the gang’s

extortion demands with proceeds from his restaurant. A.R. 143–45, 223. The record does not

indicate whether the family filed a police report or whether the police investigated Jesus’s death.

After his death, the family did not receive further threats of extortion. A.R. 153. However, the

family received a phone call in 2012 stating that they were to provide free food to “all of them,”

and the family presumed it was Los Tercerenos. A.R. 223. The family notified the police, the

officers came to the restaurant, and they stayed with the family for two hours.

4, 2015, Lidia and Limhi’s brother, Jesus Alexander Reyes Almendarez

(“Alex”) had an argument with members of Los Tercerenos. A.R. 141–42. During a soccer game,

Alex threw a ball and it hit the hand of a member, causing the member to drop his phone.

to apologize, but gang members threatened him, stating that he was “going to see blood

running.”

day, Alex was murdered by the gang.

and Jhonsen were

with Alex when the attack occurred. A.R. 140. During the attack, Limhi sustained serious gunshot

injuries. A.R. 146. Within minutes, the police arrived and took Limhi to the hospital. A.R. 145,

253.

       Three days after Alex’s death, Lidia filed a police report. A.R. 147. The police investigated

Alex’s murder, and, though unrelated to Alex’s death, later made arrests that resulted in

convictions of Los Tercerenos members for another murder. A.R. 150, 229–30. Lidia and Yony


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testified that the police did little to solve Alex’s murder, despite Lidia’s participation in

proceedings to press charges. A.R. 150, 164–65, 230. Yet Lidia and Yony did not follow up with

the police because they feared that they would be further targeted by the gang. A.R. 230.

       After Lidia filed the police report, she began to receive threats from Los Tercerenos. A.R.

141, 147. The first threat was a note that stated that the gang hoped to see her die for what she

“had done,” A.R. 147, 151, and that they would kill her family members “one after one,” A.R.

172. Lidia was also followed one day. A.R. 147. The day of Alex’s funeral, Lidia and her family

moved two to three hours away to escape the frequent threats. A.R. 148–49. Los Tercerenos

found her phone number, however, and continued to send threats to her via text and phone calls.

A.R. 147, 150–51, 169–70. The gang told Lidia over the phone that that she “was going to see the

devil alive.” A.R. 151. Limhi received similar threats on an “[a]lmost daily” basis, A.R. 191–93,

and another brother, Eybi Joshua Reyes Almendarez, was followed by Los Tercerenos once, A.R.

255.

       On October 31, 2015, Yony’s brother was murdered at his tire shop. A.R. 153–54. Lidia

believed that members of Los Tercerenos killed Yony’s brother because they mistook him for

Yony. A.R. 167–68. She had that belief because of texts that she received from gang members

saying that “[t]he revenge had begun” and that the victim was her husband.

filed a police report. A.R. 226. Lidia testified that the police “didn’t do anything” (except “file a

report”), A.R. 154–55, and Yony stated that the police did not reveal the results of any

investigation, A.R. 226–27. Lidia again reported the threats to the police, who advised her to stay

indoors. A.R. 168. The threats continued until December 30, 2015, when Yony was followed by

Los Tercerenos on his way home from work. A.R. 148, 225. Shortly after, Lidia, Yony, Jordi,


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Jhonsen, Limhi, and Issa left Honduras on January 18, 2016. A.R. 138. The family arrived in the

United States on August 4, 2016. A.R. 138–39.

       Petitioners were charged as inadmissible for lacking valid entry documents pursuant to 8

U.S.C § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I) and applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). A.R. 84. The IJ issued his opinion on January 23, 2018.

concluded that petitioners were credible but denied all applications for relief, ordering

that the petitioners be removed to Honduras.                  A.R. 98, 104.2   Regarding the petitioners’

applications for asylum, the IJ concluded that petitioners had not demonstrated past persecution

because (1) the harm the family suffered did not rise to the level of persecution, (2) assuming there

was persecution, it was not because of their membership in a particular social group, “children of

Jesus Reyes, and their spouses and children,” (3) the Honduran government was not unwilling or

unable to control their alleged persecutors, and (4) relocation within Honduras was not

unreasonable. A.R. 98–102. The IJ also determined that petitioners did not establish a well-

founded fear of future persecution, which would also justify asylum relief, and that petitioners

were not entitled to withholding of removal or protection under the CAT. A.R. 102–04.

