___________

                                 No. 95-4181
                                 ___________

Richard F. Richenberg, Jr.,         *
                                    *
      Plaintiff - Appellant,        *
                                    *
      v.                            * Appeal from the United States
                                    * District Court for the
William J. Perry, Secretary of      * District of Nebraska.
Defense; Sheila Widnall,            *
Secretary of the Air Force,         *
                                    *
      Defendants - Appellees.       *
                               ___________

                   Submitted:    April 8, 1996

                        Filed:   October 3, 1996
                                 ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, MAGILL, and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
                               ___________


LOKEN, Circuit Judge.


     Richard F. Richenberg, Jr., appeals the district court's1 grant of
summary judgment upholding an Air Force decision to honorably discharge him
under the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy regarding homosexuals.
The policy was adopted to implement a 1993 statute, 10 U.S.C. § 654.
Richenberg claims that the policy violates his due process and free speech
rights and is an unconstitutional Bill of Attainder.    He also challenges
the Air Force's decision under the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA").
Like two other circuits that have recently considered similar challenges,
we find no constitutional infirmity in the statute and military policy.
We also find no APA infirmity in this decision and therefore affirm.




     1
      The HONORABLE LYLE E. STROM, United States District Judge
for the District of Nebraska.
                                  I. THE POLICY


     Prior     to   1993,   Department   of    Defense   ("DOD")   Directives   and
regulations of the individual services excluded from military service any
person "who engages in, desires to engage in, or intends to engage in
homosexual acts."    DOD Dir. No. 1332.14 (1981), 32 C.F.R. Part 41, App. A
(1992).    Though the issue never reached this court, other circuits rejected
numerous constitutional challenges to this long-standing policy.                See
Steffan v. Perry, 

(D.C. Cir. 1994) (en banc); Meinhold v.
Department of Defense, 

(9th Cir. 1994); Ben-Shalom v. Marsh,

, 456 (7th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 

(1990);
Woodward v. United States, 

(Fed. Cir. 1989), cert. denied,

(1990); Rich v. Secretary of the Army, 

(10th
Cir. 1984).


     In early 1993, President Clinton called for a reevaluation of the
policy.    The Senate and House Armed Services Committees held extensive
hearings which included testimony by sociologists, gay rights activists,
military personnel experts, members of the armed forces in all ranks, and
private citizens and organizations.2           DOD also intensively studied the
issue.    See, e.g., Sen. Comm. Hr'gs at 707-08 (statement of General Colin
Powell).   On July 19, 1993, the Secretary of Defense published a new policy
regarding homosexuals and the military.        At the core of that policy was the
"Don't Ask, Don't Tell" concept:     "Applicants for military service will not
be asked or required to reveal their sexual orientation. . . .




     2
      See S. Rep. No. 112, 103d Cong., 1st Sess. 268-70 (1993);
Hearings on the Dept. of Defense Policy Excluding Homosexuals
From Service in the Armed Forces, 139 Cong. Rec. S755-01 (daily
ed. Jan. 27, 1993) (statement of Sen. Nunn); Policy Concerning
Homosexuality in the Armed Forces: Hearings Before the Sen. Comm.
on Armed Services, 103d Cong., 2d Sess. (1993) ["Sen. Comm.
Hr'gs"]; Policy Implications of Lifting the Ban on Homosexuals in
the Military: Hearings Before the House Comm. on Armed Services,
103d Cong., 1st Sess. (1993).

                                         -2-
Servicemembers will be separated for homosexual conduct."       "A statement by
a servicemember that he or she is homosexual or bisexual creates a
rebuttable presumption that the servicemember is engaging in homosexual
acts or has a propensity or intent to do so."       Policy on Homosexual Conduct
in the Armed Forces, 1 Pub. Papers 1111 (July 19, 1993).         General Powell
deemed this policy "a choice which is in the best interests of the Armed
Forces and the best interests of the American people."         Sen. Comm. Hr'gs
at 709.
     On November 30, 1993, after further review and debate, Congress
enacted 10 U.S.C. § 654.3       That statute begins by reciting essential
congressional findings, including:


       (8) Military life is fundamentally different from civilian
     life in that --

           (A) the extraordinary responsibilities of the armed
     forces, the unique conditions of military service, and the
     critical role of unit cohesion, require that the military
     community, while subject to civilian control, exist as a
     specialized society; and

           (B) the military society is characterized by its own
     laws, rules, customs, and traditions, including numerous
     restrictions on personal behavior, that would not be acceptable
     in civilian society.

