An Illinois jury convicted Alejandro Ruvalcaba of the first degree murder and attempted murder of rival gang members. He unsuccessfully appealed to the Appellate Court of Illinois. The Supreme Court of Illinois later denied review. He then timely filed a petition for federal habeas relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. In that petition, he asserted, among other matters, that his confession was involuntary and that he had been unduly prejudiced by prosecutorial misconduct. The district court denied his petition on the ground that the state court's decision was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of federal law. The district court granted a certificate of appealability with respect to the involuntary confession issue, and a certificate was issued on the prosecutorial misconduct claim after the case was docketed in this court. For the reasons set forth in the following opinion, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

* BACKGROUND

When he was sixteen years old, Mr. Ruvalcaba, together with two other members of the Latin Kings gang, Juan Meneses and Juan Alvarez, encountered rival La Raza gang members, Carlos Flores, Hiram Martinez and Luis Sanchez. This confrontation took place in a Chicago alley on November 7, 1994. Earlier in the day, someone had broken a window on Meneses' car, an act of vandalism that he attributed to La Raza. Meneses and Mr. Ruvalcaba were both armed. The two groups exchanged gang signs. According to the La Raza survivors, Meneses and Mr. Ruvalcaba drew their firearms; Flores, Martinez and Sanchez attempted to run away. According to Mr. Ruvalcaba, Meneses and Flores began shooting at each other, and he joined in. Regardless of who initiated the altercation, Meneses and Mr. Ruvalcaba both fired. The latter testified that he fired only one round towards a fence in the direction of the fleeing rivals. Martinez was killed in this exchange of gunfire.

A police investigation indicated Mr. Ruvalcaba's involvement, and two officers went to his residence. Mr. Ruvalcaba's brother informed them that he was not there. The officers left, arrested Alvarez and Meneses, and then returned. No one answered the door at Mr. Ruvalcaba's residence so the officers left a business card. They learned that Mr. Ruvalcaba had a girlfriend, Diana Caguana, and they arrested Mr. Ruvalcaba at her residence at approximately 11:30 p.m. The police then returned to Mr. Ruvalcaba's residence to notify his parents of his arrest, but, when officers arrived there, no one was home and their business card remained in the door.

Mr. Ruvalcaba was placed in a police-station interview room and read his Miranda rights by the interrogating officers, Detectives William Moser and Albert Graf. A youth officer was not present initially, but one later arrived and was in the room during a brief conversation in which Mr. Ruvalcaba denied knowing anything about Martinez's murder. Detective Moser sent officers a second time to locate Mr. Ruvalcaba's parents, but again the officers were unsuccessful. Mr. Ruvalcaba participated in a lineup with Alvarez and Meneses just after midnight. Thereafter, Mr. Ruvalcaba was returned to the interview room; Detective Moser testified that he checked on the suspect through the night and asked Mr. Ruvalcaba whether he was hungry or needed to use the restroom. Detective Graf testified that he purchased food for Mr. Ruvalcaba and the other suspects at approximately 3 a.m. and 8:30 a.m.

Diana Caguana, Mr. Ruvalcaba's girlfriend, along with the couple's infant child, arrived at the station sometime that morning. At approximately 9 a.m., Detective Moser and a youth officer were present while the assistant state's attorney, Thomas Biesty, again issued Miranda warnings and questioned Mr. Ruvalcaba. He denied knowledge of the murder. At approximately 10 a.m., Detective Moser took a picture of Caguana and the baby; the detective testified that he took the picture at Mr. Ruvalcaba's request to prove to Mr. Ruvalcaba that Caguana was present at the station, but Mr. Ruvalcaba denies knowing that she was there. Detective Moser testified that he allowed Caguana to speak to Mr. Ruvalcaba at 11 a.m. Mr. Ruvalcaba denies that the visit took place. Indeed, Mr. Ruvalcaba testified that Detective Moser showed him the picture of Caguana and the baby, and told him to confess or Detective Moser would "get [Caguana] and get the truth out of her. And if she tried lying [Detective Moser would] make sure he put her in jail and take the baby, and make sure the baby ended up in D.C.F.S." R.25 at C116.

