United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 15-2453
                        ___________________________

   Matthew Carlsen, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated

                               Plaintiff - Appellant

                                        v.

   GameStop, Inc., a Minnesota corporation; Sunrise Publications, Inc., doing
            business as Game Informer, a Minnesota corporation

                             Defendants - Appellees
                                ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
                   for the District of Minnesota - Minneapolis
                                  ____________

                            Submitted: March 15, 2016
                              Filed: August 16, 2016
                                  ____________

Before MURPHY, BEAM, and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

       Matthew Carlsen, individually and purportedly on behalf of others similarly
situated, brought claims against GameStop, Inc. and Sunrise Publications, Inc.
(collectively, “GameStop”) for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, money had and
received, and violation of Minnesota’s Consumer Fraud Act (CFA), Minn. Stat.
§§ 325F.68, et seq., for GameStop’s alleged disclosure of personal information to a
third party in violation of an express agreement not to do so. GameStop filed a
motion to dismiss Carlsen’s complaint for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction under
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and failure to state a claim under Rule
12(b)(6). The district court1 granted the motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, finding that Carlsen lacked standing. We affirm the district court on the
basis that Carlsen’s complaint failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.

                                           I.

        Matthew Carlsen is a user of print and online materials published by
GameStop, including Game Informer Magazine. Game Informer Magazine offers
news, reviews, and commentary about the video-game industry. Registered
subscribers can access digital versions of the magazine through a website,
www.gameinformer.com, where they also can manage their subscriptions and access
enhanced content and message boards. Carlsen paid a one-year subscription fee of
$14.99 for access to the magazine and enhanced content. The terms of service for the
online subscription include Game Informer’s privacy policy. The policy, in turn,
includes a provision stating that, with certain exceptions, “Game Informer does not
share personal information with anyone.” According to Carlsen, a user must agree
to the terms of service and, thus, the privacy policy, in order to purchase subscription
access.

       In his complaint, Carlsen alleged that GameStop shared his personally
identifiable information (“PII”) with Facebook in violation of the privacy policy. He
alleged that GameStop shared this information through the Game Informer website,
which includes features that allow Game Informer users to log in to the website using
their Facebook accounts and to use Facebook’s “Like,” “Share,” and “Comment”


      1
       The Honorable Donovan W. Frank, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota.

                                          -2-
functions through the Game Informer site. Game Informer provides these features by
adding a Facebook Software Development Kit (“SDK”) to the source code on the
Game Informer website. Carlsen alleged that this SDK transmitted a user’s unique
Facebook ID and Game Informer browsing history to Facebook if the user previously
had opted to stay logged in to Facebook.

       Carlsen further alleged that GameStop breached a term of the privacy policy
by disclosing his Facebook ID and browsing information. He also claimed that this
disclosure constituted a material misrepresentation about Game Informer
subscriptions because he believed his PII would not be disclosed and because part of
his subscription fee paid for the protection of that PII. He alleged that, had he known
about the disclosures, he either would not have paid for the subscription or would
have refrained from accessing the online content for which he paid.

       Based on these allegations, Carlsen’s amended complaint sought class
certification and asserted four claims: (1) breach of contract; (2) unjust enrichment;
(3) money had and received; and (4) violation of Minnesota’s CFA, Minn. Stat.
§§ 325F.68, et seq. GameStop filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim. The district court granted the motion to
dismiss for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction, finding that Carlsen lacked standing
for failure to allege an injury in fact with respect to his overpayment and would-not-
have-shopped theories because his allegations were based on the Game Informer
privacy policy, which applied equally to both paid and non-paid Game Informer
subscriptions.




                                         -3-
                                           II.

                                           A.

