United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-1261
                        ___________________________

In re: Michael P. Harris, As surety for Faribault Mills Inc., As surety for Faribault
                              Woolen Mill Company

                               lllllllllllllllllllllDebtor

                             ------------------------------

                            U.S. Department of Labor

                              lllllllllllllllllllllAppellee

                                           v.

                                 Michael P. Harris

                             lllllllllllllllllllllAppellant
                                    ____________

                    Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy
                      Appellate Panel for the Eighth Circuit
                                 ____________

                          Submitted: February 15, 2018
                             Filed: August 3, 2018
                                 ____________

Before SMITH, Chief Judge, MURPHY and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.*
                             ____________

      *
       This opinion is filed by Chief Judge Smith and Judge Colloton under Eighth
Circuit Rule 47E.
SMITH, Chief Judge.

       The United States Department of Labor (DOL) obtained a pre-bankruptcy
judgment against debtor Michael Harris in federal district court. The judgment
provided that, under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA),
Harris breached his fiduciary duty when the company he managed as the chief
executive officer (CEO) failed to remit funds withheld from its employees’ paychecks
for their health insurance plan. The DOL filed an adversary proceeding in Harris’s
Chapter 7 bankruptcy to have that judgment debt declared nondischargeable as a debt
for defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). The
bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in the DOL’s favor, declaring the debt
nondischargeable.

      The Eighth Circuit Bankruptcy Appellate Panel (BAP) affirmed the bankruptcy
court’s grant of summary judgment in the DOL’s favor. Harris appeals, arguing that
he (1) was not acting in a fiduciary capacity under § 523(a)(4) when the alleged
defalcation occurred, and (2) did not act with the intent required for defalcation under
§ 523(a)(4). We affirm.




                                          -2-
                                 I. Background1
                               A. Healthcare Plan
      In 2001, Harris became CEO, President, and Chairman of the Board of
Directors of Faribault Woolen Mills Company (“Faribault”), a blanket manufacturer.
He owned 0.3 percent or less of Faribault’s outstanding stock and had common
options.

      Faribault sponsored the Faribault Woolen Mills, Inc. Fully Insured Hospital
Life Welfare Plan (“Plan”) to provide health insurance for its employees. The Plan
contracted with HealthPartners Health Insurance Company (“HealthPartners”) to
provide healthcare benefits for Plan participants. Employee contributions funded 100
percent of the health insurance premiums. The premiums were due to HealthPartners
on the first of every month to provide insurance coverage for that month. Faribault
withheld the health insurance premiums from the employee-participants’ paychecks
and then remitted the amount owed to HealthPartners from its general operations
account on the first of each month. (Faribault also paid its general corporate
expenditures from the same general operations account.) Harris knew that the
payments were due monthly.

       Gary Glienke, Faribault’s Vice President of Human Resources, was responsible
for receiving and rectifying the bills from HealthPartners for the health insurance
premiums. He then sent the bills to Carla Craig, Faribault’s Accounts Payable
Administrator. From January 2008 to April 1, 2009, Harris, Glienke, and Faribault


      1
       The parties filed a “Statement of Uncontested Facts” with the bankruptcy
court. See Defendant’s Notice of Hearing and Motion for Summary Judgment,
Exhibit 2, U.S. Dep’t of Labor v. Harris, No. 16-04019 (Bankr. D. Minn. June 30,
2016), ECF No. 11. These facts are nearly identical to the district court’s findings in
the ERISA case. See Perez v. Harris, No. 12-CV-3136 (SRN/FLN), 

, *1–8 (D. Minn. Nov. 9, 2015).


                                         -3-
Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Carmen Dorr all had signatory authority on the general
operating account, payroll account, and other Faribault accounts.

      In 2008, HealthPartners notified Faribault via letter that the health insurance
premiums were past due for January, February, March, April, May, June, August,
September, October, and December. When Glienke received these letters, he alerted
Harris that the premiums were past due and had to be paid. Harris then usually asked
Glienke to see if he could obtain an extension on payment.

       On at least two occasions in 2008—January 29 and November 26—Faribault
issued checks to HealthPartners that Harris had signed that were subsequently
returned by Faribault’s bank to HealthPartners due to insufficient funds. Following
the return of those checks, Faribault ultimately remitted payment of the insurance
premiums to HealthPartners without loss of Plan insurance coverage.