                            *     *    *    *   *

        (12) the worldwide deployment of United States military
     forces . . . and the potential for involvement of the armed
     forces in actual combat routinely make it necessary for members
     of the armed forces involuntarily to accept living conditions
     and working conditions that are often spartan, primitive, and
     characterized by forced intimacy with little or no privacy.

       (13) The prohibition against homosexual conduct is a long-
     standing element of military law that continues to be necessary
     in the unique circumstances of military service.




     3
      National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994,
Pub. L. No. 103-160, § 571, 107 Stat. 1670-73.

                                      -3-
                                 *   *    *    *   *

        (15) the presence in the armed forces of persons who
     demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts
     would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of
     morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion that are
     the essence of military capability.


10 U.S.C. § 654(a).   The statute defines "homosexual" as a person of either
gender "who engages in, attempts to engage in, has a propensity to engage
in, or intends to engage in homosexual acts."            "Homosexual acts" are
defined as "bodily contact . . . for the purpose of gratifying sexual
desires."    §§ 654(f)(1) & (3)(A).


     In the provision at issue on this appeal, the statute provides that
a servicemember "shall be separated from the armed forces" if there is a
finding "[t]hat the member has stated that he or she is a homosexual or
bisexual, or words to that effect, unless there is a further finding . .
. that the member has demonstrated that he or she is not a person who
engages in, attempts to engage in, has a propensity to engage in, or
intends to engage in homosexual acts."         § 654(b)(2).   In other words, to
avoid discharge, a servicemember who has declared, "I am a homosexual,"
must prove that he or she is not a homosexual as that term is defined in
the statute.


     In February 1994, the military implemented § 654.            DOD Directive
1332.30 governs commissioned officers such as Richenberg.          The relevant
portion of this lengthy Directive provides:


     C.     HOMOSEXUAL CONDUCT

           Homosexual conduct is grounds for separation from the
     Military Services under the terms set forth in paragraph
     C.1.b., below. . . . A member's sexual orientation is
     considered a personal and private matter, and is not a bar to
     continued service under this section unless manifested by
     homosexual conduct.

                                 *   *    *    *   *




                                         -4-
           1.b. . . . A statement by an officer that he or she is
     a homosexual or bisexual, or words to that effect, creates a
     rebuttable presumption that the officer engages in, attempts to
     engage in, has a propensity to engage in, or intends to engage
     in homosexual acts.     The officer shall be advised of this
     presumption and given the opportunity to rebut the presumption
     by presenting evidence demonstrating that he or she does not
     engage in, attempt to engage in, have a propensity to engage in
     or intend to engage in homosexual acts. Propensity to engage
     in homosexual acts means more than an abstract preference or
     desire to engage in homosexual acts; it indicates a likelihood
     that a person engages in or will engage in homosexual acts.


DOD Dir. 1332.30, Encl. 2, ¶ C & C.1.b., at pp. 2-1, 2-2.         The Air Force
amended its Administrative Discharge Procedures, AFR 36-2, to conform with
§ 654 and Directive 1332.30.


                        II. RICHENBERG'S DISCHARGE


     Richenberg entered the Air Force in 1985.        After reaching the rank
of Captain and serving in the Gulf War, he began training for the Foreign
Military Sales program in Saudi Arabia.         In April 1993, he requested
separation from the Air Force.    The Air Force denied this request because
his training was nearly complete.    Richenberg then informed his commanding
officer that he is homosexual, acknowledging that "I am forcing you to take
actions which may ultimately result in my discharge."            The Air Force
canceled his Saudi Arabian mission, reassigned him to Offutt Air Force Base
in Nebraska, and initiated discharge proceedings.


     After a December 1993 hearing, a Board of Inquiry recommended
Richenberg's   discharge.   The     Secretary   of   the   Air   Force   ordered
reconsideration under the new "Don't Ask, Don't tell" policy.            After a
second hearing in June 1994, the Board of Inquiry recommended separation
with an honorable discharge.   An Air Force Legal Review concluded that the
Board's "findings support discharge for making homosexual statements and
failing to rebut the




                                      -5-
presumption that the respondent has a propensity to engage in homosexual
acts."    The Air Force Board of Review agreed.                On August 28, 1995, the
Secretary of the Air Force ordered Richenberg's honorable discharge.


