United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 14-3178
                        ___________________________

                     IBEW Local 98 Pension Fund, et al.

                     lllllllllllllllllllll Plaintiffs - Appellees

                                         v.

                            Best Buy Co., Inc., et al.

                   lllllllllllllllllllll Defendants - Appellants
                                     ___________

            Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association;
                 Chamber of Commerce of the United States

                 lllllllllllllllllllllAmici on Behalf of Appellants
                                      ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: October 22, 2015
                             Filed: April 12, 2016
                                ____________

Before LOKEN, MURPHY, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________

LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
       Best Buy Co., Inc., is a leading retailer of consumer electronic products and
services. Plaintiffs sued Best Buy and three of its executives (collectively,
“defendants”) alleging they violated Rule 10b-5 of the federal securities laws1 by
making fraudulent or recklessly misleading public statements. Plaintiffs alleged that
statements in a press release and ensuing conference call with securities analysts on
September 14, 2010, artificially inflated and maintained Best Buy’s publicly traded
stock price until the misstatements were disclosed when Best Buy reported its
quarterly earnings on December 14. After the district court dismissed claims relating
to the press release, plaintiffs moved to certify their claims relating to the conference
call as a class action. Plaintiffs relied on the fraud-on-the-market presumption to
satisfy the Rule 23 requirement that common questions predominate in proving their
Rule 10b-5 claim. See Basic, Inc. v. Levinson, 

, 241-47 (1988).
Defendants contended they rebutted the presumption; plaintiffs responded that
rebuttal evidence was not admissible at the class certification stage.

       The district court stayed the class certification motion until the Supreme Court
resolved that issue in Halliburton Co. v. Erica P. John Fund, Inc., 

,
2414-16 (2014) (Halliburton II). The district court then certified a class consisting
of all purchasers of Best Buy stock between September 14 and December 14, 2010,
concluding that common questions predominate because defendants failed to rebut
the Basic presumption by establishing that the challenged statements did not impact
Best Buy’s publicly-traded stock price. We granted defendants permission to appeal
this interlocutory ruling. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(f). Addressing an issue of first
impression, we conclude the district court misapplied the price impact analysis
mandated by Halliburton II and therefore reverse.




      1
       See § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b);
Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5, 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5.

                                          -2-
                             I. Factual Background.

      On September 14, 2010, Best Buy issued a press release summarizing its
reported financial performance for the second quarter of its 2011 fiscal year, which
ended on August 28. The press release, issued at 8:00 A.M., before the stock market
opened, announced that Best Buy was increasing its full-year earnings per share
(EPS) guidance by ten cents to $3.55-$3.70. Best Buy’s common stock (BBY), which
closed the prior day at $34.65, opened at 9:30 A.M at $37.25, up 7.5%.

       At 10:00 A.M. on September 14, Best Buy’s Chief Executive Officer, Brian J.
Dunn, and its Chief Financial Officer, Jim Muehlbauer, held a conference call with
analysts. The call began with a reminder to investors that the executives’ discussion
“may contain forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and
uncertainties,” and that the company’s SEC filings contained additional information
about these factors. During the call, Muehlbauer said: (1) “looking at the results for
the first half of fiscal 2011, while there are many moving pieces that we manage, like
always, we are pleased that our earnings are essentially in line with our original
expectations for the year”; and (2) “Overall, we are pleased that we are on track to
deliver and exceed our annual EPS guidance.” (Emphases added.) BBY closed on
September 14 at $36.73; 21.3 million shares were traded that day.

      At 8:00 A.M. on December 14, Best Buy issued a press release reporting a
decline in fiscal third quarter sales and announcing that it had reduced the FY 2011
EPS guidance to $3.20-$3.40. In a conference call after the market opened that day,
Dunn and Muehlbauer discussed the “lower than expected” third quarter sales.
BBY’s price, which had risen after September 14 (though not in a straight line) to
close at $41.70 on December 13, closed at $35.52 on December 14, down 14.8%;
64.7 million shares were traded that day.