At 11:30 a.m., Assistant State's Attorney Biesty again issued the Miranda warnings to Mr. Ruvalcaba and again questioned him in the presence of Detective Moser; the parties disputed whether the youth officer was present throughout the interview. Mr. Ruvalcaba claims that he received warnings but did not waive his Miranda rights. Mr. Ruvalcaba asked what Alvarez and Meneses were saying, and Biesty showed him that his codefendants had given statements. Mr. Ruvalcaba thereafter confessed to the events in the alley and gave a statement at 12:40 p.m. He claims that Biesty pressed him to conform the statement to those already rendered by Alvarez and Meneses. However, Mr. Ruvalcaba did not have access to his codefendants' statements while giving his own. At the end of his statement, Mr. Ruvalcaba said that he had been treated well, understood his rights and had not been given promises in exchange for the statement.

Mr. Ruvalcaba was charged with first degree murder in the death of Martinez and with the attempted first degree murder of Flores and Sanchez. Before trial, he sought to suppress the confession on the grounds that the police had failed to notify his parents of his arrest, that he did not intelligently waive his right to an attorney after police told him that he did not need one and that officers coerced him into making a statement. The trial court heard testimony from the officers and Mr. Ruvalcaba and denied his suppression motion,

basing its determination on the witnesses' credibility. The court found that the officers had substantially complied with the requirements contained in the Juvenile Court Act. The court further found that [Mr. Ruvalcaba] had not been subjected to intense psychological pressures and had voluntarily given his statement after being advised of his constitutional and juvenile rights.

R.8, Ex.B (Opinion of Appellate Court of Illinois) at 9.

After the denial of his suppression motion, Mr. Ruvalcaba was tried before a jury and relied upon a claim of self-defense. The jury acquitted Mr. Ruvalcaba of the attempted murder of Sanchez, but could not reach a verdict on the other charges. He was tried a second time. The second jury found Mr. Ruvalcaba guilty of the first degree murder of Martinez and the attempted murder of Flores.

Mr. Ruvalcaba appealed to the Appellate Court of Illinois; he argued, among other grounds, that his confession was involuntary and that he had been denied due process of law because of prosecutorial misconduct during the assistant state's attorneys' closing arguments. The court affirmed his conviction in an unpublished opinion. R.8, Ex.B.

a.

The appellate court rejected Mr. Ruvalcaba's contention that the trial court erred in denying the motion to suppress his confession. Mr. Ruvalcaba had sought suppression on the ground that he had been questioned without his parents present and had made a statement under coercion. Considering the totality of the circumstances and taking special care because Mr. Ruvalcaba was a minor, the court noted that certain factors, such as Mr. Ruvalcaba's age, his lack of experience with the criminal justice system, and the alleged threats against his girlfriend and child, supported a determination of involuntariness.

On the other hand, the appellate court continued, several factors supported the conclusion that Mr. Ruvalcaba's statement was voluntary. Notably, he had raised the alleged threats for the first time on appeal and never had mentioned the threats in his statement or trial testimony; he had offered no evidence to corroborate his claim to have been psychologically or physically coerced; he had been fed and was allowed to use the restroom, and he said in his statement that he had been treated well by the police; he acknowledged at every stage that he understood his rights; he did not have access to any codefendants' statements when giving his confession and had not argued at trial that he was forced to change his statement to conform with the statements of the other arrestees. Moreover, the appellate court noted certain personal traits of Mr. Ruvalcaba that indicated that his statement had not been involuntary. For example, he was a high school student of at least average apparent intelligence and was an admitted gang member who was presumably "streetwise." R.8, Ex.B at 21.

The court also noted that, although Mr. Ruvalcaba was detained for up to thirteen hours, he was interrogated only three times, for intervals ranging from only a few seconds to forty-five minutes. The appellate court finally determined that the police had complied with Illinois' Juvenile Court Act by calling a youth officer shortly before Mr. Ruvalcaba arrived at the station and by making a "reasonable attempt to notify" Mr. Ruvalcaba's parents. 705 ILCS 405/5-405. The appellate court accordingly held that the totality of the circumstances indicated that Mr. Ruvalcaba offered his confession voluntarily.

b.

