In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 14-3812
SUSAN A. KUTTNER,
                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

                                 v.

JOHN ZARUBA, et al.,
                                               Defendants-Appellees.


                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
           Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
            No. 10 C 04290 — Edmond E. Chang, Judge.
                     ____________________

      ARGUED MAY 29, 2015 — DECIDED APRIL 14, 2016
                     ____________________

   Before POSNER, EASTERBROOK, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
    SYKES, Circuit Judge. Susan Kuttner was fired from her job
as a DuPage County deputy sheriff after she wore her uni-
form and badge while trying to collect on a loan for a friend.
She sued the sheriff alleging that she was fired because of
her sex. There’s no direct evidence of sex discrimination, so
Kuttner’s lawyer embarked on a protracted fishing expedi-
tion in search of possible comparators to try to mount a case
2                                                No. 14-3812


under the rubric of McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green,

(1973). Using an overbroad understanding of
“similarly situated” employees, the lawyer sought the
personnel files of more than 30 employees of the DuPage
County Sheriff’s Office. In response to these and other
inappropriate discovery requests, the district judge stepped
in and imposed some limits. In the end Kuttner failed to
adduce evidence of sex discrimination, so the judge entered
summary judgment for the sheriff.
   On appeal Kuttner argues that the judge unduly restrict-
ed discovery and improperly granted summary judgment.
We reject these arguments and affirm.
                       I. Background
    Kuttner began working as a DuPage County deputy sher-
iff in 1998. In February 2010 she was fired by the Merit
Commission, a unit of the sheriff’s department that handles
hiring, promotions, and disciplinary matters. The Commis-
sion was acting on an October 2009 complaint by Sheriff
John Zaruba regarding an incident that occurred several
months earlier when Kuttner, while in uniform, paid a visit
to the home of a person who owed money to her boyfriend.
More specifically, Kuttner’s boyfriend Steve Cooper had
loaned a sum of money to one Reginald Benjamin. Benjamin
did not repay the loan. One afternoon in April or May 2009,
Kuttner—wearing her official sheriff’s uniform and badge—
visited Benjamin’s home in Hinsdale, Illinois, where he lived
with his parents. Benjamin’s father came to the door and told
Kuttner that his son was not home. Kuttner then left a
business card listing her name and a company called “Team
in Focus, DC International.”
No. 14-3812                                                                3


   Sheriff Zaruba alleged in his disciplinary complaint that
Kuttner’s conduct—attempting to collect on a personal loan
for a friend while in uniform—violated multiple depart-
mental regulations. In what amounted to a plea deal,
Kuttner stipulated to the facts we’ve just recounted and
admitted to violating two rules: one prohibiting “conduct
unbecoming” an officer and another prohibiting the improp-
er wearing of the uniform. In exchange the other disciplinary
charges were dropped. The Merit Commission determined
that Kuttner’s conduct was serious enough to warrant
discharge. She was fired on February 24, 2010.
    Two weeks later Kuttner filed a complaint with the EEOC
alleging that the sheriff had discriminated against her on the
basis of her sex. After the agency declined action and gave
her permission to sue, she brought this lawsuit against
Sheriff Zaruba claiming sex discrimination in violation of
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e-2
et. seq. 1 The complaint alleged that Kuttner was fired and
denied a promotion because of her sex and that the sheriff’s
policies regarding jail staffing discriminated against female
employees. 2


1 Kuttner also named the “DuPage County Sheriff’s Offices” and DuPage
County as defendants. The former has no legal existence, and the County
is in the suit only by virtue of its duty to pay any judgment against
Sheriff Zaruba in his official capacity. We’ll refer to Sheriff Zaruba as the
sole defendant.
2 Kuttner also alleged that Sheriff Zaruba retaliated against her for
complaining about the jail-staffing policies and breached her employ-
ment contract by failing to give her sick-leave and adoption benefits after
she was fired. The district court dismissed these claims as baseless, and
Kuttner does not challenge those rulings.
4                                                  No. 14-3812