                                         -3-
       Plaintiffs filed this action on February 18, 2011. On March 20, 2012, the
district court dismissed the Amended Complaint with prejudice, concluding that
plaintiffs failed to allege sufficient facts showing that misrepresentations on
September 14, specifically including the conference call statement that Best Buy was
“on track to deliver and exceed our annual EPS guidance,” were not forward looking
statements protected by the PLSRA’s Safe Harbor provision.2 The court denied
plaintiffs’ request to further amend their complaint. However, in October 2012, after
a further hearing, the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for leave to file a First Amended
Class Action Complaint.

       The First Amended Class Action Complaint alleged that defendants made three
actionable false and misleading statements on September 14, 2010: the statement in
the press release increasing Best Buy’s FY 2011 EPS guidance to $3.55-$3.70, and
two statements in the conference call: “we are on track to deliver and exceed our
annual EPS guidance,” and “our earnings are essentially in line with our original
expectations for the year.” In an Order dated August 5, 2013, the district court
dismissed the claim based on the EPS guidance statement in the press release because
it was forward-looking and accompanied by meaningful cautionary statements in Best
Buy’s Form 8-K and Form 10-K SEC filings. However, the court denied defendants’
motion to dismiss the claim based on the conference call statements because they
were “not forward-looking and are, therefore, actionable as a statement of present
condition.” The court denied defendants’ request to certify that interlocutory ruling
for immediate appeal. Thus, not presently before us is the question whether those
statements, “when read in context, cannot meaningfully be distinguished from the



      2
        “The Safe Harbor provision, 15 U.S.C. § 78u-5(c), immunizes from [Rule 10b-
5] liability any forward-looking statement, provided that: the statement is identified
as such and accompanied by meaningful cautionary language; or is immaterial; or the
plaintiff fails to show the statement was made with actual knowledge of its
falsehood.” Institutional Inv’rs Grp. v. Avaya, Inc., 

, 254 (3d Cir. 2009).

                                          -4-
future projection of which they are a part.” 

.3 Plaintiffs then
filed the motion for class certification here at issue.

                       II. Framing the Price Impact Issue.

        Plaintiffs in Rule 10b-5 fraud actions must prove six elements: “(1) a material
misrepresentation or omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection
between the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a security; (4)
reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission; (5) economic loss; and (6) loss
causation.” Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Tr. Funds, 

, 1192
(2013) (quotation omitted). To be certified, a proposed class must show that
“questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions
affecting only individual members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). Defendants contest the
district court’s Rule 23 predominance ruling.4 A district court abuses its discretion
if it certifies a class that does not meet this requirement. Halvorson v. Auto-Owners
Ins. Co., 

, 780 (8th Cir. 2013). We review the grant of class certification
for abuse of discretion, but review legal questions de novo. In re St. Jude Med., Inc.,

, 1119 (8th Cir. 2005).

       In 

, the Supreme Court observed that requiring each
investor to prove individual reliance on an alleged fraudulent misrepresentation
“would place an unnecessarily unrealistic evidentiary burden on the Rule 10b-5
plaintiff who has traded on an impersonal market,” because each investor would have

      3
       As the court said in Gissin v. Endres, 

, 506 (S.D.N.Y.
2010), “Defendants’ statement was made during an earnings conference call
discussing the financial results for the preceding quarter . . . . Defendants were not
making guarantees about the present; they were stating their educated guess about
what the preceding quarter’s financial data would mean for the Company’s future.”
      4
      The other often-litigated prerequisites to Rule 23 certification are not at issue.
See generally Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 

, 2548-51 (2011).

                                          -5-
to prove “how he would have acted . . . if the misrepresentation had not been made.”
Concluding this would be contrary to the statutory purpose of protecting investors
trading on well-developed securities markets, the Court held that Rule 10b-5
plaintiffs may invoke a rebuttable fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance.

       The presumption is based on the theory “that the market price of shares traded
on well-developed markets reflects all publicly available information,” and therefore
“[a]n investor who buys or sells stock at the price set by the market does so in
reliance on the integrity of that price.” 

