Judges: Posner
Filed: May 16, 2014
Latest Update: Mar. 02, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 13-2160 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PATRICK B. WALLACE, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 3:12-CR-30003-RM-BGC-1 — Richard Mills, Judge. _ ARGUED APRIL 8, 2014 — DECIDED MAY 16, 2014 _ Before POSNER and TINDER, Circuit Judges, and LAW- RENCE, District Judge.* POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant was convicted by a jury of possession
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 13-2160 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PATRICK B. WALLACE, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 3:12-CR-30003-RM-BGC-1 — Richard Mills, Judge. _ ARGUED APRIL 8, 2014 — DECIDED MAY 16, 2014 _ Before POSNER and TINDER, Circuit Judges, and LAW- RENCE, District Judge.* POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant was convicted by a jury of possession o..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 13‐2160
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
PATRICK B. WALLACE,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 3:12‐CR‐30003‐RM‐BGC‐1 — Richard Mills, Judge.
____________________
ARGUED APRIL 8, 2014 — DECIDED MAY 16, 2014
____________________
Before POSNER and TINDER, Circuit Judges, and LAW‐
RENCE, District Judge.*
POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant was convicted by a
jury of possession of at least 280 grams of crack cocaine with
intent to distribute, and was sentenced to 288 months in
prison. His appeal challenges the conviction.
* Of the Southern District of Indiana, sitting by designation.
2 No. 13‐2160
The defendant was a drug dealer. There was bad blood
between him and his nephew Andrew Wallace, and An‐
drew, already a paid DEA informant, informed on the de‐
fendant to the agency. Agents fastened a tiny audio/video
recorder on Andrew’s shirt, searched him and his car to
make sure he had no drugs, gave him $1250, and sent him to
try to buy crack cocaine from his uncle. Watching the defen‐
dant’s house from the street, the agents saw Andrew enter
the house, leave between 10 and 20 minutes later, and get
into his car. He drove to the local DEA office and handed
over 22 grams of crack cocaine, which he said he’d bought
with the $1250 in buy money that the agency had given him.
Agents watched the audio/visual recordings that had
been made with the device that Andrew had worn. Al‐
though the recordings made inside the house were dark and
blurry and did not exclude the possibility that he’d obtained
the drugs not inside the house but from one (or perhaps
both) of two men whom he’d been seen to encounter when
leaving it, the agents decided they had sufficient grounds for
thinking Andrew had obtained the drugs inside the house to
justify applying for a search warrant. They applied and it
was issued shortly after Andrew’s arrival at the DEA office
with the drugs. But before executing the warrant the agents
had Andrew go back to the house to buy more crack with
another $1250 that the agents gave him, and he returned
with 18 more grams.
The search was then conducted by a team of DEA agents
and local police, and large quantities of illegal drugs were
seized. While the search was being conducted, the officer in
charge of the occupants of the house (including the defen‐
dant), who had been herded into the front room of the
No. 13‐2160 3
house, twice overheard the defendant tell one of the others
“don’t worry, everything in that room is mine.” The officer
told the lead agent what he had overheard, and the agent
entered the room and asked the defendant “would you mind
stepping out to talk about this?” According to the agent the
defendant replied “I don’t want to waste your time, every‐
thing in there’s mine.”
Later, but about six months before the trial, Andrew Wal‐
lace signed an affidavit, and recorded a video, swearing in
both that he’d obtained the crack on his two visits to the de‐
fendant’s house the night of the search not from the defen‐
dant but from someone he’d met outside the house, and also
that he had lied when he had told the DEA, before the visits,
that the defendant was a drug dealer. He had informed on
the defendant, he said, out of spite, because the two had had
a falling out.
Both the lead DEA agent on the case and the defendant’s
lawyer tried to get in touch with Andrew after reading his
affidavit. This was difficult to do because he had left the
state, expressing concerns for his safety that had led the DEA
to give him $5000 to finance his move. The defense wanted
to obtain testimony from him that might persuade the mag‐
istrate judge who had issued the warrant to search the de‐
fendant’s house to exclude evidence discovered in the search
from the trial.
Although he’d left the state, Andrew had gone only as far
as St. Louis and was not in hiding. The government’s lead
investigator on the case spoke to him by phone, but when
the investigator told him he’d be subpoenaed to testify at his
uncle’s trial, Andrew hung up; and he ignored the investiga‐
tor’s further attempts to speak to him. The defendant’s law‐
4 No. 13‐2160
yer could have asked the magistrate judge who was con‐
ducting the pretrial proceedings in the case to issue a mate‐
rial‐witness warrant commanding Andrew to attend the
hearing, see 18 U.S.C. § 3144, but didn’t. (The government
could have asked for such a warrant as well, but had no in‐
centive to do so, and did not.) In Andrew’s absence the mag‐
istrate judge refused to suppress any evidence. Later, but be‐
fore the trial began, the defendant’s lawyer was able to reach
Andrew in Minnesota and asked him to testify at the trial.