The state appellate court also rejected Mr. Ruvalcaba's prosecutorial misconduct claims. Mr. Ruvalcaba had argued that an assistant state's attorney offered an incorrect statement of law by informing the jury that first degree murder required the State to prove only two elements, the mens rea and the actus reus, and by subsuming the third element, lack of justification, into the requirement for second degree murder. Under Illinois law, the substantive offense of first degree murder requires that the State prove that the defendant lacked justification. Mr. Ruvalcaba contended that the prosecutor's misstatements had the effect of placing the burden on him to prove that the killing was justified.

The appellate court held that, taken in context, the prosecutor's statements "merely describ[ed] the process involved in determining whether defendant was guilty of either first degree murder or second degree murder" and did not improperly shift the burden to Mr. Ruvalcaba. R.8, Ex.B at 33. The court held, in the alternative, that the trial court's instructions to the jury, which included the elements and the burden of proof, cured any prejudice resulting from the statements.

Mr. Ruvalcaba also argued that an assistant state's attorney's comments in rebuttal shifted the burden of proof by stating that Mr. Ruvalcaba was attempting to put the State's witnesses on trial. The appellate court found this argument unpersuasive because Mr. Ruvalcaba's counsel invited the comments in his own closing statement.

The Supreme Court of Illinois denied a petition for leave to appeal.

Mr. Ruvalcaba then timely filed a federal petition for habeas corpus. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. His petition raised four claims of error, only two of which have been appealed to us.

First, he submitted that the appellate court's decision was contrary to and an unreasonable application of the Supreme Court's guidance for evaluating juvenile confessions as established in Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 99 S. Ct. 2560, 61 L. Ed. 2d 197 (1979), and applied in Hardaway v. Young, 302 F.3d 757 (7th Cir.2002).

The district court rejected this argument because neither Fare nor Hardaway established a per se rule of involuntariness in evaluating a minor's confession, but rather held that youth is one factor in a totality of the circumstances analysis. Given this standard, the district court held that the appellate court's analysis was not an "unreasonable application" of Fare because it adequately considered Mr. Ruvalcaba's age as well as other circumstances.

Mr. Ruvalcaba also renewed his claim of prosecutorial misconduct. The district court evaluated the submission that he had raised before the state appellate court and rejected his claim for relief.

The district court granted Mr. Ruvalcaba a certificate of appealability on his involuntary confession claim. After Mr. Ruvalcaba filed his appeal, a certificate of appealability was issued for his additional claim of prosecutorial misconduct.

We review the district court's denial of a petition for habeas relief de novo. Barrow v. Uchtman, 398 F.3d 597, 602 (7th Cir.2005). A petition for a writ of habeas corpus by an individual incarcerated pursuant to a state court judgment "shall not be granted . . . unless the adjudication of the claim. . . resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). The state appellate court's findings of fact are presumed correct. That presumption may be rebutted only by clear and convincing evidence. Id. § 2254(e); Mendiola v. Schomig, 224 F.3d 589, 592 (7th Cir.2000).

Mr. Ruvalcaba grounds his appeal on both the "contrary to" and the "unreasonable application" prongs of § 2254. A state court decision is "contrary to . . . clearly established Federal law" when the court "confronts a set of facts that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court and nevertheless arrives at a result different from [its] precedent." Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 406, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 146 L. Ed. 2d 389 (2000). An "unreasonable application of[ ] clearly established Federal law" results when a court "correctly identifies the governing legal rule but applies it unreasonably to the facts of a particular prisoner's case." Id. at 407-08, 120 S. Ct. 1495. "This reasonableness determination is quite deferential, such that a state decision may stand as long as it is objectively reasonable, even if the reviewing court determines it to be substantively incorrect." Uchtman, 398 F.3d at 602. We presume the state court's factual determinations to be correct, unless Mr. Ruvalcaba rebuts that presumption with clear and convincing evidence. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

Mr. Ruvalcaba first asserts that the state appellate court acted contrary to and unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent when it determined his confession to be voluntary. He notes that the record must be scrutinized with care in cases involving a juvenile's confession, and he claims that the state court did not exercise that care in evaluating his statements. He argues that the totality of the circumstances, but particularly his youth, indicates that police coercion over the course of a long interrogation overcame his sixteen-year-old will to resist. Consequently, Mr. Ruvalcaba argues, the admission of his statement violated his rights under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