    Discovery did not go smoothly. Lacking any direct evi-
dence of discrimination, Kuttner’s attorney cast a very wide
discovery net in an effort to turn up male deputies who
faced similar misconduct charges but suffered less drastic
employment consequences. Among other things, Kuttner’s
lawyer sought the entire personnel files of more than
30 employees of the Sheriff’s Office—including, baselessly,
documents relating to Sheriff Zaruba’s wife. The sheriff
objected, and when the parties couldn’t resolve the dispute,
they sought the court’s assistance. Prompted by the judge,
Kuttner’s lawyer admitted that his request for documents
about the sheriff’s wife’s file was just “a fishing expedition.”
Following a hearing, the judge concluded that Kuttner’s
discovery requests were overly broad and unduly burden-
some because they lacked any time limitation and were
based on “an overbroad definition of ‘similarity’ of miscon-
duct.” The judge curtailed the scope of discoverable person-
nel documents to those arising after January 1, 2006, and
pertaining to employees who were alleged to have engaged
in “similar misconduct as [Kuttner] (abuse of authority) or
sufficiently serious misconduct.” In addition to issuing these
general limitations, the judge resolved some specific dis-
putes about the disclosure of personnel files of particular
employees.
    Discovery proceeded for several months under these re-
strictions. More than three months later, however, Kuttner
moved for reconsideration. The judge was not impressed
with the belated motion, which came just a few weeks before
the deadline to complete discovery (already twice extended).
The judge reiterated his view that “[f]rom the start of dis-
covery, Plaintiff (actually, her counsel) has made overly
No. 14-3812                                                 5


broad and unduly burdensome discovery requests, some of
which were unwarranted fishing expeditions bordering on
harassment.” As the judge saw it, Kuttner’s counsel was
again “over-reaching” and had shown “no solid factual basis
for believing” that relevant evidence would be uncovered if
the discovery restrictions were lifted. The judge declined to
revisit his earlier order.
    It was not long before Kuttner’s lawyer again butted
heads with the judge—this time during the next-to-last
round of depositions. Deposing Deputy Tara Campbell,
Kuttner’s counsel asked the witness whether she had ever
heard or seen any deputy violate any Sheriff’s Office policy
or procedure. Predictably, this expansive inquiry drew an
objection, and a call to the judge’s chambers followed. The
judge had twice sustained objections to similarly overbroad
inquiries by Kuttner’s counsel earlier in this contentious
discovery process. The judge did so again and restricted the
inquiry to questions about the witness’s “personal
knowledge of abuse of authority committed by other depu-
ties (i.e., no more hearsay in the hope of leading to admissi-
ble evidence concerning abuse of authority).”
    After discovery closed Sheriff Zaruba moved for sum-
mary judgment. Kuttner responded by proffering four male
comparators that she claimed had also abused their posi-
tions but were not fired. The judge rejected all four because
their misconduct was too dissimilar to make them suitable
for comparison under the McDonnell Douglas indirect meth-
od of proof. Kuttner offered no other evidence that she was
fired because of her sex, so the judge entered summary
judgment for the sheriff on this claim. The judge also reject-
ed Kuttner’s failure-to-promote claim because she had never
6                                                  No. 14-3812


sought a promotion, nor had she alleged that a less qualified
male employee was promoted over her within the 300-day
limitations period. Finally, the judge concluded that material
factual disputes necessitated a trial on Kuttner’s claim about
the sheriff’s jail-staffing policies.
    A different judge presided at trial. Sheriff Zaruba pre-
vailed.
                        II. Discussion
   Kuttner apparently accepts the outcome of the trial; on
appeal she does not seek to revive her jail-staffing claim.
Rather, she challenges only the judge’s discovery limitations
and his summary-judgment rulings rejecting her claims that
she was fired and denied a promotion because of her sex.
A. Discovery Limitations
    District judges have broad discretion over discovery mat-
ters, so we review discovery rulings deferentially, only for
abuse of discretion. Spitz v. Proven Winners N. Am., LLC,

, 733 (7th Cir. 2014). This standard requires us to
affirm unless the judge’s ruling lacks a basis in law or fact or
clearly appears to be arbitrary. e360 Insight, Inc. v. Spamhaus
Project, 

, 644 (7th Cir. 2011). If we do find an
abuse of discretion, “we will not grant any relief ‘absent a
clear showing that the denial of discovery resulted in actual
and substantial prejudice.’” 

