Judges: Posner
Filed: Aug. 10, 2016
Latest Update: Mar. 03, 2020
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3584 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROBERT J. MILLER, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 3:09-cr-30039-RM-BGC-1 — Richard Mills, Judge. _ SUBMITTED MAY 23, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 10, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to possessing crack cocaine wi
Summary: In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit _ No. 15-3584 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ROBERT J. MILLER, Defendant-Appellant. _ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 3:09-cr-30039-RM-BGC-1 — Richard Mills, Judge. _ SUBMITTED MAY 23, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 10, 2016 _ Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER, Circuit Judges. POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to possessing crack cocaine wit..
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In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Seventh Circuit
____________________
No. 15‐3584
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff‐Appellee,
v.
ROBERT J. MILLER,
Defendant‐Appellant.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
Central District of Illinois.
No. 3:09‐cr‐30039‐RM‐BGC‐1 — Richard Mills, Judge.
____________________
SUBMITTED MAY 23, 2016 — DECIDED AUGUST 10, 2016
____________________
Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and POSNER and ROVNER,
Circuit Judges.
POSNER, Circuit Judge. The defendant pleaded guilty to
possessing crack cocaine with intent to sell it, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), and in 2010 he was sentenced to
210 months’ imprisonment (the bottom of the applicable
guidelines range), which the district judge reduced by 20
percent—to 168 months—the following year at the request of
2 No. 15‐3584
the government in exchange for cooperation given to it by
the defendant.
Four years later the defendant sought a further reduction
in his prison term, to 134 months, because Amendment 782
to the Sentencing Guidelines had made a retroactive two‐
level reduction in the guidelines sentencing range that had
been applicable when he was sentenced. See U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.10(d). The comments accompanying the amendment
say that in deciding whether to grant such a motion the
district judge must consider “the nature and seriousness of
the danger to any person or the community that may be
posed by a reduction in the defendant’s term of
imprisonment” and may consider the defendant’s post‐
sentencing conduct. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 Application Notes
1(B)(ii), (iii).
The government acknowledged that the change in the
guidelines range authorized the 34‐month sentence
reduction that the defendant’s lawyer had asked for, but
nevertheless opposed it, arguing that according to
statements by witnesses the defendant had been at times
armed while engaged in his illegal drug dealing, and
furthermore that over a period of almost six years during his
current imprisonment he had committed five disciplinary
infractions: two for possessing homemade alcohol, two for
possessing an item usable as a weapon, and one for
destroying property. Yet the alcohol infractions had
occurred before the government had requested and the
judge had ordered the first reduction in the length of the
defendant’s sentence but had not dissuaded the government
from moving for the 20 percent reduction in the defendant’s
sentence, which the judge had granted.
No. 15‐3584 3
Yet the judge was persuaded to deny the defendant’s
latest motion for a reduction in his sentence, though he
didn’t rely on the evidence that the defendant had been
armed in some of his drug dealing. Instead he emphasized
that the disciplinary infractions had “occurred relatively
recently” (which was untrue; the most recent one had
occurred three years earlier) and were “serious” (which may
not have been true of the two alcohol offenses, or at least
may not have been thought by the government to be true
when it sought the 20 percent sentence reduction), and that
the defendant “remains a significant danger to the
community,” though the real question is whether he is likely
to remain a significant danger to the community when he is
released, which won’t be for another five years or so even if
he receives the further reduction that he’s asking for. And
the court did not explain why the two alcohol offenses were
now to be counted against the grant of a sentence reduction
when they had not been previously.
The defendant points out that the judge did not consider
his positive achievements in prison, such as the reduction in
his security classification from high to medium and his
completion of a number of vocational and adult‐education
courses, which will help him to obtain his GED. In fairness
to the judge, the defendant did not submit in the district
court certificates documenting his enrollment in the courses.
But he has submitted them on appeal, and though that is
irregular it is notable that the government doesn’t question
their authenticity. Although litigants generally are not
allowed to bypass the district court and present evidence for
the first time to the court of appeals, see Fed. R. App. P.
10(e); United States v. Elizalde‐Adame, 262 F.3d 637, 640–41
(7th Cir. 2001), we’ve allowed exceptions. See Brown v.
4 No. 15‐3584
Watters, 599 F.3d 602, 604 note 1 (7th Cir. 2010) (“although
we generally decline to supplement the record on appeal
with materials not before the district court, we have not
applied this position categorically”); Ruvalcaba v. Chandler,
416 F.3d 555, 562 note 2 (7th Cir. 2005); Charles Alan Wright
et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 3956.4 (4th ed. 2008; 2016
supplement); George C. Harris & Xiang Li, “Supplementing
the Record in the Federal Courts of Appeals: What If the
Evidence You Need Is Not in the Record?,” 14 J. Appellate
Practice & Procedure 317, 323, 332 & note 50 (2013).
Apart from the fact that the government does not
question the certificates’ authenticity and could not have
objected to their admission in the district court had they
been introduced there, the failure to submit them in that
court was the fault not of the defendant but of his lawyer.
The lawyer knew about the certificates—he had written his
client eight days after filing his motion for a further
reduction in the defendant’s sentence, acknowledging
receipt of his “awards and certificates.” But instead of
passing this information on to the district court, or using it to
counter the government’s response in opposition, the lawyer
simply told the defendant that he would put digital copies of
the documents “into our file for use in any hearing that may
be held in reference to your contested sentence reduction.”
We can’t begin to understand why, rather than sit back
waiting for a hearing that never happened, the lawyer didn’t
use the documents to help support his client’s motion to
reduce sentence. Had the lawyer followed his client’s
instructions the district judge would have seen the
certificates and the defendant’s case would have been
strengthened. And before deciding that reducing the
defendant’s sentence would pose a danger to society, the
No. 15‐3584 5
judge could have asked the government for a statement by
the prison warden concerning the defendant’s current
behavior in prison, an inquiry that would probably have
yielded information about the defendant’s efforts to obtain a
GED.
It’s true that the client is usually held to answer for the
mistakes of his lawyer, but the mistake in this case has been
so easily rectified on appeal by the now lawyerless appellant
that we think it should be overlooked. Since the district
judge might decide to grant the sentence reduction once he’s
assured that the defendant has taken courses toward the
GED, since the judge erred in describing the defendant’s
disciplinary infractions as recent, and since he seems not to
have considered whether the defendant is likely to remain a
danger to the community when he is released from prison,
years from now, we vacate the judgment and remand the
case for further proceedings consistent with our opinion.
VACATED AND REMANDED