       “The existence of subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that this court
reviews de novo.” ABF Freight Sys., Inc. v. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, 

,
958 (8th Cir. 2011). “A court deciding a motion under Rule 12(b)(1) must distinguish
between a ‘facial attack’ and a ‘factual attack’” on jurisdiction. Osborn v. United
States, 

, 729 n.6 (8th Cir. 1990). In a facial attack, “the court restricts
itself to the face of the pleadings, and the non-moving party receives the same
protections as it would defending against a motion brought under Rule 12(b)(6).” 

omitted). “In a factual attack, the court considers matters outside
the pleadings, and the non-moving party does not have the benefit of 12(b)(6)
safeguards.” 

omitted). The method in which the district court
resolves a Rule 12(b)(1) motion—that is, whether the district court treats the motion
as a facial attack or a factual attack—obliges us to follow the same approach. BP
Chemicals Ltd. v. Jiangsu Sopo Corp., 

, 680 (8th Cir. 2002).

       Here, the district court discussed both standards but did not state which
approach it followed. Toward the end of its opinion, however, the court stated that
it was “accepting as true all of Plaintiff’s allegations and construing all reasonable
inferences in Plaintiff’s favor”— i.e., that it was following the Rule 12(b)(6) standard
used for a facial attack. We thus examine the Rule 12(b)(1) motion as a facial attack
on jurisdiction, affording Carlsen’s complaint Rule 12(b)(6) protection by “accepting
as true all facts alleged in the complaint.” See Trooien v. Mansour, 

,
1026 (8th Cir. 2010). As such, we “consider[] only the materials that are ‘necessarily
embraced by the pleadings and exhibits attached to the complaint.’” Cox v. Mortgage
Elec. Registration Sys., Inc., 

, 668 (8th Cir. 2012) (quoting Mattes v.
ABC Plastics, Inc., 

, 697 n.4 (8th Cir. 2003)).



                                          -4-
       We begin by addressing the sufficiency of the complaint with respect to
Carlsen’s standing. “Federal jurisdiction is limited by Article III of the Constitution
to cases or controversies; if a plaintiff lacks standing to sue, the district court has no
subject-matter jurisdiction.” 

. “The ‘irreducible constitutional
minimum of standing’ is that a plaintiff show (1) an ‘injury-in-fact’ that (2) is
‘fairly . . . trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant’ and (3) is
‘likely . . . [to] be redressed by a favorable decision’ in court.” 

original) (quoting Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 

, 560-61 (1992)). A
plaintiff has suffered an injury-in-fact if he has experienced “an invasion of a legally
protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized and (b) actual or imminent,
not conjectural or hypothetical.” 

(internal citations and
quotation marks omitted). Further, “[a] ‘legally protected interest’ requires only a
‘judicially cognizable interest.’” 

.

       The district court addressed the standing issue by evaluating Carlsen’s theories
of damages. The court first discussed whether Carlsen’s alleged monetary damages
based on a theory of “overpayment” constituted a cognizable injury in fact. Under
this theory, Carlsen alleged that he would not have paid as much as he did for his
Game Informer subscription had he known GameStop would violate the terms of the
privacy policy by disclosing his PII. The court, analogizing to identity-theft and data-
breach cases, found this overpayment theory insufficient to establish injury because
Carlsen had failed to allege that he paid any specific amount for the privacy policy
or that he bargained for additional data privacy over that received by non-paying
Game Informer visitors. The court next discussed Carlsen’s alleged injury based on
a “would-not-have-shopped” theory. Under this theory, Carlsen alleged that he would
not have purchased the Game Informer subscription if he had known his data would
be shared. The court likewise found this theory insufficient to establish an injury in
fact because the privacy policy stated that it applied equally to paid and non-paid
Game Informer users, such that any improper disclosure of PII in violation of the
privacy policy was not unique to paid subscribers. Therefore, the court concluded,

                                           -5-
Carlsen’s allegations could not establish that awareness of the disclosure of PII to
Facebook would have impacted his purchasing decision.

       As we previously have cautioned, “[i]t is crucial . . . not to conflate Article III’s
requirement of injury in fact with a plaintiff’s potential causes of action, for the
concepts are not coextensive.” 

