United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                    _____________

                                    No. 96-4118EM
                                    _____________

Eric D. Clemmons,                          *
                                           *
             Appellant,                    *
                                           * On Appeal from the United
      v.                                   * States District Court
                                           * for the Eastern District
                                           * of Missouri.
Paul K. Delo,                              *
                                           *
                                           *
             Appellee.                     *
                                      ___________

                               Submitted: January 13, 1999
                                   Filed: May 21, 1999
                                    ___________

Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, FLOYD R. GIBSON, and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted Eric Clemmons of capital murder and first-degree assault. The
Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis sentenced Clemmons to life imprisonment, with
eligibility for parole in fifty years, for the murder conviction, and a concurrent sentence
of ten years for the assault conviction. The convictions were affirmed by the Missouri
Court of Appeals. State v. Clemmons, 

(Mo. App. 1984). Pursuant
to Missouri Supreme Court Rule 29.15, Clemmons then sought post-conviction relief.
His motion for post-conviction relief was denied by the Circuit Court. The Missouri
Court of Appeals again affirmed. Clemmons v. State, 

(Mo. App.
1990), cert. denied, 

(1991). Clemmons then filed a 28 U.S.C. § 2254
petition for habeas corpus relief. The District Court1 denied the petition, and
Clemmons now appeals.

       Petitioner raised a number of issues in his original habeas petition. The
magistrate judge’s2 report and recommendation held that some of the claims were
procedurally barred because of Clemmons’s failure to raise them at the appropriate
stages of the Missouri state-court proceedings. The magistrate judge recommended
denying the remaining claims on their merits. After Clemmons objected to the
magistrate judge’s report, the magistrate judge reconsidered some of the issues raised
in the petition. Prior to the District Court’s ruling, but after the magistrate judge’s
second report and recommendation, Clemmons filed a motion to amend his habeas
petition, seeking to add an additional claim. The District Court denied both the habeas
petition, following the magistrate judge’s recommendations, and the motion to amend.
Clemmons raises five issues in his appeal, abandoning some of the issues brought
before the District Court. We affirm.

                                          I.

      In the early morning hours of August 14, 1982, Clemmons and some friends
were standing on a street corner in St. Louis when they heard Clemmons’s brother,
Stanley Barnes, yell from up the street that someone was trying to rob him. Clemmons
and his friends approached Barnes and found him swinging a pipe at Lindsey
Washington. On their way up the street to reach Barnes, Clemmons and his friends

      1
       The Hon. John F. Nangle, United States District Judge for the Eastern District
of Missouri.
      2
        The Hon. Terry I. Adelman, United States Magistrate Judge for the Eastern
District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
passed Todd Weems running in the opposite direction. When Clemmons reached
Barnes, he pulled him off Washington and began hitting Washington himself. During
his trial, Clemmons testified that Barnes then told him that Weems had been with
Washington and that Weems had robbed Barnes as well. Clemmons then chased
Weems. Clemmons testified that Weems swung a board at him, and that Clemmons
then found a pipe on the ground, which he swung at Weems in self-defense. Clemmons
stated that he did not have the pipe when he first approached Weems. Testimony from
the prosecution’s witnesses – the friends who had been with Clemmons on the street
corner – indicated that Barnes also attacked Weems, although the testimony differed
as to who reached Weems first, and who hit him first.

       Weems died after the attack. Washington survived. Weems suffered bruises and
abrasions on the left side of his face; abrasions on the bridge of his nose, above his
right eye, and on his mouth; and lacerations on his ear. Weems also suffered blows to
the back of his head. The medical examiner, Dr. Case, testified at Clemmons’s trial
that the cause of death was a closed-head injury.

                                          II.

        Clemmons’s first claim is that he received ineffective assistance of counsel
because his trial counsel failed to elicit Weems’s exact cause of death from the medical
examiner. The District Court denied this argument – claim VIII in the District Court’s
opinion – on its merits. The standard for claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is
well established. See Strickland v. Washington, 

(1984). A petitioner
must show that counsel’s performance “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness.” 

. The petitioner must also show that there
was a reasonable probability of a different outcome if counsel had performed properly.