At the outset, Mr. Ruvalcaba challenges several of the state court's factual findings. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). In particular, he disputes that police interrogated him only three times while he was in custody and that he understood the Miranda warnings. However, he offers no evidence beyond his own assertions to refute the evidence from officers that he was interrogated three times. In short, he fails to offer the clear and convincing evidence necessary to rebut the statutory presumption that the state court's factual findings are correct. Similarly, he offers no evidence at all to rebut the officers' testimony that he appeared to understand the Miranda warnings. Accordingly, we must accept the state court's factual determinations. See id. § 2254(e)(1). Furthermore, the state trial court's factual determinations largely were based on its view of the credibility of the witnesses. "Federal courts do not reevaluate the credibility of witnesses when conducting habeas review of state trials." Stone v. Farley, 86 F.3d 712, 718 (7th Cir.1996).

We turn now to a determination of whether the decision of the Appellate Court of Illinois can be characterized as "a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1). The applicable standard is established firmly in the jurisprudence of the Supreme Court: In evaluating whether a defendant offered a voluntary statement, a court must examine the totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854 (1973). "This totality-of-the-circumstances approach is adequate to determine whether there has been a waiver even where interrogation of juveniles is involved." Fare, 442 U.S. at 725, 99 S. Ct. 2560. In juvenile cases, the inquiry "includes evaluation of the juvenile's age, experience, education, background, and intelligence, and [considers] whether he has the capacity to understand the warnings given him, the nature of his Fifth Amendment rights, and the consequences of waiving those rights." Id.; see also Hardaway, 302 F.3d at 762. The Appellate Court of Illinois recognized that it was required to evaluate the totality of the circumstances surrounding Mr. Ruvalcaba's confession and undertook that task. R.8, Ex.B at 18. Therefore, the court was not acting "contrary to" clearly established law. Hardaway, 302 F.3d at 763.

Our next concern is whether the state court unreasonably applied Supreme Court precedent. As we already have noted, the voluntariness of a statement is determined "by considering whether, in light of the totality of the circumstances, the statement was the product of a rational intellect and free will," "or whether it was obtained by the authorities through coercive means," United States v. Brooks, 125 F.3d 484, 492 (7th Cir.1997) (citing Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385, 398, 98 S. Ct. 2408, 57 L. Ed. 2d 290 (1978), and Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 165, 107 S. Ct. 515, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473 (1986)). Mr. Ruvalcaba's minority at the time is an important factor to consider, but his age alone does not render the confession involuntary. See Fare, 442 U.S. at 725, 99 S. Ct. 2560 (noting that the inquiry "includes evaluation of the juvenile's age" (emphasis added)). The Supreme Court in Fare held that a sixteen-year-old could make a statement intelligently and voluntarily, even without the presence of a friendly adult.1 See also Hardaway, 302 F.3d at 763 ("[T]he mere absence of a friendly adult is by itself insufficient to require suppression of a juvenile confession.").

With respect to the other Fare factors, Mr. Ruvalcaba had reached his sophomore year in high school by the time of the offense, and there is no evidence that he was of abnormally low intelligence or otherwise was highly vulnerable. The trial court had an opportunity to assess his demeanor when he testified at the suppression hearing. Mr. Ruvalcaba admittedly had no previous experience with the criminal justice system, a fact that the appellate court noted in his favor. However, Mr. Ruvalcaba was an admitted gang member, and the district court cannot be said to have erred in presuming that he was "streetwise," a factor that reduces the importance of his lack of experience and indicates the capacity to appreciate his Fifth Amendment rights. See Correll v. Thompson, 63 F.3d 1279, 1291 (4th Cir.1995) (noting that defendant was streetwise and thus was capable of understanding his rights and of giving a voluntary statement, despite an IQ of 68). In short, "[t]here is no indication that he was of insufficient intelligence to understand the rights he was waiving, or what the consequences of that waiver would be." Fare, 442 U.S. at 726, 99 S. Ct. 2560.