Andrew promised he would, but failed to show up at the
trial.
The lawyer wanted faute de mieux to play the videotape of
Andrew’s recantation at the trial. The government objected
on grounds of hearsay, and the district judge sustained the
objection. He was right to do so. The recantation on the vid‐
eotape was inadmissible hearsay. It was an out‐of‐court
statement offered for its truth and Andrew hadn’t made the
videotaped statement in circumstances, such as at a deposi‐
tion or court hearing, in which he had been subject to cross‐
examination. Fed. R. Evid. 804(b)(1); see, e.g., United States v.
Sklena, 692 F.3d 725, 731–33 (7th Cir. 2012); Greiner v. Wells,
417 F.3d 305, 325–26 (2d Cir. 2005).
At trial the government introduced into evidence part of
the videotape of Andrew’s second drug purchase, but with‐
out any sound. The lead DEA agent explained to the jury
what he thought the videotape showed—plastic bags con‐
taining cocaine and the defendant’s handing crack to An‐
drew while standing next to a microwave oven inside of
which was a measuring cup containing an off‐white sub‐
stance that turned out to be crack‐cocaine residue.
No. 13‐2160 5
The defendant presents three grounds of appeal that
have sufficient merit to warrant discussion. The first is that
his statement to the lead DEA agent (“everything in there’s
mine”) should not have been admitted at trial because the
defendant hadn’t received his Miranda warnings. The district
judge refused to exclude the statement. He gave two rea‐
sons. The first was that it hadn’t been made in response to a
“custodial interrogation.” That was a partial mistake. The
statement was made in a custodial setting. The suspects in
the front room, including the defendant, were in police cus‐
tody; they were being overseen by a DEA agent and, the
government concedes, were not free to leave the room. No
matter; the judge’s other reason for refusing to exclude the
statement—that the agent wasn’t asking the defendant to
make a statement, incriminating or otherwise, and thus was
not interrogating him—was correct. The agent was just ask‐
ing the defendant whether he wanted to make a statement, to
which the expected and proper answer would have been yes
or no. Instead the defendant decided to blurt out an incrimi‐
nating statement. That was not a statement elicited by an in‐
terrogation, or even responsive to the agent’s question
(which called for a yes or no answer, not a confession), and
so there was no violation of the Miranda rule. Rhode Island v.
Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300–02 (1980). (We sometimes tell lawyers
at oral argument: if a question by a judge can be answered
“yes” or “no,” answer it “yes” or “no.” The defendant could
have used such advice.)
Anyway the agent stationed in the front room had twice
heard the defendant say “everything in that room is mine,”
an admission that the agent was free to and did testify to
and to which the defendant does not and could not object.
And the agent’s having repeated the statement to the other
6 No. 13‐2160
agent could not have spelled the difference between acquit‐
tal and conviction by a reasonable jury.
The defendant’s second, and most interesting, ground of
appeal is that showing the videotape of the second buy at‐
tempt to the jury, in the absence of Andrew Wallace, vio‐
lated the defendant’s constitutional right to confront the wit‐
nesses against him. Andrew as we know did not testify. He
was a “witness” only in the sense that he wore a recording
device that produced the depictions that the DEA agent in‐
terpreted as evidence that incriminated the defendant. An‐
drew didn’t operate the device. Like the narrator of Christo‐
pher Isherwood’s short story A Berlin Diary, Andrew could
have said: “I am a camera with its shutter open, quite
passive, recording, not thinking.”
True, had he testified, he might have undermined the
probative value of what the videotape showed or seemed to
show (or was argued by the DEA agent to show), but he
didn’t testify. And remember that the defendant’s lawyer
could have asked the judge to compel Andrew to appear at
the trial and testify, but didn’t.
Pictures can convey incriminating information (think of
the famous scene in Blow‐Up in which David Hemmings’s
processing of a photo negative finally reveals the corpse).
But one can’t cross‐examine a picture. The video of the
defendant in this case handing crack to his nephew was a
picture; it was not a witness who could be cross‐examined.
The agent narrated the video at trial, and his narration was a
series of statements, so he was subject to being cross‐
examined and was, and thus was “confronted.” Andrew
could have testified to what he saw, but what could he have
said about the recording device except that the agents had
No. 13‐2160 7
strapped it on him and sent him into the house, where the
device recorded whatever happened to be in front of it? Rule
801(a) of the Federal Rules of Evidence does define
“statement” to include “nonverbal conduct,” but only if the
person whose conduct it was “intended it as an assertion.”
We can’t fit the videotape to this definition.
The defendant had ample opportunity to challenge the
reliability of the videotape, not only by cross‐examining the
agent who narrated it but also by finding an expert who
might testify that the videotape had been doctored. But the
videotape itself was not a “statement” the maker of which
could be “confronted” to test the “statement’s” accuracy.