v. Glasser,

, 1068 (7th Cir. 1995)).
   Kuttner argues that the judge’s temporal limitation on
discovery—the January 1, 2006 outer boundary for personnel
records—was arbitrary. Any temporal limit on discovery is in
some sense artificial, and it’s true that the January 1, 2006
No. 14-3812                                                    7


date isn’t keyed to any specific facts in the case. But our
abuse-of-discretion standard of review requires a deferential
and contextualized approach. To that end, the proper in-
quiry in this case is two-fold: (1) was some time limit war-
ranted here, and (2) was this time limit reasonable, i.e., did it
allow Kuttner a meaningful opportunity for discovery? The
answer to both questions is “yes.”
    To the first question, the judge’s reason for imposing the
time limit was to rein in Kuttner’s “overly broad and unduly
burdensome” discovery expedition, perhaps exemplified
most starkly by the request for the personnel records of
Sheriff Zaruba’s wife, who could not possibly have served as
a legitimate comparator and was presumably targeted solely
for harassment and humiliation. The judge reasonably
concluded that this litigation conduct by Kuttner’s counsel
justified placing some limits on discovery so that it would
focus only on capturing information reasonably calculated to
lead to relevant evidence.
    Recency is one component of relevance. Valid compara-
tors for a plaintiff proceeding under the McDonnell Douglas
indirect method of proof are “employees [who] dealt with
the same supervisor, were subject to the same standards, and
had engaged in similar conduct without such differentiating
or mitigating circumstances as would distinguish their
conduct or the employer’s treatment of them.” Radue v.
Kimberly-Clark Corp., 

, 617–18 (7th Cir. 2000).
Here, restricting the time period wasn’t just about preempt-
ing a fishing expedition; it also served to hone in on possible
comparators who were reasonably likely to have been
subject to the same rules, supervisors, and decision-making
process as Kuttner. Cf. Balderston v. Fairbanks Morse Engine
8                                                          No. 14-3812


Div. of Coltec Indus., 

, 322 (7th Cir. 2003) (affirm-
ing the district court’s restriction of discovery in an ADEA
case to only those employees who, inter alia, “obtained [their]
desired positions around the same time” as the particular
round of workforce reduction affecting the plaintiff).
    We’re confident as well that the authorized window was
adequate for Kuttner to engage in meaningful discovery.
Kuttner doesn’t attack the judge’s original order limiting
discovery; rather, she takes aim at the denial of her reconsid-
eration motion. Recall that more than three months elapsed
between the original order and Kuttner’s reconsideration
motion. While this delay is not dispositive, there’s no ques-
tion that it threatened to impose a massive new burden on
the defendants with only a few weeks remaining until the
discovery cutoff. Indeed, the judge relied on the delay as one
reason for declining to reopen the matter. That was clearly a
valid consideration.
    The judge also noted that the discovery deadline had al-
ready been extended several times, yet Kuttner had “fail[ed]
to advance the actually-authorized discovery so far.” Kuttner
can’t complain that she was hamstrung by the temporal
limitation when she didn’t make an adequate or appropriate
effort to exhaust the avenues that were left open to her
under the court’s earlier orders. 3


3 Our dissenting colleague faults us for relying in part on the burdens
created by Kuttner’s tardy reconsideration motion. See Dissent at p. 18.
As we’ve noted, however, Kuttner’s attorney waited three months before
asking the judge to reconsider the discovery limitations, and he filed his
reconsideration motion only a few weeks before the discovery deadline,
which had already been extended several times. It was not unreasonable
for the judge to take the delay into account and also to consider the
No. 14-3812                                                          9


    Finally, Kuttner points to the fact that the judge who pre-
sided at trial “allowed testimony and evidence on all mat-
ters, including those between 1998 and 2006.” But the issue
at trial was whether the sheriff’s policies governing jail
staffing were discriminatory. That claim rested on an entirely
different evidentiary basis than Kuttner’s claim that she was
fired because of her sex. The scope of the evidence at trial is
irrelevant here.
    Kuttner also complains about the court’s directive prohib-
iting “any hearsay questions during depositions.” But this
mischaracterizes the judge’s ruling. During Deputy Camp-
bell’s deposition, Kuttner’s counsel asked the witness wheth-
er she had ever heard or seen any deputy violate any de-
partmental policy or rule. That question was obviously
overbroad; the judge had previously ruled similar questions
out of bounds (twice!) and did so again when he was called
during Deputy Campbell’s deposition. To curtail further
abuses, the judge directed Kuttner’s counsel to stick to
questions about the witness’s “personal knowledge of abuse
of authority committed by other deputies (i.e., no more
hearsay in the hope of leading to admissible evidence con-
cerning abuse of authority).” Understood in proper context,
this wasn’t a ban on “any hearsay questions,” as Kuttner
now contends.
   In short, the judge’s discovery limitations were entirely
reasonable responses to the litigation conduct of Kuttner’s
counsel. We find no abuse of discretion.