       Faribault issued a check on January 27, 2009, signed by Harris, to
HealthPartners for $22,593.02 to pay Plan premiums owed for January 2009. That
check also bounced. In a letter dated February 28, 2009, HealthPartners informed
Glienke that the January check had bounced and that it would cancel the Plan if
Faribault did not pay in full. That same day, HealthPartners also sent letters to the
Plan participants, informing them that Faribault did not pay in full. As a Plan
participant himself, Harris received that letter. Glienke also testified that when he
received letters like the February 28 letter, he would inform Harris of it.

      Meanwhile, on February 27, 2009, Faribault issued a check that Harris signed
to HealthPartners for $19,466.91 to pay the February 2009 Plan premiums.
HealthPartners returned the February 27 check to Faribault. In an accompanying letter
dated March 3, 2009, HealthPartners informed Dorr, Faribault’s CFO, that it would
accept only wire payments due to Faribault’s prior insufficient-funds checks.



                                         -4-
      On March 26, 2009, Harris contacted HealthPartners and requested a payment
extension of the Plan premiums for January and February 2009. HealthPartners
denied the request and demanded payment of the full two months’ worth of premiums
by March 31, 2009. When Faribault did not remit the overdue payments,
HealthPartners canceled the Plan’s insurance policy on April 1, 2009, retroactive to
January 31, 2009, due to non-payment of premiums. Faribault thus never remitted
$55,040.61 withheld from its employees’ paychecks for insurance premiums from
January 9, 2009, to March 20, 2009. Forty-two employees (and some of their
families) were affected by the Plan’s cancellation.

       Also from January to March 2009, Faribault issued checks to other creditors
from the general operations account containing commingled Plan premiums. For
instance, between March 26 and March 31, 2009, over $70,000 was either transferred
to Faribault accounts or was used to pay creditors and expenses. This amount includes
several payments that were made to Harris’s personal accounts, such as (1) a March
27, 2009 wire transfer for $1,500 made from Faribault’s general operations account
to Harris and his wife’s account; (2) a March 30, 2009 payment of $4,000 made at
Harris’s direction from Faribault’s general operations account to Harris’s American
Express account; and (3) a March 31, 2009 payment of $21,531.48 made from
Faribault’s general operations account on Harris’s home equity line of credit.
Importantly, Harris asked Dorr to make the March 31 payment despite having been
informed by Dorr that Faribault could not make the full HealthPartners Plan premium
payment that was due.

      Harris lost control of Faribault’s finances sometime after March 2009, and he
resigned as CEO in May 2009. Faribault was later liquidated.




                                        -5-
                              B. District Court Proceedings
       On December 12, 2012, the DOL filed a complaint against Harris in federal
district court, alleging that he violated ERISA. Specifically, the DOL asserted Harris
failed to remit the $55,040.61 in withheld employee earnings to pay for the Plan’s
healthcare premiums to HealthPartners. The DOL alleged that Harris’s failure to use
the employees’ withheld wages to pay the HealthPartners premium breached his duty
of loyalty to the Plan participants, in violation of ERISA § 404(a)(1)(A), 29 U.S.C.
§ 1104(a)(1)(A).

       Following a bench trial, the district court held that Harris breached his
fiduciary duty of loyalty under ERISA. The court found that Harris diverted
$55,040.61 in employee contributions intended for insurance premiums to pay
corporate expenses and his own home-equity loan. The district court first determined
that Harris acted as an ERISA fiduciary. Harris served in a fiduciary capacity in the
handling of his employees’ withheld—but unremitted—contributions to the Plan to
pay Plan premiums. According to the court, the amounts withheld from Faribault
employees’ paychecks for Plan premium payments became “‘plan assets,’ and they
became so as of the date on which the employees’ wages were paid (i.e., the date on
which the employees’ contributions were withheld).” Perez, 

, at
*10. The court also found “that Harris exercised authority or control respecting the
management or disposition of those plan assets.” 

example, the district court
cited Dorr’s testimony “that she did not have the authority, without Harris’s approval,
to remit employee contributions to HealthPartners. Indeed, the checks to
HealthPartners were signed by Harris.” 

court noted that “when
Glienke brought HealthPartners’s past-due notices to Harris’s attention, Harris asked
Glienke to try to get an extension—or, in March 2009—called HealthPartners himself
to request an extension.” 

concluded “that Harris was a fiduciary to the
Health Plan from at least January 1, 2009[,] to March 31, 2009,” because he exercised
authority and control over plan assets during that time. 

