United States Court of Appeals
                            FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                     ___________

                                     No. 08-2480
                                     ___________

Northstar Industries, Inc., a           *
Minnesota corporation,                  *
                                        *
       Plaintiff-Appellant,             *
                                        * Appeal from the United States
v.                                      * District Court for the District of
                                        * Minnesota.
Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Merrill *
Lynch Global Private Equity, Inc.,      *
f/k/a Merrill Lynch Global Partners,    *
Inc., foreign corporations, and Robert *
F. End, individual,                     *
                                        *
       Defendants-Appellees.            *
                                   ___________

                                Submitted: March 11, 2009
                                   Filed: August 17, 2009
                                    ___________

Before WOLLMAN, BRIGHT and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                          ___________

BRIGHT, Circuit Judge.

      Northstar Industries, Inc. (“Northstar”) brought this action in the district court
against Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., Merrill Lynch Global Private Equity, Inc.
(“MLGPE”),1 and Robert F. End for the balance of a brokerage fee it claimed due in

      1
      Unless otherwise specified, we refer to Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. and Merrill
Lynch Global Private Equity, Inc. collectively as Merrill Lynch.
the sum of $5.6 million. Northstar contended that fraudulent representations by
Merrill Lynch caused Northstar to accept a lower fee than the amount to which it was
entitled. On appeal, Northstar challenges the district court’s order granting Merrill
Lynch’s 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, arguing that the district court erroneously 1)
dismissed the action based on factual findings directly contrary to the complaint, 2)
failed to address Northstar’s prayer for rescission, and 3) concluded that Minnesota
fraud law could not compensate Northstar’s damages. Having jurisdiction pursuant
to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand to the district court for further
proceedings.

                                    I. Background2

       For almost forty years, Northstar has provided services related to mergers and
acquisitions. Its president, Thomas O’Connell, has closed well over 350 transactions
during his career. For over twenty-five of these years, Northstar has maintained an
ongoing business and personal relationship with Mr. Orville “Gene” Bicknell, former
owner of NPC International, Inc., the world’s largest franchisee of Pizza Hut
restaurants.

       In January 2004, Northstar entered into a fee agreement with Stonington
Partners, Inc., a company engaged in acquiring and investing in businesses
(“Stonington Fee Agreement”). Stonington agreed that, if Northstar introduced
Stonington to a business that it ultimately bought, Northstar would receive a finder’s
fee in the amount of 2% of the first $100 million in transaction value and 1% of the
value thereafter.

      In late 2004 or early 2005, arising from this long-standing relationship between
Northstar and Bicknell, Northstar learned that Bicknell was considering selling one


      2
      The facts in Northstar’s Amended Complaint must be taken as true for
purposes of this appeal.
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                                    2
of his companies, NPC. Northstar brought this information to Stonington. Stonington
then referred Northstar to MLGPE as a potential NPC purchaser.

       On March 4, 2005, Northstar and Merrill Lynch adopted the terms of the
Stonington Fee Agreement (“March Fee Agreement”). Robert F. End, Managing
Director of Merrill Lynch, then began negotiating with Bicknell and NPC for the
possible purchase of NPC as directed by Merrill Lynch. Northstar did not participate
in these negotiations. Around May 12, 2005, End and his Merrill Lynch colleague,
Christopher J. Birosak, contacted Northstar by telephone and ordered Northstar to
cease any further contact with Bicknell or NPC. Northstar did so and Merrill Lynch
became Northstar’s only source of information about the deal.

       In October 2005, after seven months of negotiations, End contacted Northstar
and spoke to its Senior Vice President B. Wayne Quist. End stated that Bicknell’s
purchase price was $615 million, and that this purchase price would result in a fee of
$7.15 million due and payable to Northstar under the March Fee Agreement.
However, in order to close the deal at $615 million, End stated that the fees associated
with the transaction needed to be significantly reduced. End proposed to Quist that
Northstar accept a “proportionate” fee reduction in relation to the other parties entitled
to a fee in the transaction, all sacrificing “equally.” End stated that a “proportionate”
or “pro rata” reduction would result in a fee of $1.5 million for Northstar (a 78%
reduction that amounted to approximately $5.6 million). End told Quist that he
needed an answer from Northstar no later than the start of the business day on
Monday, October 17, 2005. Quist stated that he did not have the authority to approve
such a fee reduction and would need to speak to O’Connell about End’s proposal.