burdens that would necessarily flow from opening eight additional years
of personnel records to discovery so late in the litigation.
10                                                 No. 14-3812


B. Summary Judgment
    We review the judge’s summary-judgment ruling de no-
vo, giving Kuttner the benefit of all reasonable inferences.
Huang v. Cont’l Cas. Co., 

, 450 (7th Cir. 2014).
Kuttner never specifically articulated which evidentiary path
she was pursuing to support her claims that she was fired
and denied a promotion on account of her sex. It’s clear,
however, that she has no direct proof of discrimination. See
Collins v. Am. Red Cross, 

, 999 (7th Cir. 2013) (The
“direct” method of proof requires that the plaintiff “provide
either direct or circumstantial evidence that the employer
had a discriminatory motivation.”). The default method of
proving discrimination is the burden-shifting approach of
McDonnell Douglas, which requires the plaintiff to first make
a prima facie showing that “(1) she is a member of a protect-
ed class; (2) she met her employer’s legitimate job expecta-
tions; (3) she suffered an adverse employment action; and
(4) similarly situated employees outside of the protected
class received more favorable treatment.” Keeton v. Morn-
ingstar, Inc., 

, 884 (7th Cir. 2012).
   The district judge concluded that Kuttner failed to satisfy
the prima facie requirements because she did not identify
any similarly situated male employee who received more
favorable treatment. That conclusion was sound. Kuttner
proposed four comparators—Richard Morgan, Philip Lynch,
Joseph Zbilski, and Edmund Moore—but their misconduct
wasn’t similar enough to Kuttner’s to make them suitable for
comparison under the indirect method of proof.
   Deputy Morgan received a written reprimand for making
two personal visits to a female inmate in the jail while in
uniform. Sergeant Lynch and Deputy Zbilski both distribut-
No. 14-3812                                                    11


ed expired commissary food to an indigent female inmate;
Lynch was instructed by a supervisor to discontinue the
practice, but no discipline followed for either officer.
Sergeant Moore held night employment as a bouncer at a
bar; he was issued a written reprimand and instructed to
quit his second job.
   On appeal Kuttner points to additional alleged miscon-
duct by Morgan, Zbilski, and Moore. She says that Deputy
Morgan allowed his girlfriend to dress up in his uniform for
Halloween; for this he was referred to the Merit Commis-
sion, but he was not fired. Kuttner also claims that Deputy
Zbilski hired an ineligible inmate to operate the commissary,
but no charges were ever brought for this misconduct.
Finally, she says that Deputy Moore had a romantic relation-
ship with a domestic-violence victim but was not referred to
the Merit Commission or otherwise reprimanded.
    Kuttner’s prima facie case requires a showing of suffi-
ciently analogous misconduct by male officers to support an
inference that she was treated more harshly because of her
sex. As the district judge correctly noted, the gravamen of
the misconduct for which Kuttner was fired was “us[ing her]
uniform to convey the impression that [she] was acting on
the authority of the Sheriff’s Office, but was not.” It’s not just
that Kuttner wore her uniform while off duty or even for
unofficial purposes; the material point is how the uniform
was being used—for the improper projection of coercive
police authority in service of a personal end. That’s what
differentiates Kuttner’s misconduct from, for example,
Deputy Morgan’s allowing his girlfriend to wear his uniform
to a Halloween party or making two personal visits to a
female inmate in the jail. In Deputy Morgan’s case, there
12                                                No. 14-3812


were no allegations of coercion by the use or appearance of
legal authority.
    The remaining instances of misconduct by the male com-
parators are not remotely analogous to Kuttner’s coercive
misuse of her uniform. Probably the closest call is Sergeant
Moore’s night employment providing security at a bar. But
he was not accused of wearing his uniform at this second
job, so there was no improper coercion.
    Summary judgment is appropriate when the distinctions
between the plaintiff and the proposed comparators “are so
significant that they render the comparison effectively
useless.” See Humphries v. CBOCS W., Inc., 