       The BIA dismissed petitioners’ appeal on August 2, 2019. A.R. 3–4. After adopting and

affirming the IJ’s decision, the BIA specifically affirmed the IJ on two grounds, both of which

addressed the petitioners’ asylum applications based on past persecution. First, the BIA concluded

that there was insufficient evidence to establish that Los Tercerenos’s persecution of the family




       2
           The credibility determination is not disputed by the government.


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


was “on account of” their membership in a family group. A.R. 4. Second, the petitioners did not

demonstrate that the Honduran government was unwilling or unable to protect the petitioners. Id.3

        This petition for review followed. The petitioners seek review only of the BIA’s denial of

their asylum appeals. Pet’r Br. at 2.

                       II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Generally, “we have jurisdiction to review final orders of removal of the BIA.” Umaña-

Ramos v. Holder, 

, 670 (6th Cir. 2013). When the BIA adopts the IJ’s decision and

provides its own reasoning, we review the IJ and BIA opinions. Mandebvu v. Holder, 

, 424 (6th Cir. 2014). Legal determinations receive de novo review. 

. We review the agency’s factual determinations “under the substantial evidence standard,”

in which we ask whether the factual findings “are ‘supported by reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence on the record considered as a whole.’” Kamar v. Sessions, 

, 817

(6th Cir. 2017) (quoting Yu v. Ashcroft, 

, 702 (6th Cir. 2004)). We reverse agency

factual findings “only if the evidence ‘not only supports a contrary conclusion, but indeed compels

it.’” 

(quoting 

–03); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)

(“[A]dministrative findings of fact are conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be

compelled to conclude to the contrary.”). Though this standard is deferential, we “still give the

administrative decision under review a ‘hard look.’” Marouf v. Lynch, 

, 181 (6th Cir.

2016) (quoting N’Diom v. Gonzales, 

, 500 n.1 (6th Cir. 2006)).




        3
          The BIA perfunctorily denied petitioners’ withholding of removal claim. A.R. 4. Finally, the BIA noted
that the petitioners here did not appeal the IJ’s denial of CAT protection and held that the issue was waived. A.R. 3
n.1.


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


                           III. ANALYSIS OF ASYLUM CLAIMS

       The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) gives the Attorney General “discretion to

grant asylum to applicants who meet the definition of a ‘refugee.’” 

(citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)). An asylum applicant bears the burden of “demonstrat[ing] that

she is a refugee as defined by the INA.” Marku v. Ashcroft, 

, 986 (6th Cir. 2004).

“A refugee is defined as a person who is unable or unwilling to return to [her] home country

‘because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.’” K.H. v. Barr, 

, 475 (6th Cir. 2019) (alteration in original) (quoting Pilica v. Ashcroft, 

, 950 (6th

Cir. 2004)). When an asylum applicant’s claim rests on past persecution that was not carried out

by the government, the applicant “need only ‘show that the [county of origin’s] government was

unwilling or unable to control [her persecutors] and protect her.’”

in original)

(quoting Velasquez-Rodriguez v. Whitaker, 762 F. App’x 241, 244 (6th Cir. 2019)); Khalili v.

Holder, 

, 436 (6th Cir. 2009).             Petitioners seek review of the BIA and IJ

determinations that (1) persecution at the hands of Los Tercerenos was not “because of” their

membership in their proposed particular social group, Jesus’s children, their spouses, and their

own children, and (2) the Honduran government was not unwilling or unable to protect the

petitioners from Los Tercerenos. Pet’r Br. at 2.

A. Persecution “because of” membership in a statutorily protected category

       Asylum seekers must demonstrate that they were “persecuted on account of or because of”

their membership a protected category, such as a particular social group. 

;

see also Zaldana Menijar v. Lynch, 

, 500 (6th Cir. 2015) (considering whether there


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


was “a nexus” between persecution and the particular social group). A persecutor may have

multiple, or “mixed,” motives. 

n.10; see also Al-Ghorbani v. Holder, 

, 997 (6th Cir. 2009). However, “[t]he REAL ID Act clarified that, with respect to asylum

claims, ‘the applicant must establish that race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

social group, or political opinion was or will be at least one central reason for persecuting the

applicant.’” Guzman-Vazquez v. Barr, ___ F.3d ___, No. 19-3417, 

, at *12 (6th

Cir. May 18, 2020) (emphasis added) (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). Asylum applicants

cannot show persecution was “because of” their membership in a protected category by pointing

to only “[g]eneral conditions of rampant gang violence.” 