       After discussing the matter with O’Connell, Quist sent an e-mail message to
End proposing that Northstar reduce its fee by approximately 50% to $3.6 million
cash at closing, plus other considerations, based on “what you said [yesterday] . . . that
you are willing to take pro rata cuts from the total fees and expenses.” Complaint ¶37.
Minutes after receiving Quist’s e-mail, End replied electronically to Quist, stating that
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                                             3
Northstar’s proposal would not work, and that, “The deal is dead and I will
communicate this to [Bicknell] on Monday morning.” Complaint ¶38.

       That Sunday, O’Connell called End. End reiterated that the $15 million
shortfall in the transaction had to be compensated from the fees in the transaction,
which could only work if everyone entitled a fee took a “proportionate” or “pro rata”
fee reduction. Furthermore, End stated that Northstar would receive a cash fee of $1.5
million following such a “pro rata” reduction. End also assured O’Connell that
“everyone due a fee would take a ‘pro rata’ reduction, that ‘all parties would be
treated on the same basis,’ that there would be an accounting of all fee reductions,
[and] that the total fees in the transaction would be reduced by at least $15 million in
order to meet Bicknell’s price of $615 million.” Complaint ¶39.

      Based on End’s representations, Northstar agreed to enter into a new fee
agreement (“November Fee Agreement”) so as to reduce its fee to $1.5 million. “Had
Northstar known the truth, Northstar would not have agreed to reduce its fee to $1.5
million and the transaction could have been closed without such a fee reduction to
Northstar.” Complaint ¶ 42.

       On or about October 20, 2005, four days after End’s representations concerning
pro rata fee reductions for all parties, Merrill Lynch and Bicknell/NPC entered into
a mutual exclusivity agreement for the sale of NPC to Merrill Lynch for $615 million.
The purchase closed on May 3, 2006 and Northstar received its full $1.5 million fee.

      In March 2007, Northstar saw NPC’s press release, as well as its 10K and S-8
forms, which companies publicly file with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Northstar realized that the total fees paid at the closing of the transaction had not
decreased from the May 9, 2005 proposed amount of $23.5 million, but in fact had
increased to $24,270,000 at the time of closing. Thus, Northstar repeatedly requested
that Merrill Lynch explain the increase in total fees paid in the transaction and provide
an accounting of fees as promised by End.
                                          -4-
                                            4
      In response, on May 9, 2007, End called O’Connell and told him for the first
time that the reduction in fees was in fact not “proportionate” or “pro rata.” End
admitted that he told Quist and O’Connell that the fee reductions would be
“proportionate” and “pro rata,” but stated to O’Connell that he regretted using the
term “pro rata” because the fee reductions were not in fact so. End further stated that
he should have used a term other than “pro rata.” End also stated, for the first time,
that End’s group, MLGPE, received a fee of $3,000,000, a 50% reduction from its
usual fee, and that Stonington requested $1.5 million, but received $500,000 in
payment.

        O’Connell told End that this was not what End had represented in their
telephone discussion on October 16, 2005, and reiterated his request for an accounting
of all fees paid in the transaction. End again stated that, although he told O’Connell
in about October 2005 that the fee reductions were “pro rata,” this was not what he
meant. End agreed to provide Northstar an accounting of fees, stating that Cassey P.
Davis of his office would provide such information via e-mail. Quist e-mailed Davis
requesting such information.

        Not having received a response from Davis, Quist e-mailed End on around May
29, 2007, requesting that Northstar “be treated like the others [in the deal] and that
Northstar’s fee be increased based on End’s representations and promises to Northstar
that all the fees in the transaction were to have been reduced on a ‘proportionate,’ ‘pro
rata’ basis, that everyone due a fee would sacrifice ‘equally,’ and that there would be
an accounting of fees.” Complaint ¶51. End responded by e-mail the next day, and,
for the first time, claimed that when discussing fee reductions, he was only referring
to three fees—Northstar’s, Stonington’s, and MLGPE’s, but not the Merrill Lynch
$14,047,000 debt placement fees/costs, attorneys’ fees, accountants’ fees, or any other
fees. End further informed Northstar for the first time that the MLGPE fee had not
been finalized until the closing and a fee agreement with Stonington did not exist until
the “eleventh hour.” End then refused to provide Northstar with the promised full
accounting of fees.
                                             -5-
                                              5
       O’Connell and Quist spoke with End by telephone on or about June 1, 2007,
when End revealed that Northstar’s fee reduction constituted the only agreed reduction
in October 2005. End indicated that he regretted the Northstar fee reduction and
stated that he would consider creative solutions to the fee dispute in an effort to
supplement the Northstar fee, requesting that Northstar forward such a proposal to
Merrill Lynch.