, 405
(7th Cir. 2007). That is the case here. The judge correctly
granted summary judgment for the sheriff on Kuttner’s
claim that she was fired because of her sex.
    Finally, Kuttner argues that her failure-to-promote claim
should have survived the summary-judgment motion. We
don’t see how; she never applied for a promotion, nor did
she allege that a less qualified male officer was promoted
over her during the 300-day limitations period preceding her
complaint. Rather than contesting this line of reasoning
directly, Kuttner shifts gears and argues that she “may
establish a prima facie case using statistical evidence instead
of comparative evidence pertaining to each class member.”
There are two glaring problems with this argument: This
isn’t a class action, and Kuttner hasn’t adduced a shred of
statistical evidence to support the claim.
                                                    AFFIRMED.
No. 14-3812                                                  13


    POSNER, Circuit Judge, dissenting. The plaintiff, a former
deputy sheriff of DuPage County, Illinois, charges the sheriff
with having filed a complaint with the Sheriff’s Merit Com-
mission that led the Commission to fire the plaintiff for an
offense that was almost always less serious, rarely as serious,
and never more serious than offenses committed by male
deputy sheriffs that elicited either no punishment or a slap
on the wrist. If the plaintiff could prove these allegations she
would be well on her way to proving sex discrimination in
violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. She was
prevented from proving them by an arbitrary discovery cut-
off date of January 1, 2006, imposed by the district judge.
(Other allegations that she made were properly rejected by
the district court, however.)
    She was fired for violating two departmental regulations:
“Conduct Unbecoming,” and “Wearing of the Uniform”
when not on duty. Knowing that her partner in a real estate
brokerage business had lent money that had not been repaid
when due, she went to the borrower’s home dressed at least
partially in uniform (a potentially significant qualification
ignored in the majority opinion, as by the district judge—
one would like to know whether she was wearing enough of
her deputy sheriff’s uniform to appear to be on duty). Upon
learning that he was not at home, she left a business card in
the names of “Susan A. McKinley” and “Team in Focus, DC
International,” names she uses in her off-duty business activ-
ities. She had no financial interest in the repayment of the
loan, which was unrelated to the partnership.
   The Commission’s decision to fire her was based not just
on the incident just described but also on her failing to notify
the sheriff’s department that she had engaged in off-duty
14                                                 No. 14-3812


business activity while in uniform, though this may have
been a common practice of other deputy sheriffs who en-
gage, as a number appear to do, in off-duty business activi-
ties. The majority opinion’s description of her wearing her
uniform (or part of it) off duty as “the improper projection of
coercive police authority” and “coercive misuse of her uni-
form” is, however, unsubstantiated. The borrower whom
she tried to visit was not at home, and so he didn’t see her in
uniform. His father opened the door to her and told her that
his son wasn’t at home, but he has not complained that he
felt intimidated by her visiting in uniform. (For all we know,
father and son knew she was a police officer and expected
her to be wearing a uniform.) If a police officer drops into
Starbucks in uniform, the uniform does not intimidate the
barista. So far as appears, no one has complained of being in-
timidated by the plaintiff. There is no suggestion that she
ever revisited the borrower’s home.
    She’d been hired by the sheriff’s department in 1998; she
filed this suit in 2010. Because of the January 1, 2006, discov-
ery cut-off date, she was unable to conduct discovery re-
garding a series of suspected offenses by male sheriff’s dep-
uties committed between her hiring date and the end of
2005. She listed 21 suspected offenses that she believed had
been committed by male deputies during that period, in-
cluding a uniformed officer’s having sex in his squad car
with the wife of a man whom the officer had arrested for
domestic battery (she was the victim of the battery); an of-
ficer’s dressing his girlfriend in his uniform and parading
her in a bar, where the couple was seen by other officers
who had been summoned because a fight had broken out; an
officer who groped and harassed a teenage girl whose moth-
er complained to no avail, and who, while in uniform, re-
No. 14-3812                                                 15