(quoting Braden v. Wal-Mart
Stores, Inc., 

, 591 (8th Cir. 2009)); see also Campbell v. Minneapolis
Pub. Hous. Auth. ex rel. City of Minneapolis, 

, 1074 (8th Cir. 1999)
(“We repeat the fundamental principle that the ultimate merits of the case have no
bearing on the threshold question of standing.”). Our court previously has held that
a plaintiff who has “produced facts indicating it was a party to a breached contract”
has a judicially cognizable interest for standing purposes, regardless of the merits of
the breach alleged. 

; see also Longaker v. Boston Scientific
Corp., 

, 664 (8th Cir. 2013) (Bye, J., dissenting) (“[Plaintiff] has stated
a personal injury because [Defendant] allegedly breached his employment
contract . . . .”). To assert standing in a breach-of-contract claim, we do not require
facts establishing “the legal conclusion of a valid, enforceable contract.” 

.

       Here, Carlsen has provided sufficient facts alleging that he is party to a binding
contract—the terms of service, which include the Game Informer privacy
policy—with GameStop, and GameStop does not dispute this contractual
relationship. Carlsen also has alleged that GameStop has violated that policy by
“systematically disclos[ing] Game Informer’s users’ PII . . . to third party Facebook
and/or allow[ing] Facebook to directly collect that information itself.” This allegation
of breach is both concrete and particularized, as the breach allegedly already has
occurred, and any consequences of the breach have occurred specifically to Carlsen
as a result of the actions of GameStop’s alleged systematic disclosure via the
Facebook SDK. Additionally, Carlsen alleged that he has suffered damages as a
result of GameStop’s breach in the form of devaluation of his Game Informer

                                            -6-
subscription in an amount equal to the difference between the value of the
subscription that he paid for and the value of the subscription that he received, i.e.,
a subscription with compromised privacy protection. Accordingly, Carlsen has
alleged an “actual” injury. See 

cf. Ben Oehrleins & Sons & Daughter, Inc.
v. Hennepin Cty., 

, 1379-80 (8th Cir. 1997) (finding even indirect
economic injury constitutes an injury in fact where the injury was concrete,
particularized, actual, and in no way hypothetical or conjectural).

      Next, Carlsen “must show that [his] injury is ‘fairly traceable to the challenged
action of the defendant, and not the result of the independent action of some third
party not before the court.’” 

(quoting Bennett v. Spear, 

, 167 (1997)). Carlsen has met this element by alleging that the breach and
attendant damages flow directly from GameStop’s disclosure of confidential
information. Finally, Carlsen satisfies the redressability element of standing. He
seeks damages in the amount equal to the difference between the value of the services
he paid for and the services he actually received. See 

conclude that
Carlsen has standing to bring his breach-of-contract claim.

       We likewise conclude that Carlsen has standing to bring his other claims.
Carlsen’s allegation that he did not receive the data protection set forth in
GameStop’s policies suffices to support standing to assert claims related to
GameStop’s unjust retention of his payment. As to the claim brought under the
Minnesota CFA, the Minnesota Supreme Court has held that “the plain and
unambiguous language of the [Minnesota CFA] allows ‘any person’ to bring a private
action for redress of violations of the misrepresentation in sales statutes,” whether or
not the plaintiffs purchased the defendant’s goods. Grp. Health Plan, Inc. v. Philip
Morris Inc., 

, 8 (Minn. 2001); Minn. Stat. § 8.31, subdiv. 3a. Here,
Carlsen purchased GameStop’s goods in the form of his Game Informer subscription,
and he thus has standing to bring his claim under the Minnesota CFA. See Grp.

.

                                          -7-
                                          B.