       On or about June 15, 2007, Northstar sent a letter to Merrill Lynch outlining the
terms of a proposed settlement that would increase the Northstar fee, plus other
considerations, in part by making the Northstar fee reduction identical to the 50%
reduction received by End’s organization, MLGPE. End then sent a letter to Northstar
refusing to settle the matter, or discuss it further, and for the first time denied stating
that any fee reductions with the NPC transaction would be “pro rata.”
       Northstar then brought the present action in the district court, alleging that
Merrill Lynch and End engaged in fraud and misrepresentation, breached their duty
of good faith and fair dealing, and breached certain fiduciary duties. Merrill Lynch
immediately moved to dismiss, arguing that Northstar’s fraud claim failed because
Northstar could not establish justifiable reliance or damages based on the alleged
fraud. In response, Northstar filed an Amended Complaint that additionally alleged
the falsity of End’s e-mail to Quist stating that “the deal is dead.”

       Merrill Lynch moved to dismiss a second time, and the district court granted the
motion. The district court held that no fiduciary relationship existed between
Northstar and Merrill Lynch and, therefore, Northstar’s claim for breach of fiduciary
duty failed as a matter of law. The district court also dismissed Northstar’s claim for
breach of good faith and fair dealing because Northstar did not allege that Merrill
Lynch breached the fee agreement. Finally, the district court held that Northstar’s
claim for fraud failed because Northstar could not establish the damages element of
fraud. Northstar timely appealed to this court, asserting a claim of rescission, which
the district court had not addressed, and claiming that the district court erred in ruling

                                           -6-
                                            6
that under Minnesota law no damages could be awarded because the brokerage fee
was a contingent one.

                                      II. Discussion

       This court reviews de novo the district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss an
action for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).
Hafley v. Lohman, 

, 266 (8th Cir. 1996). Dismissal is proper when the
plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. See Fed.
R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations in a
complaint, assumed true, must suffice “to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its
face.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 

, 570 (2007). The complaint is
construed most favorably to the nonmoving party. Casino Res. Corp. v. Harrah’s
Entm’t, Inc., 

, 437 (8th Cir. 2001).

      To establish fraudulent representation under Minnesota law, a plaintiff must
show that:

      (1) there was a false representation by a party of a past or existing
      material fact susceptible of knowledge; (2) made with knowledge of the
      falsity of the representation or made as of the party’s own knowledge
      without knowing whether it was true or false; (3) with the intention to
      induce another to act in reliance thereon; (4) that the representation
      caused the other party to act in reliance thereon; and (5) that the party
      suffer[ed] pecuniary damage as a result of the reliance.

Hoyt Props., Inc. v. Prod. Res. Group, L.L.C., 

, 318 (Minn. 2007)
(citing Specialized Tours, Inc. v. Hagen, 

, 532 (Minn. 1986)).




                                           -7-
                                            7
      The district court rejected, as a matter of law, Northstar’s claim for fraudulent
representation on the grounds that Northstar failed to establish the damages element.3
According to the district court, without showing that the deal would have been
consummated in the absence of the fee reduction, Northstar could not show damages.
Specifically, the district court noted,

      Northstar’s calculations, however, fail to account for the contingent
      nature of each fee agreement. Northstar could receive no finder’s fee if
      MLGPE and NPC did not complete a deal, a reality Northstar accepted
      by agreeing to reduce its fee in order to facilitate the ultimate sale. In
      this context, Northstar’s alleged damages cannot be actual losses.
      Rather, Northstar seeks hypothetical prospective gains that are not
      cognizable damages in this case. Accordingly, Northstar’s fraud claim
      fails as a matter of law.

.


      3
       Nonetheless, the district court recognized that the pleadings properly asserted
representations on which Northstar could rely:

             Here, the November agreement states that MLGPE will “in no
      case” pay Northstar more than $1.5 million. While it would preclude
      reliance on a statement promising further compensation after the deal,
      such contract language does not contradict End’s alleged promises about
      pro rata reductions and the potential death of the deal. Indeed, the
      November agreement contains no reference to pro rata reductions or deal
      saving actions, and without explicit mention of these matters, there can
      be no complete contradiction. Moreover, although the integration clause
      prevented the alleged pro rata promise from becoming part of the
      agreement, it does not foreclose the possibility that the promise induced
      Northstar to enter into the deal. For these reasons, defendants [Merrill
      Lynch] have not demonstrated that as a matter of law Northstar could not
      rely on End’s purported statements.