fused to pay the full price of or the tax on an item on the
ground that he was a sheriff’s deputy, and who hired a pros-
titute for himself and his wife, refused to pay her, and ar-
rested her when she kept insisting on being paid; an officer,
again in uniform, who demanded a “police price discount”
and launched an investigation to determine whether a hot
dog that had made him ill had been deliberately tampered
with because he was an officer; an officer arrested for driv-
ing under the influence; an officer who in and out of uniform
repeatedly beat up his girlfriends and was arrested twice for
driving under the influence and on one of those occasions
was found to have cocaine in his car; an officer who while in
uniform frequented a massage parlor suspected of being a
brothel and who when he discovered that the sheriff’s office
was beginning to investigate the parlor is believed to have
tipped it off; an officer repeatedly accused of sexual harass-
ment and caught viewing pornography on a county comput-
er while on duty and in uniform; another officer who was
the subject of repeated complaints of sexual harassment; an
officer who dated a female deputy sheriff who accused him
of having broken into her apartment after they broke up and
having on that occasion masturbated on the pillow of her
bed, all while in uniform; an officer who while in uniform
hired an ineligible inmate who happened to be a friend of
the officer’s family to operate the commissary in the sheriff’s
office; an officer who was caught on a videotape stealing
from a record store—in uniform.
   I’ll spare the reader the other 10 alleged incidents. In
none of the 21 incidents were the perpetrators fired and
many were later promoted. Yet every one of the incidents, if
they were as described in the plaintiff’s allegations—and it’s
hard to imagine them as sheer fabrications—were either as
16                                                  No. 14-3812


serious as, or (more often) considerably more serious than,
the plaintiff’s visit to the home of her partner’s debtor. In-
deed, since the person she was trying to visit was not at
home, he can’t have been intimidated by her uniform (unless
perhaps his father was—of which there is no indication).
Although the other ground of her being fired was wearing
her uniform while engaged in business activities, there is no
indication that her wearing the uniform ever intimidated an-
yone.
    I don’t see how the judges in the majority can say with
straight faces that the plaintiff “did not identify any similarly
situated male employee who received more favorable treat-
ment.” She identified more than 21 such favored males (for
some of the incidents involved more than one officer).
Granted, these were accusations (though given what we
know of police behavior, not unbelievable ones), but she was
given no opportunity to prove them. I also don’t see the rel-
evance of the majority opinion‘s saying, about the deputy
sheriff who hired an ineligible inmate to operate the sheriff’s
office commissary, that “no charges were ever brought for
this misconduct”—as if failure to bring charges excused, ra-
ther than exacerbated, the misconduct.
    The plaintiff’s lawyer was prevented from trying to es-
tablish the truth of the accusations against the male deputy
sheriffs because he was barred by the January 1, 2006, cut-off
date from conducting any discovery relating to the incidents
in question, all of which had occurred before that date. He
wasn’t even allowed to conduct discovery of just the most
egregious violations by the male deputy sheriffs, violations
that despite their egregiousness had led to no one’s being
fired and few being punished in any way. At oral argument I
No. 14-3812                                                 17


asked the sheriff’s lawyer whether there had been any
changes in the department’s disciplinary standards or pro-
cedures, effective at the beginning of 2006, that might have
made the earlier incidents ancient history; for had the sher-
iff’s office cleaned up its act by January 1 of that year the
discovery limit would have been defensible. He replied that
there had been no such changes. The majority opinion miss-
es this point when it says that the cut-off date “served to
hone in on possible comparators [awful word] who were
reasonably likely to have been subject to the same rules, su-
pervisors, and decision-making process as” the plaintiff.
There is, to repeat, no evidence of a change of rules, supervi-
sors, or the department’s decision-making process in 2006.
     The majority opinion approves the January 1, 2006, cut-
off date for discovery but gives no reason for its approval,
though the logical cut-off date would have been when the
plaintiff was hired in 1998. The cut-off date imposed by the
district judge and now ratified by this court killed the plain-
tiff’s case because she was able to identify only four inci-
dents of misconduct by male sheriff’s deputies in the four
years after the cut-off date, none of which was comparable to
her misconduct, compared to the 21 incidents that she had
learned about that had occurred in the eight preceding years
(1998–2006). Those incidents, summarized earlier in this
opinion, involved worse misconduct than hers—indeed
there’s no indication that the plaintiff’s misconduct caused
harm to anyone or even minor embarrassment to the sher-
iff’s department.
    Had the department cleaned up its act by 2006, the judge
would have been right to exclude evidence pertaining to ear-
lier misconduct, because the incident that appears to have
18                                                 No. 14-3812