In addition, there is relatively little evidence of official coercion in this case. Mr. Ruvalcaba was detained for up to fourteen hours, but the evidence shows that he was not interrogated repeatedly during this period and that he was questioned for a total of less than two hours over the course of three separate sessions. Nor is there evidence that he was denied food, rest or bathroom facilities during the period of his detention. Although he claimed that Assistant State's Attorney Biesty forced him to conform his statement to mirror those of his codefendants, the state trial court, basing its conclusion on its assessment of the witnesses' credibility, found that Mr. Ruvalcaba gave his statement before he was informed in any way of the substance of his codefendants' statements.

The only evidence of coercion that Mr. Ruvalcaba offered was the alleged threat to his girlfriend and child. See Johnson v. Trigg, 28 F.3d 639, 643 (7th Cir.1994). The state trial court appraised this story when it made credibility findings and concluded that Mr. Ruvalcaba's will was not overborn by intense psychological pressure at the time he confessed. In sum, the Appellate Court of Illinois reasonably applied the standard set forth by the Supreme Court in Fare for evaluating a juvenile confession.

Mr. Ruvalcaba's submissions may be construed as independently challenging the state court's determination that he voluntarily waived his right to remain silent and to have counsel present during his interrogation. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). In evaluating whether a suspect voluntarily waived his Miranda rights, we consider the same factors that we considered above in assessing the overall voluntariness of a confession. See United States v. Huerta, 239 F.3d 865, 873 (7th Cir.2001) ("Factors considered in the analysis include the defendant's background, experience, and conduct."). Any argument that Mr. Ruvalcaba involuntarily waived his Miranda rights would "reiterate the identical factual assertions that the district court rejected with respect to h[is] voluntariness claim." Id. The state court's determination that Mr. Ruvalcaba voluntarily waived his rights is compatible with the standards enunciated by the Supreme Court of the United States.

Mr. Ruvalcaba further submits that he was denied a fair trial through prosecutorial misconduct. He alleges that the state's attorneys misstated the law to the jury and improperly shifted the burden of proof.2 Although his submissions to this court do not specify the challenged statements, we understand Mr. Ruvalcaba's claim to assert the same error that he argued before the state courts.

In Illinois, lack of justification is an element of the offense of first degree murder that must be proved by the State. 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a) ("A person who kills an individual without lawful justification commits first degree murder if . . . ." (emphasis added)). The defendant bears the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, a mitigating factor such as self-defense to reduce the offense to second degree murder. When such a defense is raised, "[t]he State still bears the burden to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, the elements of first degree murder and, when appropriately raised, the absence of circumstances at the time of the killing that would justify or exonerate the murder." People v. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 207 Ill. Dec. 21, 646 N.E.2d 587, 591-92 (1995).

In her closing statement, an assistant state's attorney told the jury:

[The judge] will instruct you, Ladies and Gentlemen, that to sustain the charge of first degree murder, . . . the State must prove the following propositions, that the defendant or for one for whose conduct [he] is legally responsible,. . . the accountability language, . . . perform[ed] the acts which cause[d] the death of Hiram Martinez.

Second, that when the defendant or for one for whose conduct he is legally responsible did so intend to kill or do great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez or he knew that such act would cause death to Hiram Martinez or you know that such an act created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez.

. . . [T]here are two propositions here in order for the . . . charge of first degree murder in this case, Ladies and Gentlemen. We have proven each and every one of them. First, that the defendant or one for whose conduct he is legally responsible performed the acts which caused the death.

We know that is what happened. We know that shooting in the alley caused the death of 17-year-old Hiram Martinez, the second proposition which give you three separate propositions. We have proven each and every one of those.

When you fire a 9 millimeter handgun and a .32 caliber weapon into the direction of two living human beings, what else could you possibly intend except to cause death or great bodily harm.

Ladies and Gentlemen, this is like a road map. Ladies and Gentlemen, we have proven first degree murder.

. . . .

The Judge will also struck [sic] you, Ladies and Gentlemen, as to the law of second degree murder, and that would be the third proposition that you will read on this instruction.

The third proposition states that the defendant or one for whose conduct he is legally responsible was not justified in using the force in which he used.

[Defendant] was not justified in using the force in which he used. He was not justified in using that force by his own admission, . . . that nobody had a gun in the alley, that he went into enemy territory, Ladies and Gentlemen, as aggressor looking for revenge.

Don't let this fool you, Ladies and Gentlemen, the only way to get to this third point is for the defense to show mitigating factor language. There is [sic] no mitigating factors.