The presumption applies if a
Rule 10b-5 plaintiff demonstrates “(1) that the alleged misrepresentations were
publicly known, (2) that they were material, (3) that the stock traded in an efficient
market, and (4) that the plaintiff traded the stock between the time the
misrepresentations were made and when the truth was revealed.” Halliburton 

; see 

. If a defendant rebuts the presumption,
“a Rule 10b-5 suit cannot proceed as a class action” because individual questions of
reliance will predominate over common questions of law and fact. Halliburton 

. Thus, establishing the Basic presumption is critical to a Rule 10b-5
plaintiff’s Rule 23 burden to establish that a class action should be certified.

       Plaintiffs’ motion for class certification relied on Basic’s fraud-on-the-market
presumption to prove the reliance element of their Rule 10b-5 claims. In support,
plaintiffs submitted a report by their expert, Bjorn I. Steinholt, to demonstrate that
Best Buy’s stock traded in an efficient market. Based on an “event study,”5 he
concluded that the BBY stock price increased in reaction to the three allegedly
misleading statements on September 14. However, the report did not differentiate
between the effects of the 8:00 A.M. press release and the 10:00 A.M. conference
call.


      5
        Defendants define an event study as “a regression analysis which measures the
effect of a publicly reported event on a company’s stock price.”

                                         -6-
       Defendants countered with an event study by their expert, Kenneth Lehn, who
found that the price increase on September 14 occurred after the press release but
before the call. As the price before the call was almost identical to the September 14
closing price, Lehn concluded the “on track” and “in line” conference call statements
“had no discernible impact on Best Buy’s stock price.” In response, Steinholt
submitted a revised opinion. He agreed that the conference call statements did not
immediately increase the stock price because “the economic substance” was disclosed
in the press release, and thus “by the time the 2Q11 conference call started, the
economic substance of the alleged misrepresentations was largely reflected in Best
Buy’s stock price.” However, he opined, “even if the 2011 EPS guidance given in
the 2Q11 [press] release is not actionable, this does not mean that investors did not
give it great weight.” He then concluded that the price decline on December 14
demonstrated that the conference call statements fraudulently maintained the BBY
stock price until the “corrective disclosure” on December 14.

       Defendants do not contest that the alleged conference call misrepresentations
were publicly made, that Best Buy’s stock traded in an efficient public market, or that
the district court erred in defining the class time period. (The district court removed
from the certified class those who bought BBY stock after the non-actionable press
release but before the conference call.) Materiality is another “essential predicate”
to invoking the fraud-on-the-market presumption. 

.
However, the Supreme Court concluded in Amgen, “[b]ecause the question of
materiality is common to the class, and because a failure of proof on that issue would
not result in questions ‘affecting only individual members’ predominating,” the Rule
10b-5 plaintiff “was not required to prove the materiality of [defendant’s] alleged
misrepresentations and omissions at the class-certification stage.” 

      As Amgen left materiality for the merits stage of a Rule 10b-5 class action, it
is clear that plaintiffs made the prima facie showing required to invoke the
presumption of reliance for the purpose of class certification. But the protracted

                                         -7-
Halliburton litigation clarified that there is an additional question at the class
certification stage -- whether the Rule 10b-5 defendant can rebut the Basic
presumption with evidence showing an absence of price impact, that is, evidence that
“severs the link between the alleged misrepresentation and either the price received
(or paid) by the plaintiff, or his decision to trade at a fair market price.” Halliburton

, quoting 

; see Local 703 v. Regions Fin.
Corp., 

, 1259 (11th Cir. 2014).

       In Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co., 

(2011)
(Halliburton I), the Supreme Court reviewed a circuit court ruling that Rule 10b-5
plaintiffs must prove loss causation to invoke the Basic presumption. In reversing,
the Court distinguished between price impact (“transaction causation”) and loss
causation. 

The Basic presumption addresses whether the plaintiff
investor relied on defendant’s publicly known misrepresentations “at the time of the
relevant [initial] transaction.” Loss causation, on the other hand, requires plaintiff to
prove that the misrepresentation “also caused a subsequent economic loss” that may
instead have in fact been caused by other factors. 

original); see
generally Dura Pharm., Inc. v. Broudo, 

, 343 (2005) (listing factors such
as “changed economic circumstances, changed investor expectations, new industry-
specific or firm-specific facts, conditions, or other events”). The Court concluded
that “[l]oss causation has no logical connection to the facts necessary to establish the
efficient market predicate to [Basic’s] fraud-on-the-market theory.” Halliburton 

.