                                         -6-
       Second, the district court found “that Harris breached his duty of loyalty to the
Health Plan by failing to remit plan assets to the Health Plan and instead using those
assets to pay corporate creditors and personal expenses.” 

Specifically, the
court determined that Harris breached his duty of loyalty “when, in late March
2009—after he claims he first learned that the January and February premiums had
not been remitted to HealthPartners—he directed or allowed funds from [the general
operations account] to be used to pay Faribault Mills’s expenses and debts instead of
the HealthPartners premiums.” 

court determined that Harris’s fiduciary breach caused the
$55,040.61 in losses that the Plan suffered. The court characterized the evidence as
showing “that an amount of money significantly higher than the amount of premiums
that was due to HealthPartners was removed from the account from which premiums
were paid and was neither paid to HealthPartners nor returned to the employees, but
instead was used to pay other corporate expenses or debts.” 

court
found Harris liable to the Plan for $55,040.61 in restitution and, with prejudgment
interest, awarded a total of $67,839.60. Harris did not appeal.

                             C. Bankruptcy Proceedings
                                1. Bankruptcy Court
        On November 23, 2015, Harris filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. Harris
listed the DOL as an unsecured, nonpriority creditor for the $67,839.60 that he owed
under the district court’s judgment. On February 29, 2016, the DOL filed an
adversary proceeding in Harris’s Chapter 7 bankruptcy to have the judgment debt
declared nondischargeable. The DOL wanted Harris’s debt to be considered the result
of defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4).




                                          -7-
       The DOL moved for summary judgment, arguing that (1) the collateral-
estoppel doctrine gave preclusive effect in the bankruptcy case to the district court’s
factual and legal determinations, and (2) Harris’s debt was nondischargeable because
it arose from “defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity” based on those factual
and legal determinations. See 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4). The parties stipulated to 62
uncontested facts identified in the district court’s opinion as its “Findings of Fact.”
See Defendant’s Notice of Hearing and Motion for Summary Judgment, Exhibit 2;
see also Perez, 

, at *1–8.

       The bankruptcy court granted summary judgment in the DOL’s favor, declaring
the debt nondischargeable. First, the court agreed that collateral estoppel applied to
the case and accepted the district court’s legal conclusions and factual findings. The
court then addressed whether Harris’s actions constituted defalcation within a
fiduciary relationship under § 523(a)(4). It held that Harris acted as a § 523(a)(4)
fiduciary with respect to the Plan premiums withheld from employee paychecks. The
court recognized that, under ERISA, employee contributions become plan assets
when they are withheld from employee paychecks. Harris exercised control over
employee contributions to the Plan held in Faribault’s general account. These
contributions were plan assets. Harris’s actions made him a fiduciary with obligations
under ERISA to protect the Plan’s assets in that account and to prevent their misuse.

       The bankruptcy court also found that Harris’s control over withheld employee
contributions began prior to his decision to divert those employee contributions to
pay corporate expenses in late March 2009. Thus, Harris had a fiduciary obligation
to protect the Plan’s assets. His decision to violate his fiduciary duties and divert
those assets to pay for his own expenses and Faribault’s corporate expenses was the
basis of the ERISA judgment.




                                         -8-
      Finally, the bankruptcy court applied Bullock v. BankChampaign N.A., 

(2013), and determined that Harris had committed defalcation under
§ 523(a)(4). According to the court, “several undisputed facts suggest that [Harris]
was willfully blind to a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his conduct will turn out
to violate a fiduciary duty, thereby qualif[ying] his conduct as defalcation under
section 523(a)(4).” J.A. at 714. Those facts included that Harris “had the authority
over the Faribault Mills’ checking and corporate bank accounts, that he signed
checks, that he was instructed not to use checks unless funds were available to cover
the checks. He signed checks that were returned because of insufficient funds.” 

Harris ultimately decided to pay himself, Faribault, and other creditors
instead of remitting to HealthPartners his employees’ healthcare premiums withheld
from the employees’ own paychecks. The bankruptcy court concluded that “Harris
exhibited a reckless and conscious disregard of [the fiduciary relationship] sufficient
to meet the Bullock standard and that he violated a duty of undivided loyalty to the
plan payments.” 

      The bankruptcy court thus held that Harris’s ERISA judgment debt was
nondischargeable under § 523(a)(4).

                                       2. BAP
      Harris appealed the bankruptcy court’s decision to the BAP, and the BAP
affirmed the bankruptcy court’s holding that Harris committed defalcation while
acting in a fiduciary capacity and that his ERISA judgment debt was consequently
nondischargeable under § 523(a)(4).