       Our analysis does not end with our conclusion regarding Carlsen’s standing.
“[W]e may affirm a judgment on any ground supported by the record, whether or not
that ground was urged below or passed on by the District Court.” United States v.
Sager, 

, 1263 n.4 (8th Cir. 1984). Here, as the district court
acknowledged, GameStop filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to both Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6). When a district court erroneously
dismisses under Rule 12(b)(1) a claim that is “clearly meritless,” an appellate court
may affirm under Rule 12(b)(6). Boock v. Shalala, 

, 353 (8th Cir. 1995);
see also Johnson v. Mott, 376 F. App’x 641 (8th Cir. 2010) (per curiam) (affirming
district court under Rule 12(b)(6) after determining that the court erroneously had
dismissed case with prejudice under Rule 12(b)(1)). Furthermore, the parties fully
briefed the Rule 12(b)(6) issue on appeal. We thus turn to the Rule 12(b)(6) motion
even though the district court did not reach it.2

       To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, “a complaint must
contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” 

(quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

,
678 (2009)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff [has pleaded] factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” 

original) (quoting Iqbal, 556


      2
        Although we have discretion to remand for the district court to rule on the
Rule 12(b)(6) motion in the first instance, we are not bound to remand, and we
decline to do so here. Cf. 

(remanding for the district court to
consider the Rule 12(b)(6) motion in the first instance even though the appellees had
filed a motion to dismiss under both Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) because “[t]he
district court’s 12(b)(1) ruling resolved factual issues that courts may not resolve on
motions under Rule 12(b)(6), and did not provide proper notice of such a
conversion”).

                                         -8-
U.S. at 678). “We make this determination by considering only the materials that are
‘necessarily embraced by the pleadings and exhibits attached to the complaint.’” 

323 F.3d at 697 n.4).

        In order to plead breach of contract under Minnesota law, “the plaintiff must
show (1) formation of a contract, (2) performance by plaintiff of any conditions
precedent to his right to demand performance by the defendant, and (3) breach of the
contract by defendant.” Park Nicollet Clinic v. Hamann, 

, 833
(Minn. 2011). “The construction and effect of a contract is . . . a question of law
unless the contract is ambiguous.” Denelsbeck v. Wells Fargo & Co., 

, 346 (Minn. 2003). “A contract is ambiguous if, based upon its language alone,
it is reasonably susceptible of more than one interpretation.” 

Goebel,
Inc. v. N. Suburban Agencies, Inc., 

, 515 (Minn. 1997)). “[W]hether
a contract is ambiguous is a question of law . . . .” 

that, in order to use the Game Informer website and access paid
subscription benefits, he had to agree to the Game Informer terms of service, which
included the privacy policy. Even assuming that Carlsen’s payment in conjunction
with agreeing to the terms of service fulfills the first two breach-of-contract elements,
the facts as alleged fail as a matter of law to establish GameStop’s breach. “A breach
of contract is a failure, without legal excuse, to perform any promise that forms the
whole or part of the contract.” Lyon Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Ill. Paper & Copier Co., 

, 543 (Minn. 2014). “[A] breach of contract claim requires only that the
promise at issue be part of the parties’ bargain.” 

argues that GameStop promised not to disclose PII and that this
PII included his Facebook ID and browser history. We conclude, however, that the
privacy policy unambiguously does not include those pieces of information among
the protected PII. The privacy policy refers to PII and notes that it:



                                          -9-
       may include: your name, home address and zip code, telephone number,
       e-mail address and (for those purchasing products online) credit card
       or checking account information including billing and shipping
       addresses and zip codes.

Although the phrase “may include” appears to create a non-exclusive list, the
definition of personal information occurs as part of a section entitled, “What
Information does Game Informer Collect.” This provision specifies that “Game
Informer may collect information about you, but only if you voluntarily provide it to
Game Informer.” The provision goes on to say, “We may ask you to submit personal
and/or demographic information in connection with any one of” a finite list of
features or services. Accordingly, in order to constitute “personal information,” the
information must have been specifically solicited by Game Informer (“We may ask
you to submit”) and voluntarily provided by the user.