; see also

Zaldana 

(stating that “widespread crime and violence does not itself

constitute persecution on account of a protected ground”). Nor can applicants simply rely on the

fact that family members were persecuted. Akhtar v. Gonzales, 

, 406 (6th Cir. 2005).

       Petitioners argue that the IJ and BIA misapplied the mixed-motive analysis by requiring

that petitioners demonstrate that “the threats were based exclusively” on their family membership

and “failed to consider the possibility of mixed motives.” Pet’r Br. at 23 (emphasis added). This

assertion is not borne out by the record. The IJ noted that the family suffered harm due to the

gang’s actions, but ultimately “failed to demonstrate that they suffered harm differing from what

all residents of Honduras generally suffer [as a result of] the gang violence prevalent in that

country.” A.R. 100. The BIA similarly concluded that the family had failed to provide sufficient

evidence that they were persecuted on account of their membership in their family group; it also

cited Matter of N-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 526 (BIA 2011), A.R. 4, which expressly considered mixed




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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


motives, Matter of N-M-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 531. There is no indication that the BIA or IJ

misapplied the “one central reason” standard or failed to consider the existence of mixed motives.

         Petitioners fail to demonstrate that the evidence compels the conclusion that their relation

to Jesus or Alex was a central reason for Los Tercerenos’s alleged persecution. Petitioners point

to Jesus’s death in 2011 and an incident shortly thereafter regarding a phone call demanding free

meals, but for at least three years, the family heard nothing from Los Tercerenos. Thus, it is

difficult to infer that Los Tercerenos members were motivated to persecute the petitioners based

on Alex, Lidia, or Limhi’s relation to their father. As for the incidents in 2015, petitioners fail to

show that Alex’s death was based on anything other than a personal matter at a soccer field, and

applicants cannot rely “solely” on “personal matters” to show that they were persecuted because

of their membership in a protected category. 

(quoting Zoarab v.

Mukasey, 

, 781 (6th Cir. 2008)).4

         Moreover, there is substantial evidence showing that it was not membership in the family

group, but Lidia’s act of filing a police report that spurred Los Tercerenos to threaten the

petitioners. The petitioners hypothesized that their relation to Jesus and Alex was the genesis of

Los Tercerenos’s campaign against them, see, e.g., A.R. 170–71, 257–58, but the petitioners point

to no evidence, testimonial or otherwise, that provides a factual basis for these statements. For

example, the content of the threats focused on what Lidia had done by filing the police report, not

on actions by her father or her relation to him. See Gonzalez Ruano v. Barr, 

, 356


         4
           Petitioners argue that the BIA and IJ concluded that the personal disputes with Jesus and Alex led the BIA
and IJ to ignore the familial connections. Pet’r Br. at 21. Though “the simultaneous existence of a personal dispute
does not eliminate [a] nexus,” Bi Xia Qu v. Holder, 

, 608 (6th Cir. 2010), the familial connection still
must be a central reason for the persecution. Here, the BIA and IJ concluded that the petitioners “[were] not persecuted
on the basis of any protected ground.” 

n.10.


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


(7th Cir. 2019) (noting that “the evidence here shows that the [Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generación]

was persecuting Gonzalez Ruano for the stated purpose of destroying Catalina’s family”

(emphasis added)). And Limhi testified that his wife and children, who would clearly be members

of the proposed particular social group, remain in Honduras and have not received threats from

Los Tercerenos. A.R. 183, 185, 200–04. Petitioners fail to show that the familial connection was

at least one central reason for persecuting them, as opposed to, for instance, the gang’s actions

being a result of its general, criminal goal of enacting revenge on one who reports gang activities

to the police. Put differently, harming Lidia’s family was “a means to achieve some other goal,

not an end in itself.” Majano-De Hernandez v. Barr, 777 F. App’x 810, 812 (6th Cir. 2019)

(concluding that the gang was motivated by financial reasons); see also Cruz-Guzman v. Barr, 

, 1037–38 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Cruz’s evidence does not show that 18th Street’s actions

were motivated by a particular animus toward the Cruz-Guzman family itself, as opposed to an

ordinary criminal desire for financial gain.”). Petitioners rely on only the existence of gang

violence and the fact that their family was persecuted by Los Tercerenos, but this does not

demonstrate that they were persecuted by Los Tercerenos on account of or because of their family

membership. For these reasons, we cannot conclude that the record compels a decision contrary

to the one reached by the BIA.