      On remand from Halliburton I, the circuit court affirmed class certification,
concluding that defendant could not use price impact evidence to rebut the
presumption of reliance at the class certification stage because it does not bear on the
Rule 23(b)(3) predominance issue. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to consider
“whether we should overrule or modify Basic’s presumption of reliance and, if not,
whether defendants should nonetheless be afforded an opportunity in securities class

                                          -8-
action cases to rebut the presumption at the class certification stage, by showing a
lack of price impact.” Halliburton 

. The Court unanimously
vacated the grant of class certification and remanded for further proceedings.
Addressing the first question, the majority opinion by Chief Justice Roberts declined
to overrule Basic’s fraud-on-the-market presumption of reliance in Rule 10b-5 class
action cases. 

Three Justices, concurring in the judgment, concluded
that “Basic should be overruled.” 

(Thomas, J., concurring).

       Turning to the second question, the Court partially rejected Halliburton’s
contention that Rule 10b-5 plaintiffs must “prove that a defendant’s misrepresentation
actually affected the stock price -- so-called ‘price impact’ -- in order to invoke the
Basic presumption” at the class certification stage:

      Because market efficiency is not a yes-or-no proposition, a public,
      material misrepresentation might not affect a stock’s price even in a
      generally efficient market. But . . . Basic never suggested otherwise;
      that is why it affords defendants an opportunity to rebut the presumption
      by showing, among other things, that the particular misrepresentation at
      issue did not affect the stock’s market price.

The Court then reversed the circuit court’s holding that evidence of
lack of price impact, like evidence of materiality, should be left to the merits stage
because it does not bear on the predominance requirement:

             Price impact is different [than materiality]. . . . [T]hat [a
      misrepresentation] had price impact . . . is Basic’s fundamental premise.
      It thus has everything to do with the issue of predominance at the class
      certification stage. That is why, if reliance is to be shown through the
      Basic presumption, the publicity and market efficiency prerequisites
      must be proved [by plaintiffs] before class certification.

                                 *    *   *     *   *


                                          -9-
             Our choice in this case, then, is not between allowing price impact
      evidence at the class certification stage or relegating it to the merits.
      Evidence of price impact will be before the court at the certification
      stage in any event. The choice, rather, is between limiting the price
      impact inquiry before class certification to indirect evidence, or allowing
      consideration of direct evidence as well. As explained, we see no reason
      to artificially limit the inquiry at the certification stage to indirect
      evidence of price impact. Defendants may seek to defeat the Basic
      presumption at that stage through direct as well as indirect price impact
      evidence.

             . . . [D]efendants must be afforded an opportunity before class
      certification to defeat the presumption through evidence that an alleged
      misrepresentation did not actually affect the market price of the stock.

In a brief concurring opinion, three Justices noted that “the Court
recognizes that it is incumbent upon the defendant to show the absence of price
impact.” 

(Ginsburg, J., concurring).

                                  III. Discussion.

       On August 6, 2014, after awaiting the decision in Halliburton II, the district
court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification. The court recognized that
Halliburton II permits Rule 10b-5 defendants to rebut the fraud-on-the-market
presumption at the class certification stage with evidence of no price impact but
concluded that defendants did not adequately rebut the presumption. The court
agreed with expert Steinholt’s revised opinion: “Even though the stock price may
have been inflated prior to the earnings phone conference,” the court reasoned, “the
alleged misrepresentations could have further inflated the price, prolonged the
inflation of the price, or slowed the rate of fall.” The court held that “price impact
can be shown by a decrease in price following a revelation of the fraud,” and
defendants “have not offered evidence to show that Best Buy’s stock price did not
decrease when the truth was revealed.”

                                         -10-
        We agree with the district court that, when plaintiffs presented a prima facie
case that the Basic presumption applies to their claims, defendants had the burden to
come forward with evidence showing a lack of price impact. See Fed. R. Evid. 301
(“the party against whom a presumption is directed has the burden of producing
evidence to rebut the presumption”). But what the district court ignored, in our view,
is that defendants did present strong evidence on this issue -- the opinion of plaintiffs’
own expert. Steinholt opined that the “economic substance” of the non-fraudulent
press release statements and the alleged misrepresentations in the immediately
following conference call was “virtually the same,” and that the two “would have
been expected to be interpreted similarly by investors.” His event study showed that
the forward-looking EPS guidance in the press release had an immediate impact on
the BBY market price, whereas the confirming statements in the conference call two
hours later had no additional price impact.