      Richenberg then commenced this action.             The district court granted
the   defendants'   motion   for   summary    judgment,        rejecting   Richenberg's
constitutional challenge and concluding that substantial evidence supports
the agency's decision.       Richenberg v. Perry, 

(D. Neb.
1995).    Following Richenberg's appeal, we declined to enter an injunction
preventing discharge during the appeal.           Richenberg v. Perry, 

(8th Cir. 1995).    We now consider the merits of that appeal.               The Fourth
Circuit upheld the policy's constitutionality in Thomasson v. Perry, 

(4th Cir. 1996) (en banc), petition for cert. filed, 

(U.S. July 1, 1996) (No. 96-1).               The Second Circuit reversed a
district court decision that the rebuttable presumption in § 654(b)(2) is
unconstitutional and remanded for consideration of the constitutionality
of § 654(b)(1) in Able v. United States, Nos. 95-6111 & 95-6141, 

(2nd Cir. July 1, 1996).


                              III.    DUE PROCESS


      Richenberg argues that 10 U.S.C. § 654(b)(2) and DOD Directive
1332.30 violate the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause, and particularly
its   equal    protection    component,      by    adopting       an   irrational   and
"constitutionally    repugnant"      presumption        that    discriminates   against
                                                    4
homosexuals on the basis of their "status."




      4
      Conversely, the Family Research Council as amicus curiae
argues that DOD's presumption violates the plain language of
§ 654 because the statute prohibits all homosexuals from serving
in the military. See 

(Luttig, J.,
concurring). We agree with the Second Circuit that the word
"propensity" in § 654 is ambiguous and that DOD has permissibly
construed the ambiguous statute. See Able, 

at 19.

                                        -6-
Applying rational basis review, the district court held that the exclusion
of those with a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts furthers
the legitimate government purpose of protecting "unit cohesion, morale,
good order and discipline and military readiness"; that the military can
rationally    infer    such   propensity     or    intent     from    a    servicemember's
declaration    of     homosexuality;   and        therefore    that       the    "rebuttable
presumption is a rational means of furthering the military's legitimate

.      Richenberg argues that we should apply
heightened scrutiny because homosexuality is a suspect classification.                    We
reject this contention for the reasons stated by the Fourth Circuit in

.5


     In conducting rational basis review, we presume that the statute and
implementing Directive are valid, placing the burden on Richenberg to show
that they are not rationally related to any legitimate government purpose.
See Heller v. Doe, 

, 319-20 (1993).             Our role is not "to judge
the wisdom, fairness, or logic of legislative choices."                         FCC v. Beach
Communication, Inc., 

, 313 (1993).                Substantive due process
review is especially deferential when military policy is challenged.                     The
Constitution expressly grants responsibility for military affairs to
Congress, art. I, § 8, and the President, art. II, § 2, not the judiciary.
See United States v. O'Brien, 

, 377 (1968).               When action under
this authority is challenged, "judicial deference . . . is at its apogee."
Rostker v. Goldberg, 

, 70 (1981).           Moreover, at a more practical
level, deference to the




     5
      Five other circuits declined to give heightened scrutiny to
the military's prior policies regarding homosexuals. See

; 

; 

; 

; 

. The Supreme Court applied rational basis review in
reviewing a state constitutional amendment adversely affecting
homosexuals in Romer v. Evans, 

, 1627 (1996). See
also Bowers v. Hardwick, 

, 195-96 (1986); Cleburne v.
Cleburne Living Ctr., Inc., 

, 441 (1985).

                                       -7-
considered professional judgment of military authorities is appropriate
because:


     it is difficult to conceive of an area of governmental activity in
     which the courts have less competence.     The complex, subtle, and
     professional decisions as to the composition, training, equipping,
     and control of a military force are essentially professional military
     judgments, subject always to civilian control of the Legislative and
     Executive Branches. The ultimate responsibility for these decisions
     is appropriately vested in branches of the government which are
     periodically subject to electoral accountability. It is this power
     of oversight and control of military force by elected representatives
     and officials which underlies our entire constitutional system.