       We consider these terms unambiguous. The PII set forth in the privacy policy
does not encompass a user’s Facebook ID and browsing history for two reasons:
(1) not only do a user’s Facebook ID and browsing history fail to appear on the list
of what PII might include, but (2) those data are neither specifically solicited by
Game Informer nor voluntarily submitted in response to such solicitation.
Additionally, as GameStop notes, the policy contains no specific promise to prevent
Facebook’s social-media plug-in from transferring a Facebook user’s Facebook ID
and browsing activity to Facebook. The policy also states that it “does not extend to
Websites that may be maintained by . . . other companies or organizations to which
we link, or to Websites that contain links to the Site and/or the Service.” Because of
this caveat, the policy further urges users to read the respective privacy policies of
these other websites. Accordingly, the protection Carlsen argues GameStop failed
to provide was not among the protections for which he bargained by agreeing to the
terms of service, and GameStop thus could not have breached its contract with
Carlsen.


                                        -10-
       Carlsen’s Minnesota CFA claim fails for similar reasons. To state a CFA
claim, “the plaintiff need only plead that the defendant engaged in conduct prohibited
by the statutes and that the plaintiff was damaged thereby.” Grp. 

. Section 325F.69 of the Minnesota Statutes provides: “The act, use, or
employment by any person of any . . . misrepresentation . . . , with the intent that
others rely thereon in connection with the sale of any merchandise, whether or not
any person has in fact been misled, deceived, or damaged thereby, is enjoinable. . . .”
Minn. Stat. § 325F.69, subdiv. 1. Moreover, “[a]llegations that the plaintiff relied on
the defendant’s conduct are not required to plead a violation.” Grp. 

. Here, Carlsen argues that GameStop’s representation in the Game
Informer Privacy Policy that it would not disclose users’ PII to any third-party
companies without the users’ consent or specific authorization constituted a false
representation because of GameStop’s disclosure of that PII to Facebook. As
discussed above, however, Carlsen’s allegation that the PII GameStop promised not
to disclose included his Facebook ID and browser history finds no support in the
language of the Game Informer privacy policy. Carlsen thus has failed to state a
claim under the Minnesota CFA.

       We next proceed to Carlsen’s equitable claims. Unjust enrichment requires
“(1) a benefit conferred; (2) the defendant’s appreciation and knowing acceptance of
the benefit; and (3) the defendant’s acceptance and retention of the benefit under such
circumstances that it would be inequitable for him to retain it without paying for it.”
Dahl v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 

, 195 (Minn. Ct. App. 2007).
Carlsen claims that the benefit conferred on GameStop “is the money that GameStop
took from [him] in exchange for the Privacy Policy that it chose to ignore.” However,
he does not allege that any specific portion of his subscriber fee went toward data
protection or that GameStop agreed to provide additional protection to paid
subscribers that it did not also provide to non-paid subscribers. Accordingly, taking
Carlsen’s allegations as true, he has alleged neither a benefit conferred in exchange
for protection of his PII, nor has he shown how GameStop’s retention of his

                                         -11-
subscription fee would be inequitable. He thus has not alleged a claim for unjust
enrichment or the related claim of money had and received. See Cady v. Bush, 

, 361-62 (Minn. 1969) (“The theory of unjust enrichment or money had
and received has salutary and beneficial uses and has been invoked in support of
claims based upon failure of consideration, fraud, mistake, and in other situations
where it would be morally wrong for one party to enrich himself at the expense of
another.”).



                                          III.

      For the reasons set forth above, we affirm.



BEAM, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting.

        I concur in the Court's affirmance of the district court's dismissal of Carlsen's
claims in this matter. However, I disagree with the Court's reasoning in reaching this
result.

      Defendant Game Stop asserts among other things, two specific defenses–a lack
of subject matter jurisdiction under subsection 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure, and failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted pursuant to
subsection 12(b)(6) of the Rule.

       Upon review of the record, the district court correctly concludes that
"[p]laintiff has failed to allege an injury in fact and as a result has not established
standing under Article III of the Constitution. Plaintiff's complaint is therefore
dismissed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction." The district court further acknowledges in a related

                                          -12-
footnote 5 that in light of its analysis regarding Article III standing, it did not examine
the 12(b)(6) issue.