R.8, Ex.B at 30-32; see also R.8, Ex.A at 57-58. The trial court sustained an objection to this last point and instructed the jury to disregard it. R.8, Ex.A at 58.

In the State's rebuttal, another assistant state's attorney added:

[Defendant] wants to get out from underneath the crushing, damning evidence of his guilt? Well, you saw it over the last few days, Ladies and Gentlemen. He tries to shift the spotlight over to the police, put the witnesses on trial, try to put the assistant state's attorney from review on trial. It is called a defense of desperation.

[Objection sustained]

. . . They never told us what to do in law school when the law is not on your side and when the evidence is not on your side. Well, you got to see it first hand over the last few days. What you do is come up with the Alejandro Ruvalcaba defense that puts everybody else on trial.

[Objection overruled]

R.8, Ex.A at 58; see also R.8, Ex.B at 35-36.

The trial court instructed the jury in relevant part:

To sustain a charge of first degree murder or charge of second degree murder, the State must prove the following propositions: First, that the defendant or one for whose conduct he is legally responsible performs the act which caused the death of Hiram Martinez. And, second, that when the defendant or one for whose conduct he is legally responsible did so. He attempted to kill or do great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez or he know [sic] that such acts would cause the death to Hiram Martinez or he knows such acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez and, third, that defendant or one for whose conduct he is legally responsible was not justified in using the force which he used.

. . . .

You should not consider whether the defendant is guilty of a lesser offense of second degree murder until and unless you have first determined the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt each of the previously stated propositions.

The defendant has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that mitigating factor was present so that he is guilty of the lesser offense of second degree murder instead of first degree murder.

By this I mean you must be persuaded considering all the evidence in the case that it is probably more true than not true that the following mitigating factors are present: That the defendant at the time he performed the acts which caused the death of Hiram Martinez believed the circumstances would be such that they justified deadly force he used was believed that such circumstances exists—was reasonable.

If you find from your consideration of all the evidence the defendant has proved by preponderance of the evidence that a mitigating factor is present so that he is guilty of the lesser offense of second degree murder instead of first degree murder, you should find the defendant guilty of second degree murder.

Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 152-55.

Mr. Ruvalcaba argued that the state's attorneys' statements, together with the jury instructions, shifted to him the burden of proving lack of justification. The state appellate court rejected this contention, holding that the prosecutors' statements were proper because they merely described the process by which an Illinois jury was to determine guilt of first or second degree murder, and responded to Mr. Ruvalcaba's attempts at trial to discredit State witnesses. Moreover, the appellate court held that the trial court's instructions to the jury cleared any confusion regarding burdens of proof.

Mr. Ruvalcaba asserts that the appellate court's decision was contrary to or an unreasonable application of federal law. He notes that the evidence against him was not overwhelming, as indicated by the first jury's failure to reach a verdict. He further notes that the trial court garbled Illinois' pattern jury instruction. Specifically, Mr. Ruvalcaba claims that the trial court articulated a confusing direction about whether he bore the burden of establishing self-defense before the jury could find second degree murder: "the defendant at the time he performed the acts which caused the death of Hiram Martinez believed the circumstances would be such that they justified deadly force he used was believed that such circumstances exists—was reasonable." Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 154. At another point, in discussing the elements of first degree murder, the state trial court substituted the word "attempted" for the proper term, "intended." Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 153. The confusing instructions, according to Mr. Ruvalcaba, also exacerbated the prosecutors' misstatements.

A claim of prosecutorial misconduct must be evaluated according to the framework established by the Supreme Court in Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 106 S. Ct. 2464, 91 L. Ed. 2d 144 (1986). The court first looks to the challenged comments to determine whether they were improper. If the comments were improper, the court then evaluates whether the defendant was prejudiced by the comments. It accomplishes this task by considering six factors: "(1) whether the prosecutor misstated the evidence, (2) whether the remarks implicate specific rights of the accused, (3) whether the defense invited the response, (4) the trial court's instructions, (5) the weight of the evidence against the defendant, and (6) the defendant's opportunity to rebut." Howard v. Gramley, 225 F.3d 784, 793 (7th Cir.2000); see Darden, 477 U.S. at 181-82, 106 S. Ct. 2464. In determining whether the prosecutors' remarks were prejudicial, "it is not enough that the prosecutors' remarks were undesirable or even universally condemned. The relevant question is whether the prosecutors' comments so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting conviction a denial of due process." Darden, 477 U.S. at 181, 106 S. Ct. 2464 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