Gilligan v. Morgan, 

, 12 (1973) (emphasis in original).              See also
Goldman v. Weinberger, 

, 508 (1986).                 Accordingly, "policies
that might not pass constitutional muster if imposed upon a civilian
population will be upheld in the military setting."               Ben-Shalom, 

at 461.
     Richenberg argues that the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy" -- by which
he presumably means § 654 as well as the DOD Directive -- cannot be
justified by any rationale other than an irrational catering to prejudice
against and hatred of homosexuals.            The flaw in this argument is its faulty
premise.       Richenberg asserts that the military policy is aimed at those
with homosexual orientation or status.              It is not.    The statute carefully
defines "homosexual" for these purposes as limited to those who commit,
attempt to commit, intend to commit, or have a propensity to commit
unacceptable sexual acts.            See § 654(f)(1).    The DOD Directive explicitly
states       that   the   military    will   not   exclude   servicemembers   for   their
homosexual thoughts, opinions, fantasies, or orientation.




     6
      The military policy at issue is entitled to even more
deferential review because it is the product of extensive study,
debate, and compromise by Congress and the President. See

; 

.

                                             -8-
Thus, we reject Richenberg's strident attack on the military for catering
to prejudice against those with homosexual orientation.7                    The statute
defines conduct that Congress has determined is inappropriate in the
military,    and   we   must   review   it   on   that   basis.     See    10   U.S.C.   §
654(a)(13),(15), quoted at p. 

.


     We join six other circuits in concluding that the military may
exclude those who engage in homosexual acts as defined in § 654(f)(3)(A).
See 

and cases cited.               Military life requires
servicemembers to sacrifice privacy:


     [Servicemembers] are required to live in communal settings that force
     intimacy and provide little privacy. It may be hard to contemplate
     spending 60 continuous days in the close confines of a submarine;
     sleeping in a foxhole with half a dozen other people; 125 people all
     living and sleeping in the same 40 by 50 foot, open berthing area,
     but this is exactly what we ask our young people to do.


S. Rep. 112 at 277 (statement of Gen. Powell).                Military leaders have
determined that excluding those with a propensity to engage in homosexual
acts, like providing separate housing for men and women, reduces sexual
tensions that would jeopardize unit cohesion, the cornerstone of an
effective military.      

see Sen. Comm. Hr'gs at 595 ("in my 40
years of army service in three different wars I have become convinced that
[unit cohesion] is the single most important factor in a unit's ability to
succeed on the battle field") (statement of Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf).



     Given    these     rational   concerns,      Congress   and   the    President   may
rationally exclude those with a propensity or intent to engage in




     7
      For example, Richenberg asserts that "this is the same
disgraceful way that African-Americans were treated" by the
military in World War II. General Powell testified: "Skin color
is a benign, non-behavioral characteristic. Sexual orientation
is perhaps the most profound of human characteristics.
Comparison of the two is a convenient but invalid argument." S.
Rep. 112 at 281-82.

                                         -9-
homosexual acts.   "It is appropriate for the armed forces to separate the
individual from military service without waiting until the individual's
propensity or intent to violate [military rules] ripens into specific
conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline."   S. Rep. 112 at 294; see

.   See also New York City Transit Auth. v. Beazer,

, 589-94 (1979) (employer may deny jobs to former drug abusers
to avoid risk of likely future conduct); Massachusetts Bd. of Retirement
v. Murgia, 

, 314-15 (1976) (State may retire police officers
at age fifty to avoid dangers created by physically unprepared officers).


       That brings us to Richenberg's contention that the DOD Directive's
presumption fails rational basis review because it is irrational to presume
that self-declared homosexuals have a propensity to commit homosexual acts.
However, it is rational to assume that both homosexuals and heterosexuals
"are likely to act in accordance with their sexual drives."     

.   For example, Richenberg acknowledged at the Board of Inquiry
hearing that his homosexuality includes a sexual attraction to men.     And
the Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund declared in an amicus brief to
the Supreme Court in Bowers v. Hardwick, "for gay people, sexuality and
their sexual orientation play an especially central role in the definition
of self. . . . [Sodomy laws] impose an added burden on gay people, blocking
their sense of self as well as their sexual fulfillment."   S. Rep. 112, at
283.   Thus, we agree with the Fourth Circuit that "[t]he presumption that
declared homosexuals have a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual
acts certainly has a rational factual basis."    