       Steinholt opined that investors gave the EPS guidance in the press release
“great weight.” Combined with the absence of further price impact following the
conference call, this was direct evidence that investors did not rely on the executives’
confirming statements two hours later. Defendants’ expert, Lehn, agreed with this
analysis. And it is consistent with common sense. In the September 14 conference
call, CFO Muehlbauer said Best Buy was “on track” to meet the EPS guidance
announced just two hours earlier. This was not a case where a third party
professional confirmed the accuracy of a company’s inaccurate financial statements,
as in McIntire v. China MediaExpress Holdings, Inc., 

, 434
(S.D.N.Y. 2014). Earnings projections are statements of what a company is “on
track” to do; thus, the Best Buy executives’ conference call statements added nothing
to what was already public. As in In re Moody’s Corp. Securities Litigation, 

, 493 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), “Plaintiffs’ own expert conclude[d] that there is no
link between the price of [Best Buy’s] stock and any of the alleged misrepresentations
because these misrepresentations just reflected the ‘status quo.’”



                                          -11-
        This overwhelming evidence of no “front-end” price impact rebutted the Basic
presumption. Plaintiffs’ contrary theory -- that the conference call statements effected
a gradual increase in stock price between September and December -- was contrary
to the efficient market hypothesis on which the Basic presumption of reliance is
based. See, e.g., In re Xcelera.com Sec. Litig., 

, 508 (1st Cir. 2005) (an
efficient market rapidly reflects all publicly available information). Plaintiffs further
argued, and the district court agreed, that BBY’s price drop after the December 14
“corrective disclosure” was evidence of the requisite price impact -- maintaining an
inflated stock price. Cf. FindWhat Investor Group v. FindWhat.com, 

,
1314 (11th Cir. 2011); Schleicher v. Wendt, 

, 683 (7th Cir. 2010). But
that theory provided no evidence that refuted defendants’ overwhelming evidence of
no price impact. The allegedly “inflated price” was established by the non-fraudulent
press release. Expert Steinholt attributed the entire September 14 price impact to the
non-fraudulent EPS guidance in the press release. The substance of the conference
call statements two hours later was “virtually the same” and had no immediate impact
on that price, impact the Basic presumption would otherwise presume.

       A district court abuses its discretion if it fails to conduct the “rigorous analysis”
Rule 23 requires. Powers v. Credit Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 

, 569 (8th Cir.
2015) (quotation omitted). The court “must conduct a limited preliminary inquiry,
looking behind the pleadings” to determine whether common issues predominate,
which “extends to the resolution of expert disputes concerning the import of
evidence.” Blades v. Monsanto Co., 

, 566, 575 (8th Cir. 2005). “The
class determination generally involves considerations that are enmeshed in the factual
and legal issues comprising the plaintiff’s cause of action.” 

(quotation and alteration omitted). Here, defendants rebutted the Basic
presumption by submitting direct evidence (the opinions of both parties’ experts) that
severed any link between the alleged conference call misrepresentations and the stock
price at which plaintiffs purchased. As plaintiffs presented no contrary evidence of



                                           -12-
price impact, they failed to satisfy the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3),
and the district court abused its discretion by certifying the class.

                                   IV. Conclusion.

     The district court’s Order dated August 6, 2014, is reversed and the case is
remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

MURPHY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

       Because the majority has misapplied the presumption of reliance standard at
this class certification stage, I dissent. In order to show reliance at such a stage IBEW
Local 98 Pension Fund (IBEW) would have to demonstrate "(1) that [Best Buy's]
alleged misrepresentations were publicly known, . . . [2] that the stock traded in an
efficient market, and [3] that the plaintiff traded the stock between the time the
misrepresentations were made and when the truth was revealed." Halliburton Co. v.
Erica P. John Fund, Inc. (Halliburton II), 

, 2408 (2014); see also
Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret. Plans & Trust Funds, 

, 1194–97 (2013).