Although the state appellate court did not cite Darden, it applied the correct standard. The court principally concluded that the prosecutors' comments were not improper under Darden's first prong. Although we might not be as charitable if we were reviewing the matter as one of first impression, we would be hard-pressed to say that the Appellate Court of Illinois' characterization of the prosecutors' statements was unreasonable. In any event, the trial court's action in sustaining the defense's objection to one aspect of the prosecutors' remarks went a long way toward curing any problem.

The appellate court had no occasion specifically to address Darden's second prong. Nevertheless, we find adequate consideration of the second-prong factors throughout the court's opinion. The appellate court evaluated, among other considerations, whether the prosecutors misstated evidence and whether the trial court's instructions were correct. See Hough v. Anderson, 272 F.3d 878, 903 (7th Cir.2001) (finding sufficient the state court's consideration although "[t]he Supreme Court of Indiana did not recite with precision the factors set forth in Darden").

Thus, even if we were to assume that the State's arguments were improper under Darden's first prong, we cannot say that the state appellate court unreasonably applied Darden's second prong when it determined that the statements did not prejudice Mr. Ruvalcaba because the trial court's jury instructions adequately set forth the applicable burdens of proof and the elements of the offenses. The trial court's instructions to the jury correctly stated the elements and burdens of proof for first degree murder. The trial court instructed the jury that "[t]he State has the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt, and this burden remains on the State throughout the case." Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 149. It then reiterated that

[t]o sustain a charge of first degree murder or charge of second degree murder, the State must prove the following propositions: First, that the defendant . . . performs the act which caused the death of Hiram Martinez. And, second, that when the defendant. . . did so[,][h]e attempted to kill or do great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez . . . and, third, that defendant . . . was not justified in using the force which he used.

Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 152-53 (emphasis added). It is assumed that the jury followed the trial court's instructions, Bae v. Peters, 950 F.2d 469, 481 (7th Cir.1991), and it was not unreasonable of the state appellate court to determine that this instruction sufficiently cured any error in the prosecutors' closing statements.

Furthermore, we do not believe that the trial court's use of the term "attempted" rather than "intended" in the second element constituted prejudicial error. Although the court first stated the scienter requirement as a showing that Mr. Ruvalcaba "attempted to kill or do great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez," the court continued: "or he know [sic] that such acts would cause the death of Hiram Martinez or he knows such acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Hiram Martinez." Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 153 (emphasis added). Considering the instruction as a whole, it was clear to the jury that the second element required a showing that Mr. Ruvalcaba intended to kill rather than attempted to kill.

Nor do we believe that the trial court's instruction regarding the mitigation factor of self-defense was so confusing as to exacerbate any impact on the jury from the prosecutors' comments. The Illinois court was entitled to conclude that, taken in context, this instruction adequately conveyed the mitigation factor to the jury. Notably, after the passage upon which Mr. Ruvalcaba focuses, the state trial court then continued with, and correctly stated, the standard: "If you find from your consideration of all the evidence the defendant has proved by preponderance of the evidence that a mitigating factor is present . . . you should find the defendant guilty of second degree murder." Appellant's Supplemental App. 5 at 154-55. We cannot say that these instructions render unreasonable the Appellate Court of Illinois' view that the instructions were not so confusing that they denied Mr. Ruvalcaba a fair trial.

Further consideration of the second-prong Darden factors demonstrates that Mr. Ruvalcaba suffered no prejudice from the challenged statements. For instance, Mr. Ruvalcaba does not claim, nor is there any evidence, that the state's attorneys misstated the evidence against him. Moreover, the evidence against Mr. Ruvalcaba was more than ample: He was an admitted gang member; he and Meneses were looking for rival gang members to avenge an act of vandalism; he armed himself before walking into the alley and admitted to shooting in the direction of fleeing rivals during the fatal altercation. Considering all of these factors, we cannot say that the state appellate court's determination that Mr. Ruvalcaba suffered no prejudice was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, Darden.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district court.