.
See also Watkins v. United States Army, 

, 1361 n.19 (9th Cir.
1988) (Reinhardt, J., dissenting) ("To pretend that homosexuality . . . is
unrelated to sexual conduct borders on the absurd"), opinion withdrawn, 

(1989) (en banc).




                                    -10-
      Finally, Richenberg argues that the presumption deprives him of due
process because it is effectively irrebuttable.              Once again, his argument
ignores the statutory language.          Congress perceived that "homosexual" is
a potentially ambiguous term.           Therefore, some persons who declare that
they are "homosexual" or have a "homosexual orientation" may not fall
within the statutory definition of persons likely to engage in homosexual
conduct that is inconsistent with service in the military.              The presumption
in § 654(b)(2) and the DOD Directive allows an individual who has declared
his or her homosexuality to prove that the statement merely reflects a
permissible orientation.      This is not a de facto irrebuttable presumption;
indeed,    the     district   court    found     that    seven     servicemembers    have
successfully rebutted 

.           Thus, even if an
irrebuttable presumption would fail rational basis review (an issue we need
not address), § 654(b)(2) and the Directive do not.


                                  IV. FREEDOM OF SPEECH


      Richenberg argues that the Air Force violates First Amendment rights
by targeting those who speak about their homosexuality and discharging them
for   "mere statements."           Under the prior policy, the military asked
applicants    if    they   were    homosexual    and    excluded   those   who   answered
affirmatively.       The new policy is less restrictive -- the military now
ignores the issue unless a service-member affirmatively evidences a
propensity to engage in conduct inconsistent with military service.


      We conclude that Richenberg's First Amendment argument is without
merit.    As discussed above, § 654 and the DOD Directive do not target mere
status or speech.     The policy seeks to identify and exclude those who are
likely to engage in homosexual acts, as defined in § 654(f)(3).                   To this
end, the policy provides that a servicemember's statement that he or she
is a homosexual evidences that propensity.             "The First Amendment . . . does
not prohibit the




                                          -11-
evidentiary use of speech to establish the elements of a crime or to prove
motive or intent."   Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 

, 489 (1993).   See
also   Wayte v. United States, 

, 610-14 (1985) ("passive
enforcement" of criminal draft registration law does not violate the First
Amendment); United States v. Dinwiddie, 

, 926 n.10 (8th Cir.
1996).    We thus agree with the Fourth Circuit that


       [t]here is no constitutional impediment, therefore, to the use
       of speech as relevant evidence of facts that may furnish a
       permissible basis for separation from military service.     No
       First Amendment concern would arise, for instance, from the
       discharge of service members for declaring that they would
       refuse to follow orders, or that they were addicted to
       controlled substances.

.      Accord Able, 

at 17 ("This
evidentiary use substantially furthers the government's interest because
. . . there is a correlation between those who state that they are
homosexual and those who engage in homosexual acts."); 

.


                               V.   APA REVIEW


       Richenberg argues that the Secretary's decision was arbitrary and
capricious, contrary to law, and not supported by substantial evidence --
the standards for judicial review under the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706 -- because
his statements of homosexuality demonstrate no "propensity or intent to
engage in homosexual acts," and therefore the rebuttable presumption "was
never properly triggered."   He notes that, at the second Board of Inquiry
hearing, he presented overwhelming evidence regarding his past conduct,
character, and credibility, and the nature and circumstances of his
statements, "all of which demonstrate conclusively that he has no such
propensity."




                                    -12-
        Assuming that a military discharge decision is reviewable under the
   8
APA, that review "must be extremely deferential because of the confluence
of the narrow scope of review under the APA and the military setting."
Henry       v.   Department    of    Navy,      

,    272     (8th   Cir.   1996).
Richenberg's        contention      --   that    his statements       did    not   trigger   the
presumption -- is contrary to the plain meaning of § 654(b)(2) as construed
in the Directive.         Any statement to the effect that a servicemember is a
homosexual "triggers" the presumption, that is, imposes a burden to rebut
the presumption if discharge proceedings are commenced.