                                          -3-
      Clemmons’s argument focuses on the difference in testimony provided by the
medical examiner at Clemmons’s trial and at Stanley Barnes’s trial. During
Clemmons’s trial, Dr. Case testified that some of the marks on Weems’s face were
probably the result of being struck with a linear instrument, such as a pipe (Trial Tr.
289-90; Index to Exhibits vi.) In addition to the injuries Weems suffered on his face,
he was also struck on the head. According to Dr. Case’s testimony, the blows to
Weems’s head were likely the fatal blows (Trial Tr. 295-96.) When asked by the
prosecution whether the injuries to Weems’s head “could . . . have been consistent
with an object such as a pipe that caused the injuries” on Weems’s face, Dr. Case
responded “Yes” (Trial Tr. 309.) Clemmons’s attorney did not question Dr. Case
about this testimony. When questioned about the blows to Weems’s head during
Barnes’s trial, Dr. Case stated her opinion that “the blows to the head, to the scalp area
were not made by the same linear instrument that caused the injuries” to Weems’s face
(Barnes Trial Tr. 44.) She also said that the three blows to Weems’s face would not,
by themselves, have been lethal.

        Clemmons argues that Dr. Case’s testimony differed at the two trials, and that
Clemmons’s trial counsel should have questioned Dr. Case further about the cause of
the blows to the head. Clemmons must show a reasonable probability that this
evidence would change the outcome of the trial. Clemmons has failed to do this. In
the first place, we do not know what Dr. Case would have said if Clemmons's counsel
had pressed her on the matter. She might have repeated with even greater force that
the fatal blows were "consistent with . . . a pipe." The fact that Dr. Case (arguably)
testified differently at the later Barnes trial may mean only that she had had a chance
to reflect and had somewhat modified her opinion. When questioned repeatedly about
the subject, witnesses will sometimes give answers with different emphases, and do so
entirely innocently. In the second place, Dr. Case's testimony at the later trial was not
necessarily inconsistent with what she had said at Clemmons's trial. When she testified
at Barnes's trial, she did not entirely rule out a pipe or similar object as the instrument
that inflicted the injuries that caused death (Barnes Trial Tr. 39.) Finally, the jury

                                           -4-
could still have convicted Clemmons, on an accomplice theory, even if it thought
someone else struck the fatal blows. On the whole, our confidence in the outcome of
the trial is not undermined. Clemmons has not borne the burden of showing prejudice,
even if counsel's performance fell below an acceptable level.

                                           III.

       Clemmons’s second claim is essentially a replay of his first one. He argues that
the State wrongfully withheld from him Dr. Case's actual opinion – as shown by her
testimony at the subsequent trial of Stanley Barnes – that the fatal blows were probably
not struck by the pipe that caused the injuries to the victim's face. We cannot agree
with the characterization of this claim as one of withholding material exculpatory
evidence. There is no showing that the State knew, in advance of the Barnes trial,
exactly what Dr. Case's testimony at that trial was going to be. In our view, it is much
more likely that the expert's testimony, as is often the case, simply came out in a
slightly different way on the two occasions.

       It is certainly true that the prosecution has a duty to disclose evidence favorable
to a defendant. See Kyles v. Whitley, 

, 433 (1995). However, even if
there is a withholding of exculpatory evidence, constitutional error occurs only "if there
is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the
result of the proceeding would have been different." United States v. Bagley, 

, 682 (1985), quoted with approval in 

, 514 U.S. at 433-34. The
Bagley materiality standard is the same as the standard for Strickland prejudice, and
we have already explained, in part II of this opinion, why we believe Clemmons has not
met this standard.




                                           -5-
                                             IV.

        Clemmons’s third claim is that the trial court erred in failing to give a proper self-
defense instruction to the jury. Federal habeas relief is not available simply because
of a faulty jury instruction. See Estelle v. McGuire, 

, 71-72 (1991). For
a petitioner to obtain relief based on a faulty jury instruction, the instruction must “so
infect[] the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” Cupp v.
Naughton, 

, 147 (1973).

