Judges: Per Curiam
Filed: Sep. 12, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604 Submitted September 7, 2016* Decided September 12, 2016 Before DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge No. 15-3352 MATTHEW T. CULLEN, Appeal from the United States District Plaintiff-Appellant, Court for the Central District of Illinois. v. No. 12-1032 MICHELLE R.B. SADDLER, et a
Summary: NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit Chicago, Illinois 60604 Submitted September 7, 2016* Decided September 12, 2016 Before DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge No. 15-3352 MATTHEW T. CULLEN, Appeal from the United States District Plaintiff-Appellant, Court for the Central District of Illinois. v. No. 12-1032 MICHELLE R.B. SADDLER, et al..
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NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
Chicago, Illinois 60604
Submitted September 7, 2016*
Decided September 12, 2016
Before
DIANE P. WOOD, Chief Judge
RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge
FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge
No. 15‐3352
MATTHEW T. CULLEN, Appeal from the United States District
Plaintiff‐Appellant, Court for the Central District of Illinois.
v. No. 12‐1032
MICHELLE R.B. SADDLER, et al., Sue E. Myerscough,
Defendants‐Appellees. Judge.
O R D E R
Matthew Cullen brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 contending that when he
was incarcerated prison officials violated his First Amendment rights by requiring him
to participate in a religious substance‐abuse program. The district court granted
summary judgment for Cullen and ordered the individual defendants to pay $350 in
damages—the amount that Cullen had sought in his complaint. On appeal Cullen
argues that the district court erred in dismissing claims against two state agencies,
* We have unanimously agreed to decide the case without oral argument because
the briefs and record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral
argument would not significantly aid the court. See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 15‐3352 Page 2
denying his claim for injunctive relief, and awarding him only $350. We affirm because
agencies are not “persons” under § 1983; Cullen, no longer in prison, lacks standing to
enjoin the prison’s program; and Cullen waited too long to enlarge his damages
request.
Cullen pleaded guilty in October 2009 to aggravated driving under the influence
of alcohol, and he was sentenced to three years’ imprisonment. Prison officials told
Cullen that he could earn up to six months of discretionary good‐time credit by
participating in a substance‐abuse treatment program. Cullen wanted to participate in a
treatment program (and have a shot at getting the good‐time credits), but he balked
once he learned that the only available program was based on the 12‐step approach
used by Alcoholics Anonymous. Cullen, who is agnostic, believes that this 12‐step
program burdens non‐theists by requiring them to recognize the existence of a
“higher power.” Despite his reservations, Cullen enrolled in the course and completed
it in May 2010. He didn’t receive any credit for doing so, however, because prison
officials suspended the practice of awarding discretionary good‐time credit before
Cullen finished treatment. He was released from prison in January 2011.
A year later Cullen sued the Illinois Department of Corrections, the Illinois
Department of Human Services, administrators of those agencies, and prison staff.
He contends that the defendants violated his First Amendment rights by requiring him
to choose between forfeiting potential good‐time credit and participating in religiously
based substance‐abuse treatment. Cullen asked the district court to award him $350 in
damages and to enjoin the agencies from promoting any substance‐abuse treatment
programs based on the teachings of Alcoholics Anonymous.
The district court evaluated the legal sufficiency of these claims. It dismissed
Cullen’s claims against the state agencies because they were not “persons” subject to
suit under § 1983 and sovereign immunity barred the claims. The district court also
concluded that Cullen lacked standing for injunctive relief because he no longer was
required to participate in any objectionable treatment, and taxpayer standing did not
apply. But Cullen’s claims for $350 in damages against the defendants sued in their
individual capacities went forward.
After discovery closed the parties cross‐moved for summary judgment, and the
district court proceeded in two phases. First, on liability, the district court ruled for
Cullen. It reasoned that his claims were indistinguishable from those brought by the
prisoner in Kerr v. Farrey, 95 F.3d 472, 479–80 (7th Cir. 1996). In Kerr, we concluded that
No. 15‐3352 Page 3
prison officials violated an inmate’s First Amendment rights by requiring him to attend
Narcotics Anonymous meetings or risk adverse consequence to his security
classification and parole eligibility. Id. Second, the district court considered damages.
The defendants argued that, because Cullen had stated in his amended complaint and
in five separate interrogatory responses that he sought only $350 in compensatory
damages, damages were limited to that amount. Cullen replied, for the first time, that
his relief should include punitive damages of over $2 million. The district court ruled
that Cullen had introduced no evidence to justify more than $350 in compensatory
damages and that granting his belated request to seek punitive damages would unfairly
prejudice the defendants. The court awarded Cullen $350 in compensatory damages
plus costs. No defendant has cross‐appealed from that award.