       As the majority has recognized, "it is clear that plaintiffs made the prima facie
showing required to invoke the presumption of reliance for the purpose of class
certification." Best Buy could have rebutted that presumption by producing evidence
that "sever[ed] the link between the alleged misrepresentation and either the price
received (or paid) by the plaintiff, or his decision to trade at a fair market price."
Halliburton 

(quoting Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 

, 248
(1988)). A securities fraud plaintiff typically alleges that a misrepresentation
fraudulently increased the stock price on the day the statement was made. See, e.g.,
Erica P. John Fund, Inc. v. Halliburton Co. (Halliburton I), 

, 2183
(2011). That presumption can then be rebutted by evidence showing that the



                                          -13-
misrepresentation did not increase the stock price. See Halliburton 

.

       IBEW has relied in this case on a "price maintenance" theory. It contends that
Best Buy disclosed "confirmatory information" on September 14 which fraudulently
maintained its stock at a constant price and counteracted expected price declines. See
e.g., FindWhat Inv'r Grp. v. FindWhat.com, 

, 1313–15 (11th Cir.
2011). Similar cases have been recognized as cognizable by at least two other circuit
courts. See e.g., id.; Schleicher v. Wendt, 

, 683–84 (7th Cir. 2010).
Neither the Supreme Court nor any circuit court has however discussed the type of
showing needed to rebut such a presumption of reliance in a price maintenance case.
The Supreme Court has had reason to explain that the "'fundamental premise'
underlying the presumption 'is that an investor presumptively relies on a
misrepresentation so long as it was reflected in the market price at the time of his
transaction.'" Halliburton 

(quoting Halliburton 

).

       If the misrepresentation were not reflected in the market price, "Basic's
fraud-on-the-market theory and presumption of reliance collapse." See 

a misrepresentation in a price maintenance suit is presumed to be reflected in
the market price of the stock is because the stock's price was fraudulently prevented
from declining. See e.g., 

–15. In this case Best Buy
could have rebutted the presumption of reliance by producing evidence showing that
the alleged misrepresentations had not counteracted a price decline that would
otherwise have occurred. Best Buy produced no such evidence, and the presumption
was not rebutted.

       The majority ignores IBEW's theory that the conference call statements
prevented the stock price from declining and focuses instead on its additional theory
that the "statements effected a gradual increase in stock price between September and

                                         -14-
December." The majority rejects this gradual increase theory because it views it as
contrary to the efficient market hypothesis and because Best Buy's stock price was
inflated by the September 14 press release rather than the two statements made during
the conference call later that day. That analysis may be correct, but it does not
address IBEW's theory that the conference call maintained Best Buy's stock price at
its inflated level. The majority has thus not joined the circuit courts that have
recognized price maintenance theories to be cognizable under the Securities
Exchange Act.

       Finally, the majority claims that Best Buy rebutted IBEW's presumption of
reliance because the company's statements during the conference call were "virtually
the same" as those made in its press release earlier that morning. Best Buy's press
release stated that it had increased its earnings per share (EPS) guidance by ten cents.
In the conference call defendants stated: (1) "We are on track to deliver and exceed
our annual EPS guidance;" and (2) "our earnings are essentially in line with our
expectations for the year." As the district court correctly noted, the statements in the
conference call were not identical to those in the press release because the conference
call also contained "statements of current facts reflecting upon Best Buy's current
position and historical performance up until that point in the fiscal year."

        By contrast, the press release contained forward looking numerical projections.
The majority's claim that the company's statements during the call and in the press
release were nearly identical is thus factually incorrect. Moreover, we are foreclosed
by Supreme Court precedent from considering at this stage whether these conference
call statements, when viewed by a reasonable investor, "significantly altered the 'total
mix' of information made available," because this is a materiality question.
Halliburton 

(quoting 

). Defendants
can of course proceed to present evidence at the summary judgment stage regarding
the materiality of the statements made during the conference call.



                                         -15-
      Since the district court did not err in certifying the class, its decision should be
affirmed.
                              _____________________




                                          -16-