        Clemmons is entitled to a self-defense instruction if there is evidence to support
his theory. See United States v. Solem, 

, 328 (8th Cir. 1980). A self-
defense instruction was given to the jury, based on the Missouri model jury
instructions, but it did not contain the paragraph from the model instructions addressing
the lawful use of deadly force. Instead, the jury instruction was based on the section
of the model instructions to be used when there is no evidence supporting the lawful
use of deadly force by the defendant. See MAI-CR 2d 2.41.1(2)(2) (1979). The
problem, Clemmons argues, is that the instruction did not leave the jury room to acquit
him if it found that he acted reasonably in using deadly force. Assuming for the sake
of argument that Clemmons is correct, this is no more than an error of state law. This
is not a case where the defense of self-defense was withheld completely from the jury.
The argument, rather, is that the contours of the defense, under Missouri law, were not
explained properly. We do not think that this sort of claim qualifies for habeas relief,
nor do we believe, on the present record, that the absence of a correct (again assuming
the validity of Clemmons's point) self-defense instruction rendered this trial
fundamentally unfair.

                                             V.

      Clemmons’s fourth claim is that his right to confront the witnesses against him
was violated when the trial court admitted Lindsey Washington’s medical reports into

                                             -6-
evidence without requiring the prosecution to show that the treating physician was
unavailable. (This claim, even if valid, appears to call in question only the conviction
on Count II, the assault against Mr. Washington.) The District Court ruled that this
claim was procedurally barred. Clemmons initially raised this claim in his Rule 29.15
motion for post-conviction relief. The Missouri Court of Appeals noted that allegations
of trial error cannot be reviewed in post-conviction relief proceedings, and that
Clemmons should have raised this argument in his direct appeal. See Clemmons v.
State, 

, 417 (Mo. App. 1990). Clemmons’s trial counsel did object to
the admission of the medical records during the trial, and the issue could have been
raised in Clemmons’s direct appeal. 

direct-appeal counsel can constitute cause for purposes of
avoiding this procedural bar. This argument itself needs to have been raised properly
in the state courts, and Clemmons asserts that it was raised in the motion to recall the
mandate. He appears to be correct about this point, but he still has to show "actual
prejudice resulting from the claimed constitutional violation," Stanley v. Jones, 

, 682 (8th Cir. 1992), in order to avoid the procedural bar. We do not believe
that such prejudice has been shown. It seems to us reasonably probable that
Clemmons's point would have been rejected on its merits even if direct-appeal counsel
had properly presented it. The medical records in question were admitted under the
business-records exception to the hearsay rule. Brief for Appellant 36-37. This is an
exception in its own right, and does not require that any witness be shown to have been
unavailable. See Ohio v. Roberts, 

, 66 & n.8 (1980) (specifically endorsing
the business-records exception).

                                          VI.

       Clemmons’s final claim is that the District Court erred in denying his motion for
leave to amend his habeas petition. Clemmons filed a motion with the District Court
to amend his habeas petition after the magistrate judge made his second report and

                                          -7-
recommendation. Clemmons’s amended petition included a claim that the capital-
murder instruction given to the jury was defective.

        The rule governing habeas petitions allows amendments as provided in the
applicable rules of civil procedure. See 28 U.S.C. § 2242. Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15 provides that leave to amend “shall be freely given when justice so
requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15. The decision to grant or deny a motion to amend is
within the discretion of the District Court. See Foman v. Davis, 

(1962).
 As the District Court observed, Clemmons had had plenty of opportunity to assert this
claim earlier. He waited until after the magistrate judge's second report and
recommendation. The case had already been pending for some time. We see no abuse
of discretion in the District Court's unwillingness to allow the injection of a new issue
at this late stage.

       In addition, we agree with the District Court that the new claim, even if leave to
assert it had been granted, would not have succeeded on the merits. Clemmons argues
that the jury instruction on the capital-murder count used in his case did not require a
finding of cool deliberation, which is an essential element of capital murder. We
disagree. Under the instruction, the jury had to find either that defendant took the life
of Todd Weems and reflected upon the matter coolly and fully before doing so, or that
the defendant "aided or encouraged other persons in causing the death of Todd Weems
and reflected upon this matter coolly and fully . . .." We see no error in this instruction.
In State v. Bell, 

, 614 (Mo. App. 1993), the instruction was differently
worded and would have allowed the jury to find Bell guilty of capital murder without
finding cool deliberation on his part. That is not true here.

       For all of these reasons, the judgment is affirmed.




                                            -8-
BRIGHT, Circuit Judge, concurring.