Northstar Indus., Inc. v. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., 

, 949 (D.
Minn. 2008) (internal citation omitted).
                                         -8-
                                          8
       The district court’s rule would produce the result that a party could defraud
others in negotiations for contingent contracts without liability or consequence, when
Minnesota law holds otherwise. Generally in fraud and misrepresentation cases,
Minnesota uses the “out-of-pocket” approach to calculate damages, which amounts
to “the difference between what is given and what is received.” Jensen v. Peterson,

, 142 (Minn. 1978). Under Minnesota law, however, “[w]here the
out-of-pocket rule does not apply, the plaintiff may recover for any injury which is the
direct and natural consequence of having acted on the faith of defendant’s
representations.” Hanks v. Hubbard Broadcasting, Inc., 

, 310 (Minn.
Ct. App. 1992). Other jurisdictions use the benefit-of-the-bargain approach to
calculating damages, which amounts to the “difference between the actual value of the
property and what its value would have been if it had been as represented.” Heberer
v. Shell Oil Co., 

, 443 (Mo. 1988) (en banc). The district court here
additionally observes that “[t]he rule ‘crafted by the Minnesota courts thus lies
somewhere between a strict application of the out-of-pocket rule and the more liberal
benefit-of-the-bargain rule.’” 

(quoting Commercial
Prop. Invs., Inc. v. Quality Inns Int’l, Inc., 

, 648 (8th Cir. 1995)).

       Furthermore, the district court notes that “Minnesota courts have consistently
emphasized that the point is to compensate actual losses, not prospective gains.”

(quoting Commercial Prop. Invs., 

). However, another measure of damages for fraud provided by Minnesota courts
focuses on a defendant’s profits, instead of a plaintiff’s losses. This measure awards
damages based on a disgorgement of the benefits a defrauder received by virtue of the
fraud. For example, the Minnesota Court of Appeals in Estate of Jones by Blume v.
Kvamme, 

, 196 (Minn. Ct. App. 1988), aff’d in relevant part and
rev’d in part on other grounds, 

(Minn. 1989) relied on Nelson v.
Serwold, 

, 1338 (9th Cir. 1978), which awarded to the defrauded party
the benefit that the defrauder received from the fraud in a stock sale. Nelson
commented:

                                          -9-
                                           9
      The early cases generally awarded the difference between the value
      given and the value received, but the recent trend looks to defendant’s
      profits, rather than to plaintiff’s losses, in measuring damages. . . . This
      rule provides full compensation for injury caused by fraudulent conduct,
      and, significantly, it removes all incentive to engage in such 

.

      Minnesota law therefore will allow for damages in certain fraud and
misrepresentation cases. In a case of contingent liability such as this one, the benefit
received by the defrauding party could be the measure of damages.4 See 

conclude that Northstar’s claim does not, at the 12(b)(6) stage, fail as a
matter of law on the basis of no recoverable damages and, in fact, survives Merrill
Lynch’s motion to dismiss.

       Surviving a motion to dismiss, of course, differs from surviving summary
judgment or proving damages at trial. “A grant of summary judgment is proper when
there ‘is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled
to a judgment as a matter of law.’” Emergency Med. Servs., Inc. v. St. Paul Mercury
Ins. Co., 

, 1004-05 (8th Cir. 2007) (quoting Conolly v. Clark, 

, 874 (8th Cir. 2006)). It may well be that Northstar cannot offer facts supporting
its proposition that the deal would have survived without the fee reduction.

      Thus, if it appears after discovery that the sale to Merrill Lynch would not have
been consummated without Northstar’s fee reduction, Merrill Lynch’s alleged fraud
may become irrelevant. Without a consummated sale, Northstar would have obtained



      4
         We express no opinion on precisely what measure of damages might remedy
Northstar’s alleged loss in this case. We have focused, as have some Minnesota
courts, on Merrill Lynch’s increased profit, but other measures of damages, including
the reasonable value of Northstar’s services, could be appropriate. This possible issue
is for the district court on remand.
                                         -10-
                                          10
no fee. However, at the 12(b)(6) stage, we determine only that the pleadings suffice
to withstand Merrill Lynch’s motion to dismiss on the issue of damages.

                                    III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we reverse and remand to the district court for
further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.5
                       ______________________________




      5
        We do not reach Northstar’s claim for rescission of its reduced fee agreement
and reinstatement of its original brokerage fee. The issue of damages, if any, and on
what basis remains with the district court. Additionally, Northstar moves to strike an
argument Merrill Lynch raises for the first time on appeal. We agree that the
argument was not raised in the district court and decline to consider it. See Shanklin
v. Fitzgerald, 

, 601 (8th Cir. 2005) (“Absent exceptional circumstances,
we cannot consider issues not raised in the district court.”). Thus, Northstar’s motion
is moot.
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                                          11