        Charitably reading Richenberg's brief as also arguing that he in fact
rebutted the presumption, we agree with the district court that substantial
evidence supports the Secretary's decision to the contrary.                        At the Board
of Inquiry hearing, Richenberg stated that he is homosexual but does not
intend      to   engage   in   prohibited       homosexual    acts.       However,   on   cross-
examination, he admitted he is sexually attracted to men.                            When asked
whether, if the right person came along, he "would not be opposed to having
sex with them (sic)," he answered, "I can't say that I've entirely accepted
that yet."       In addition, he answered that he did not know whether he would
marry a man if it were legal to do so.                      None of this is particularly
inflammatory, and we agree that Richenberg submitted strong evidence of
fine character and an excellent military career.                   But "substantial evidence
is something less than the weight of the evidence, and the possibility of
drawing two inconsistent conclusions does not indicate that substantial
evidence fails to support an agency's findings."                     

.
The Board




        8
      Richenberg cites no authority for the proposition that
Congress has authorized APA review of decisions to discharge an
officer from military service. Remarkably, the Secretary simply
ignores the issue. We suspect it is a doubtful proposition. See
Webster v. Doe, 

(1988); Chappell v. Wallace, 

(1983). But the government has not argued the point, so
we do not consider it. See Air Courier Conference v. American
Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO, 

, 522-23 (1991).

                                                -13-
of Inquiry's recommendation was based upon its assessment of Richenberg's
statement that he has no intent or propensity to commit homosexual acts in
light of his equivocal answers on cross examination.                     That type of
credibility determination is normally left to the agency's discretion, see
Crawford v. Runyon, 

, 1341 (8th Cir. 1994), and Richenberg does
not suggest we are dealing with abnormal agency fact-finding.


                                 VI.   CONCLUSION


       We have considered Richenberg's bill of attainder claim and conclude
it is without merit.    See Selective Serv. Sys. v. Minnesota Pub. Int. Res.
Group, 

(1984);     Ambassador Books & Video, Inc. v. Little Rock,

, 865 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1994).
Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court
is affirmed.


RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, dissenting.


       The military may no longer discharge homosexual servicemembers simply
because they are homosexual.     Instead, federal law authorizes the dismissal
of homosexual servicemembers only if they engage or intend to engage in
prohibited homosexual conduct, or if they demonstrate a propensity to do
so.    The statute, however, blurs the line between status and conduct by
making    a   servicemember's   admission   that    he   or   she   is   a   homosexual
sufficient grounds for presuming that the servicemember is likely to or
intends     to engage in prohibited conduct.             If this presumption were
irrebuttable, the statutory scheme would raise serious First Amendment
problems.     Accordingly, it is our job to review the record with great care
to ensure that Captain Richenberg had a proper opportunity to rebut the
presumption.      After reviewing the evidence submitted to the Board of
Inquiry, it is my view that Captain Richenberg met his burden and should
not have been discharged.




                                       -14-
        The First Amendment prohibits the government from penalizing people
because     of   their   thoughts   and   feelings.   Indeed,   "[o]ur   whole
constitutional heritage rebels at the thought of giving government the
power to control men's minds."        Stanley v. Georgia, 

, 565
(1969).     Captain Richenberg admitted that he is a homosexual but also
stated under oath that he did not intend to violate military law by acting
upon    those feelings.      To assume automatically that he would is to
disadvantage him simply for who he is and not for what he has done or will
do.     The First Amendment does not allow the government to make this
assumption without at least affording Captain Richenberg some realistic
opportunity to show that the assumption is erroneous in his particular
case.


        An irrebuttable presumption would also violate the First Amendment
by penalizing servicemembers solely for the content of their speech.        It
is one thing to use a person's speech as evidence to help establish an
element of some offense.       It would be quite another matter, however, to
presume conclusively from Captain Richenberg's expression that he intended
to or was likely to violate military regulations when he has expressly
disavowed such an intent.     Such a scheme would target only speech and would
thus violate the First Amendment absent some compelling justification for
the restriction.