B. Government is unwilling or unable to control non-governmental persecutors

       To determine whether a government is unwilling or unable to control non-governmental

persecutors, we “must examine ‘the overall context of the applicant’s situation[,]’ and review ‘all

relevant evidence in the record[.]’” 

–76 (alterations in original) (citations

omitted). To do so, we consider “(1) the government’s response to an asylum applicant’s


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


persecution and (2) general evidence of country conditions.”

(citing cases). Under the

first inquiry, we evaluate the extent and success of police investigations into the alleged

persecution, the extent of protection offered to the asylum seeker, and government concessions.

–77. Under the second inquiry, we consider “(1) how certain crimes are prosecuted and

punished, as well as (2) the efficacy of the government’s efforts.”

(citations omitted).

       Petitioners bear the burden of showing that the BIA misapplied the law or failed to consider

any evidence. See 

–50 (citing cases). Though the IJ could not have applied

K.H.’s framework because we decided K.H. after the IJ reached its holding in this case, there is no

indication that the IJ did not consider evidence of country conditions.           First, it noted the

Department of State Human Rights Report for Honduras. A.R. 85. It also relied on Khalili, noting

that a similar report was relevant evidence regarding the ability and willingness of a government

to control non-governmental persecutors. A.R. 96, 100–01. The BIA expressly recognized K.H.

and its directive to consider general evidence of country conditions when evaluating whether a

government is unable or unwilling to protect asylum seekers. A.R. 4. Thus, petitioners have not

demonstrated that the BIA or IJ failed to consider evidence of country conditions.

       Furthermore, the evidence does not compel a conclusion contrary to the agency’s

determination that the Honduran government was willing and able to protect the petitioners. Local

police were responsive to each of the petitioners’ crises. When gang members demanded free

meals, when Alex was murdered, and when Yony’s brother was murdered, the police responded

by investigating, offering protection, and/or working with Lidia to file charges. Though no arrests

were made, nor charges brought, an investigation need not result in arrests or convictions to

demonstrate that a government is willing or able to protect asylum seekers from the actions of non-


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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


governmental actors. See Borodachev v. Holder, 441 F. App’x 354, 361 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing

cases). But at least in this case, there is evidence that officials did investigate successfully and

prosecute Los Tercerenos members for similar crimes, here, murder of another. Additionally,

Lidia and Yony declined to follow up with police and to continue with efforts to press charges.

Petitioners’ reluctance to place themselves at further risk is understandable, but their decision to

withdraw their participation makes it difficult to count the police’s failure to arrest and prosecute

the perpetrators of Alex’s murder against the efficacy of the Honduran government’s response.

        Petitioners do not point to evidence of country conditions that convinces us that the

agency’s determinations are otherwise unsupported by substantial evidence. Petitioners point to

evidence that shows violent, gang-related crime in Honduras is a significant problem and that

police lack resources at times to respond effectively to such crime. Pet’r Br. at 17–18. But here,

it does not appear that this was petitioners’ personal experience with the police. The police

responded, investigated, offered protection at least once, and were able to make arrests of Los

Tercerenos members around the time that the gang murdered Alex. See 

(concluding that K.H.’s personal experience with the government’s efforts to stop persecutors was

not discounted by evidence of country conditions, nor was her personal experience dispositive).

“While we may have reached a different result—and found that the government’s response did not

outweigh the record evidence demonstrating the struggles of the [Honduran] government to protect

[the family]—that is not the standard.”

record compels a reasonable adjudicator

to reach a conclusion contrary to the agency’s conclusion is a high standard, which the petitioners

fail to clear here.




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No. 19-3825, Reyes Almendarez et al. v. Barr


                                    IV. CONCLUSION

       For these reasons, we hold that substantial evidence supports the BIA’s and IJ’s

determinations that petitioners failed to demonstrate a nexus between their family group and

persecution by Los Tercerenos members and failed to show that the Honduran government was

unwilling or unable to protect the petitioners from their persecutors. Accordingly, we DENY the

petition for review.




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