      Then, somewhat inexplicably, the district court ruled that amendment (of the
pleadings) would be futile and dismissed "the claims with prejudice." This, of course,
was error because without subject matter jurisdiction, the district court had no judicial
power to do more than simply dismiss the case.

       "[W]hen a federal court concludes that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the
court must dismiss the complaint in its entirety." Arbaugh v. Y&H Corp., 

, 514 (2006). "If the court has no jurisdiction, it has no power to enter a judgment
on the merits and must dismiss the action." Haywood v. Drown, 

, 769
(2009) (quoting 10A Charles Wright, Arthur Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, Federal
Practice and Procedure § 2713 (3d ed. 1998)) (Thomas, J., dissenting).

      "'[J]urisdiction is power to declare the law,' and '[w]ithout jurisdiction the court
cannot proceed at all in any cause .'" Ruhrgas AG v. Marathon Oil Co., 

,
577 (1999) (second alteration in original) (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better
Env't, 

, 94 (1998)).

       [T]he rule, springing from the nature and limits of the judicial power of
       the United States, is inflexible and without exception which requires this
       court, of its own motion, to deny its own jurisdiction, and, in the
       exercise of its appellate power, that of all other courts of the United
       States, in all cases where such jurisdiction does not affirmatively appear
       in the record on which, in the exercise of that power, it is called to act.

Mansfield, C. & L. M. Ry. Co. v. Swan, 

, 382 (1884).

      The Court determines that the district court erred in holding that Carlsen fails
to adequately plead an "injury in fact" sufficient to produce the case or controversy

                                           -13-
necessary to establish subject matter jurisdiction over his claims in the federal court.
It is, however, the Court that errs. Carlsen has, indeed, failed to assert the necessary
justiciable controversy required. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 

, 1547-48
(2016).

       I agree with the Court that our analyses bottom upon a "facial attack" on the
matter of subject matter jurisdiction. Osborn v. United States, 

, 729 n.6
(8th Cir. 1990). I disagree, however, with the Court's statement "'[i]t is crucial . . . not
to conflate Article III's requirement of injury in fact [12(b)(1)] with a plaintiff's
potential causes of action [12(b)(6)], for the concepts are not coextensive.'" Ante at
6, (quoting ABF Freight Sys., Inc. v. Int'l Bhd. of Teamsters, 

, 960 (8th
Cir. 2011)). In this circuit, a deficiency in pleadings under either defense receives the
same standard of review. Stalley ex rel. U.S. v. Catholic Health Initiatives, 

, 521 (8th Cir. 2007). That simply means in this case that we apply the pleading
standards set forth in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 

(2007), and
Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

(2009), to the "injury in fact" question.

        Twombly states that "naked assertion[s]" devoid of factual enhancement will
not establish justiciable damages supportive of a litigatable 

.
Iqbal, in turn, states "a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as
true, to 'state a claim to relief that is plausible on its 

(quoting

). Also, "[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause
of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice." 

Circuit, in Silha v. ACT, Inc., 

, 174 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting 

), defines well pleaded factual allegations as those that discard pleadings
that are "no more than conclusions" and that "plausibly give rise to an entitlement of
relief."

      With these standards in mind, we turn to the Court's recitations concerning the
pleadings in Carlsen's claim. The parties concede that they entered into a contractual

                                           -14-
relationship. But, to establish the required "injury in fact" the plaintiff must factually
allege invasion of a legally protectable interest that is concrete, particularized, actual,
imminent, and neither conjectural nor hypothetical. Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife,

, 560 (1992). Carlson's allegations are the antithesis of virtually every
one of the above requirements, as the district court correctly determined. And the
burden of proof on the matter of subject matter jurisdiction lies wholly with the
plaintiff. At best, Carlsen's pleadings consist of a panoply of imprecise contractual
emanations purporting to illustrate possible economic harm. This is not enough.

       Accordingly, I cannot join the Court's reversal of the district court ruling on the
matter of subject matter jurisdiction, but otherwise concur in the result reached by the
Court.
                       ______________________________




                                           -15-