        The propensity presumption is supposed to be rebuttable.    See Brief
                   9
of Appellees 40.       Given that excessive deference to the




        9
          In addition to pointing out that the presumption is
rebuttable, the government invokes the customary deference that
courts give to military judgments on the need to restrict certain
types of speech. See Brief of Appellees 43. The government,
however, does not attempt to justify an irrebuttable presumption,
and this dissent does not challenge the validity of a properly
applied rebuttable presumption. Moreover, deference to military
judgment does not extend to the application of law to fact, in an
area in which a military tribunal carries no special expertise.

                                      -15-
presumption by the Board of Inquiry would violate the First Amendment, I
would review the record de novo to ensure that the Board of Inquiry gave
Captain Richenberg a fair chance to rebut the presumption.                  See Bose Corp.
v. Consumers Union, 

, 501 (1984)(in First Amendment cases,
appellate courts should review de novo questions of fact that are tried to
a judge or jury).


       It is undisputed that Captain Richenberg told several people that he
was a homosexual.         He swore, however, that he had no intention of acting
upon his orientation in violation of military regulations and that he was
"very capable" of abstaining from prohibited conduct.                     Appellant's App.
296-97.     The record presents many reasons to believe him and insufficient
reason      to   doubt    him.       Captain   Richenberg    appears   to    have      been   an
outstanding Air Force officer.            His Officer Performance Reports (OPRs) are
full   of    praise      for   his    professionalism,      dedication,     and    leadership
abilities, and he received many medals over the course of his Air Force
career.      A characteristic report described him as "the most professional
and highly motivated officer I have had on my crew."               

        Another
called him the reporter's "most professional officer!"                    

        He
flew 25 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm. Brief of Appellant 12.



       Four      fellow    officers      and   friends   also    testified        on   Captain
Richenberg's behalf at the Board of Inquiry, praising his abilities and
performance.      All four attested to his honesty, integrity, and discipline,
as well as to his dedication and loyalty to the Air Force.                    One of these
officers, Captain Yaphe, testified that he had told a fellow officer a
month before the hearing that he had no reason to believe that Captain
Richenberg would not abstain from homosexual conduct if he said he would.
Appellant's App. 263.


       The government introduced no evidence that called any of this
testimony into question.         Nor did the Board of Inquiry explain its finding
that Captain Richenberg had failed to rebut the




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presumption.      In fact, the Board of Inquiry devoted only a single line to
the issue.     ("The Board finds that the respondent does have a propensity
to engage in homosexual acts.")            

    As things stand, we do not
even know whether the Board found that Captain Richenberg intended to
violate military regulations, that he was likely to do so, or both.
Without an explanation we are forced to rely upon those sources that are
available to us, without the aid, for example, of the Board's evaluation
of Captain Richenberg's demeanor at the hearing.            It may be that the Board
simply did not find Captain Richenberg to be credible.                If so, it should
say so and explain why, for it may also be that the Board impermissibly
based its decision upon an assumption that homosexuals in general will not
be able to abstain from prohibited conduct.               Cf. Hall v. Chater, 

(8th Cir. 1995)(holding that ALJs who reject disability claimants'
subjective complaints of pain must make express credibility finding and
give reasons for disbelieving the testimony).


       The Air Force Board of Review provided more explanation for the
decision, but its reasoning is no more convincing.              It relied upon Captain
Richenberg's      admission      that   he    was   physically     attracted     to   men.
Appellant's App. 458.           This admission adds nothing to his admission of
homosexuality.        Were it enough to justify the Board's finding, the
presumption       would    be     effectively       irrebuttable     and,      therefore,
unconstitutional.
       The   Board   of   Review    also     discounted   the   testimony   of    Captain
Richenberg's character witnesses because "none of [his] witnesses was asked
about [his] behavior or to opine as to his propensity to commit homosexual
acts."    

such proceedings will in general be
able to testify, as Captain Yaphe did, only to a servicemember's sense of
honor, duty, and discipline.         Even if they cannot "opine" specifically as
to his sexual propensities, they can say whether he is the kind of man who
does     what he promises to do.             The record establishes that Captain
Richenberg is that kind of man.




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     I would reverse the judgment of the District Court and remand with
directions to grant Captain Richenberg's motion for summary judgment.    In
the alternative, I would remand the case to the District Court with
instructions for it to remand to the Board of Inquiry for additional
explanation of its decision.   I express no view on the large constitutional
questions discussed in this Court's opinion.


     A true copy.


           Attest:


                 CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




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