triggered the plaintiff’s discharge—the visit to the home of
the person who owed her partner money—came later. But,
to repeat, the sheriff’s lawyer acknowledged that nothing
had changed in 2006, and so there was no reason to ignore
the earlier misconduct, which was the critical evidence of
discriminatory treatment of the plaintiff. The majority opin-
ion concedes that the “January 1, 2006 [cut-off] date isn’t
keyed to any specific facts in the case.” Very odd is the fur-
ther statement that granting the plaintiff’s motion to recon-
sider the cut-off date “threatened to impose a massive new
burden on the defendants with only a few weeks remaining
until the discovery cutoff.” If the department needed more
time, the judge could have extended the cut-off date. In the
unlikely event that discovery regarding all 21 incidents
would have placed a crushing burden on the sheriff’s office
(more likely it would have led the office to clean out the Au-
gean stables at last), the judge could have limited the discov-
ery, at least to begin with, to the most serious of the 21 inci-
dents.
    One of the pre-2006 incidents that the plaintiff wanted to
explore involved the officer who had dressed his girlfriend
in his uniform and paraded her in a bar. His only post-cut-
off offense (2008), or at least the only offense of which he
was accused, was making personal visits to a female detain-
ee in the county jail, in uniform of course. For this miscon-
duct he was issued a written reprimand, even though the
misconduct was styled “abuse of position.” It is hard to
square his written reprimand with the plaintiff’s being fired
for a less serious offense, especially since he was a recidivist
and she a first offender, who could expect to be treated more
leniently. As for the three other incidents of misbehavior by
male deputy sheriffs after the 2006 cut-off date, one led to a
No. 14-3812                                                19


written reprimand, another to no disciplinary action, and the
third to a mere admonition to the deputy sheriff to desist
from repeating the infractions.
    The arbitrary discovery cut-off date was the district
court’s worst mistake, but there were two other serious mis-
takes as well, both ignored in the majority opinion. One was
to base the cut-off date on annoyance at what the judge
deemed abuses by the plaintiff’s lawyer—and there were a
few, such as asking to see the personnel file of the sheriff’s
wife. But the proper response to those abuses would have
been to order the lawyer to shape up, and if necessary to fine
him for his contumacy; the tight cut-off date arbitrarily pun-
ished his client. Second, the judge refused to allow the law-
yer to ask any questions intended to elicit hearsay testimony.
The lawyer wanted to ask members of the sheriff’s depart-
ment whether they’d heard mention of misconduct commit-
ted by other members. An answer to such a question would
be hearsay. But as the district judge seems to have over-
looked, the version of Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 in force during the
district court proceedings permitted hearsay in discovery if
it held reasonable prospects of leading to admissible evi-
dence. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (the rule was changed ef-
fective December 1, 2015, but final judgment in the district
court in the present case had been entered on December 4,
2014, and anyway the new rule provides that “discovery
need not be admissible in evidence to be discoverable”);
Northwestern Memorial Hospital v. Ashcroft, 

, 930
(7th Cir. 2004); Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 

, 350–51 (1978). Given the difficulty of discovering mis-
conduct that does not give rise to a written report, the judge
should have allowed inquiry into the knowledge possessed
20                                                   No. 14-3812


by witnesses concerning possible misconduct by sheriff’s
deputies.
    The combination of the arbitrary cut-off date and the dis-
covery hearsay bar was fatal to a promising case of disparate
treatment based on gender. And “promising” is an under-
statement. It is a virtual certainty that the plaintiff was disci-
plined far more harshly than male counterparts who en-
gaged in far more egregious conduct—far more harshly be-
cause she’s a woman. The DuPage County Sheriff’s Office is
or at least was a boy’s club.
   We should be reversing and remanding to permit further
discovery, not affirming.