In this court Cullen first challenges the district court’s conclusion that the two
agencies are entitled to sovereign immunity. But, as the district court properly
observed, these state agencies are not “persons” amenable to suit under § 1983. See Will
v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989); Wagoner v. Lemmon, 778 F.3d 586, 592
(7th Cir.), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 321 (2015); Fairley v. Fermaint, 482 F.3d 897, 904 (7th Cir.
2006). It would therefore be inappropriate for us to decide “whether the Constitution
would prevent litigation that Congress has not authorized in the first place.” See Holton
v. Indiana Horse Racing Commʹn, 398 F.3d 928, 929 (7th Cir. 2005).
Next Cullen challenges the district court’s conclusion that he lacks standing to
pursue claims for injunctive relief. He argues that—despite his release from prison—
officials at the Department of Human Services may cause him an “ongoing injury”
based on the following scenario: If he applies for restricted driving privileges, one of the
Department’s providers of substance‐abuse treatment may evaluate him; the provider
may recommend treatment; and Cullen may seek treatment but may not find any
secular providers nearby. To prevent this injury, Cullen argues, the department must
require that “each and every” provider it licenses offer a secular program. But Cullen’s
fear of injury is too hypothetical to establish the immediate risk of future harm required
for standing. See City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 101–02 (1983); Hummel v.
St. Joseph Cnty. Bd. of Commʹrs, 817 F.3d 1010, 1016 (7th Cir. 2016). Cullen hasn’t yet
applied for restricted driving privileges, and if he does in the future it is far from certain
that he’ll be ordered to participate in any substance abuse treatment, much less
treatment that he finds objectionable.
Cullen also argues that as an Illinois taxpayer he has standing to seek an
injunction. In rejecting that argument, the district court relied on Hein v. Freedom from
No. 15‐3352 Page 4
Religion Foundation, Inc., which held that taxpayers lack standing to challenge a
discretionary decision by the executive branch to use its general‐purpose appropriated
funds to promote religion. 551 U.S. 587, 602–08 (2007) (Alito, J., plurality opinion);
see Freedom from Religion Found., Inc. v. Nicholson, 536 F.3d 730, 738 n.11 (7th Cir. 2008)
(noting that we regard Justice Alito’s opinion in Hein as controlling). Cullen argues that
Hein was wrongly decided, but we are not at liberty to disregard Supreme Court
precedents, and we are not inclined to revisit our cases interpreting Hein. Because no
legislation mandates that the agencies promote religion in treatment programs, the
district court correctly concluded that Cullen lacked taxpayer standing to challenge the
agencies’ actions. See Sherman v. Illinois, 682 F.3d 643, 644–47 (7th Cir. 2012) (concluding
that taxpayer lacked standing to challenge the discretionary grant of funds from a state
executive agency to a non‐profit group seeking to restore a religious display); Nicholson,
536 F.3d at 735, 743–45 (holding that taxpayer lacked standing to challenge federal
agency’s discretionary expenditure that funded religious mental‐health and
substance‐abuse treatment programs).
Finally, Cullen faults the district court for awarding him only $350 in damages.
District courts generally should “grant the relief to which each party is entitled, even if
the party has not demanded that relief in its pleadings,” see FED. R. CIV. P. 54(c), but
they shouldn’t award a plaintiff more relief than he’s requested when doing so would
unfairly prejudice the defendants. See Albemarie Paper Co. v. Moody, 422 U.S. 405, 424
(1975); Felce v. Fiedler, 974 F.2d 1484, 1501 (7th Cir. 1992). “In particular, a substantial
increase in the defendant’s potential ultimate liability can constitute specific prejudice
barring additional relief under Rule 54(c).” Kaszuk v. Bakery & Confectionery Union &
Indus. Int’l Pension Fund, 791 F.2d 548, 559 (7th Cir. 1986) (quoting Atl. Purchasers, Inc. v.
Aircraft Sales, Inc., 705 F.2d 712, 716–17 (4th Cir. 1983)). That has occurred here: Cullen
pleaded in his amended complaint and swore under oath in five separate interrogatory
responses that he sought only $350 in compensatory damages. Only after the parties had
completed discovery, litigating this suit as a low‐stakes dispute, and the district court
had ruled against the defendants on liability did Cullen seek over $2 million in punitive
damages—a more than 5,000‐fold increase in requested relief. Because this belated,
proposed amendment would have radically transformed the case, and Cullen offered
no good reason for his delay, the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to
allow it. See Winters v. Fru‐Con, Inc., 498 F.3d 734, 741 (7th Cir. 2007) (affirming denial of
belated request to seek punitive damages that would affect “discovery and trial
strategy”); Freeman v. Busch, 349 F.3d 582, 589 (8th Cir. 2003) (same result when plaintiff
offered no good cause for belated request); cf. Atl. Purchasers, Inc., 705 F.2d at 716–17
No. 15‐3352 Page 5
(recognizing that defendant would be unfairly prejudiced if plaintiff were allowed to
amend complaint after verdict to seek treble damages).
AFFIRMED.