       This case presents some troubling questions. In my view, the trial court may
have deprived Clemmons of an essential element of his defense by failing to instruct
the jury on the lawful use of deadly force in self-defense. Missouri law permits the use
of deadly force in self-defense if the accused faces a reasonably apparent danger of
suffering serious bodily injury. E.g. State v. Sprake, 

, 726 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1982). Clemmons testified that he picked up the pipe after Weems attacked him
with a wooden board. This testimony provided sufficient evidence of a danger of
serious bodily injury to Clemmons to support a specific self-defense instruction on
Clemmons' use of deadly force. Nevertheless, as observed by Judge Arnold, this sort
of error does not justify habeas corpus relief in federal courts.

       I also remain concerned by the contradictions between the medical examiner's
testimony in Clemmons' trial and the same examiner's testimony in Barnes' trial. In
each trial, the examiner gave the impression that the defendant struck the fatal blows.
In Clemmons' trial, the examiner testified that a metal pipe could have struck the blows
to the back of the head that caused the fatal head injury. At Barnes' trial, she testified
that a metal pipe could not have struck these blows, giving the reason that such blows
from a metal pipe would have fractured the skull.

       Nevertheless, this court lacks the power to grant Petitioner relief due to the
restrictions placed on federal habeas corpus review of state court convictions.
Consequently, I concur in Judge Arnold's opinion.

       I concur with reluctance, however. The conviction for capital murder and
consequent life sentence (imprisonment for fifty years without possibility of parole) as
imposed in this case may amount to a great injustice. Clemmons had some justification
for his aggression against Weems. He had reason to believe Weems had just robbed
his brother and stolen a gold chain. Weems may have contributed to the escalation of

                                           -9-
the violence by attacking Clemmons with a wooden board. Most importantly, the
medical examiner's testimony at Barnes' trial indicates that Clemmons may not have
struck the fatal blows. In my view, the facts of this case do not warrant a capital
murder conviction and the correspondingly severe sentence of a minimum of fifty years
imprisonment.

       The state could have charged Clemmons with second-degree murder or even
manslaughter on the facts. Nevertheless, an aggressive prosecutor brought capital
murder charges, with the result that Clemmons, not even twenty-one years old at the
time and having no prior criminal record, received a life sentence. Mrs. Carole M.
Blocker, Clemmons' mother, addressed a letter to this court movingly describing the
injustice of this capital murder conviction. I quote in part from the letter:

      I remember well the day Eric learned that Todd Weems had died. He was
    very distraught and said that Todd Weems did not deserve to die. When the
    Grand Jury indicted Eric on Capital Murder, I was dumbfounded, as I
    wondered how could premeditated murder be inferred from a situation where
    the victim died from a spontaneous episode where the victim was acting in the
    course of a robbery! . . . This is not cold-blooded, premeditated murder. Can
    you imagine how you would have reacted to robbers harming your mother
    while you were twenty-one years old, or even now presently?

      ....

       . . . It is not a prosecuter's job to win under and circumstances. Here, we
    have a prosecuter's that knew or reasonably should have know that the blows
    struck by my son had not caused death. You have a case before you where a
    brother who was minding his own business responded to a call of help from his
    younger brother who was being robbed by two men. Under circumstances




                                        -10-
    such as this the Prosecuter should not have sought the highest penalty the State
    can seek ( next to death)[.]3

       This is an unusual case. The jury convicted Clemmons of capital murder. Yet,
as I have observed, the evidence indicates that Clemmons acted with some justification
for his conduct, and evidence which surfaced in a different trial casts grave doubt on
whether Clemmons struck the blows that killed the victim. These facts and
circumstances suggest that this case is an appropriate one for the Governor of Missouri
to consider a grant of executive clemency. By this concurring opinion, I urge Missouri
Governor Mel Carnahan to review this case and consider reducing the existing life
sentence. I note that Clemmons has already served seventeen years in prison, seven
more than the minimum for second-degree murder and seven more than the maximum
for manslaughter.

      A true copy.

             Attest:

                     CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT.




      3
        This letter is quoted exactly as written. We directed that a copy of the letter be
furnished to counsel for both parties. See Order dated March 8, 1999. That order
further states:

                  To the extent that the letter raises points already before the
           Court on the record of this case, the points will be carefully
           considered. That is all the Court can do. Our obligation is to decide
           this case on the basis of the record before us and the applicable law.
           We cannot consider matters outside the record.

                                          -11-