So there was no confrontation‐clause error. But if this is
wrong, the error was harmless because of the overwhelming
evidence of the defendant’s guilt based on what the search
turned up—drugs, some of the DEA buy money, and the
defendant’s wallet, all in a pair of jeans in his bedroom—and
on the defendant’s uncoerced admission in the front room to
his possession of the contraband in the bedroom.
The third ground of the appeal is that the judge should
not have denied the defendant’s request to appoint new
counsel for him. The ground of the request was that com‐
munication had broken down between the defendant and
his existing counsel. That means, the defendant’s current
counsel argues, that the denial of the request for new coun‐
sel was equivalent to denial of the constitutional right to as‐
sistance of counsel in a criminal case. That is wrong: “the
right to counsel of choice does not extend to defendants who
require counsel to be appointed for them.” United States v.
Gonzalez‐Lopez, 548 U.S. 140, 151 (2006) (emphasis added);
see also Wheat v. United States, 486 U.S. 153, 159 (1988); Mor‐
8 No. 13‐2160
ris v. Slappy, 461 U.S. 1, 14 (1983). If communication with the
defendant’s counsel broke down as a result of neglect or in‐
eptitude by counsel, the defendant may have a claim of inef‐
fective assistance of counsel, but to prove that he would
have to present evidence. For “if a defendant is still afforded
adequate representation, an erroneous denial of a motion for
substitution is not prejudicial and is therefore harmless.”
United States v. Harris, 394 F.3d 543, 552 (7th Cir. 2005); see
also United States v. Volpentesta, 727 F.3d 666, 672–73 (7th Cir.
2013). But see United States v. Smith, 640 F.3d 580, 590 (4th
Cir. 2011); Daniels v. Woodford, 428 F.3d 1181, 1198–2000 (9th
Cir. 2005)—cases that support the defendant’s position in
this case but are contrary to our decisions, cited above.
The defendant’s present counsel has two ineffective‐
assistance claims, however—the one just described, which
she wants us to decide on the present record, and a separate
claim that she wants to reserve for a possible section 2255
proceeding. That claim is based on trial counsel’s failure to
seek a material‐witness warrant, which the magistrate judge
indicated he would have granted, to bring Andrew Wallace
to court to testify at the trial. Andrew, however, was such a
loose cannon that the lawyer would have been taking a
grave risk in dragging him into court against his will. Maybe
in anger Andrew would have recanted his recantation. If
not, he might well have disintegrated under cross‐
examination. He probably would not have been a credible
witness. But maybe in a section 2255 proceeding new coun‐
sel could present convincing evidence that the trial lawyer
had made a grave mistake by failing to seek such a warrant.
It is procedurally inefficient to allow a claim of ineffective
assistance to be split into two parts, one to be litigated on di‐
No. 13‐2160 9
rect appeal, the other in a collateral attack on the conviction,
at least if the two components are likely to overlap—in this
case, for example, the breakdown of communication might
have been a factor in the trial counsel’s failure to seek a ma‐
terial‐witness warrant.
To claim ineffective assistance of trial counsel on direct
appeal from his client’s conviction and sentence is risky. Re‐
jection of the claim bars the defendant from mounting a col‐
lateral attack on his conviction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255
grounded in a denial of his constitutional right to effective
assistance of counsel, United States v. Flores, 739 F.3d 337,
340–42 (7th Cir. 2014); Peoples v. United States, 403 F.3d 844,
847–48 (7th Cir. 2005); Fuller v. United States, 398 F.3d 644,
649 (7th Cir. 2005), at least if it’s the same claim; see Yick Man
Mui v. United States, 614 F.3d 50, 55–57 (2d Cir. 2010). “We
have said many times that it is imprudent to present an inef‐
fective‐assistance argument on direct appeal.” United States
v. Flores, supra, 739 F.3d at 341. By pleading ineffective assis‐
tance on appeal, where evidence usually can’t be presented,
counsel forfeits the opportunity to obtain evidence (as by
questioning trial counsel) that might bolster his claim.
The concern we’ve just expressed was raised at oral ar‐
gument, and fearing that we would reject the dual claim of
ineffective assistance for want of evidence (for no evidence
had been presented either that the breakdown in communi‐
cation was trial counsel’s fault or that he should have sought
a material‐witness warrant), the defendant’s present counsel
asked us to permit him to reserve the second claim for a pos‐
sible section 2255 proceeding but to decide the first claim; or
alternatively, if we insisted on deciding both, to permit him
to withdraw both claims.
10 No. 13‐2160
We reject such piecemeal litigation. But lest our declaring
the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel forfeited pre‐
cipitate a section 2255 proceeding charging the defendant’s
present counsel with ineffective assistance, we hereby dis‐
miss both claims without prejudice, while affirming the
judgment.