       The BAP first determined that the money withheld from the employees’
paychecks constituted a trust res because “Faribault was holding funds that actually
belonged to someone else . . . and it had a duty to use the employees’ money to make
the premium payments.” In re Harris, 

, 734 (B.A.P. 8th Cir. 2017). The



                                           -9-
BAP opined that whether a trust res is created depends “on whether the funds to be
contributed have been withheld from employee wages, or are simply a debt of the
company.” 

this distinction, the BAP held that “this case fits
squarely with those cases holding that a trust is created when the employer withholds
wages for payments to a plan providing benefits to employees.” 

BAP determined that Harris was a fiduciary under § 523(a)(4). In
making this determination, the BAP cited Harris’s concession “that, as CEO, he had
the ultimate authority as to which bills to pay” and the district court’s finding that
Harris’s “authority existed throughout the period in which funds withheld from wages
were not remitted to HealthPartners.” 

The BAP applied collateral estoppel
to the district court findings. It concluded that the prior ERISA action litigated the
same issue of Harris’s authority and control resulting in a valid judgment. 

result, the BAP determined that the DOL established that Harris (1) “chose to pay
other bills, rather than the premiums necessary to maintain health insurance coverage
for the employees”; (2) “had ultimate responsibility to determine which bills would
be paid out of the company’s scarce resources”; and (3) exercised his authority to
determine which bills to pay to his own benefit. 

therefore held that the
bankruptcy court correctly concluded that Harris “had fiduciary responsibilities with
respect to funds that had been withheld from wages for payment to HealthPartners.”

BAP determined that Harris committed defalcation as to the Plan
funds based on the undisputed facts. Specifically, the BAP concluded that Harris
acted either intentionally or with gross recklessness under § 523(a)(4). The BAP
explained that “[b]etween March 26 and 31, [Harris] knew that more than $55,000 of
the funds in Faribault’s operating accounts were withheld from employee wages and
did not belong to the company—yet, [Harris] chose to use those funds to pay personal
and corporate expenses.” 

“Based on the undisputed facts, and based on



                                        -10-
[Harris’s] failure to offer a justifiable reason for his decision not to use the remaining
funds for the benefit of the employees for whom they were held in trust,” the BAP
held that “the Bankruptcy Court properly concluded that there was no genuine issue
of material fact as to his intent, and that DOL was entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” 

                                  II. Discussion
      “Like the BAP, we review the bankruptcy court’s entry of summary judgment
de novo.” In re Patch, 

, 1179 (8th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

       “Section 523(a) defines classes of debts that are excepted from a Chapter 7
debtor’s discharge in bankruptcy.” In re Thompson, 

, 944 (8th Cir.
2012). Section 523(a)(4) excepts from discharge any debt “for fraud or defalcation
while acting in a fiduciary capacity, embezzlement, or larceny.” To prevent a debtor’s
discharge under § 523(a)(4), the objecting party must “establish the following two
elements: (1) that a fiduciary relationship existed between [the debtor] and [the
objecting party]; and (2) that [the debtor] committed fraud or defalcation in the course
of that fiduciary relationship.” In re Shahrokhi, 

, 707 (B.A.P. 8th Cir.
2001) (citations omitted). “We construe these exceptions narrowly, imposing the
burden of proof on the creditor opposing discharge.” In re 

(citation omitted).

       On appeal, Harris argues that, based on the undisputed facts, he was not acting
in a fiduciary capacity under § 523(a)(4) when the alleged defalcation occurred. He
also argues that he did not act with the intent required for defalcation under §
523(a)(4).




                                          -11-
                                 A. Fiduciary Capacity
       Harris contends the bankruptcy court should not have applied collateral
estoppel to the district court’s finding that he acted as an ERISA fiduciary. Harris
asserts that the district court decided a different issue than the issue presented in the
bankruptcy proceeding. The district court found that a trust res came into being and
that an ERISA fiduciary relationship was formed when the funds were withheld from
employees’ paychecks. Harris contends that the district court determined that his
fiduciary status under ERISA did not depend on whether he personally exercised
control over the Plan assets. According to Harris, Faribault, as the Plan administrator,
was an ERISA fiduciary, not Harris. Harris, as Faribault CEO, had authority over Plan
payments, but Faribault’s CFO regularly made the payments, not Harris.

       “Whether a relationship is a ‘fiduciary’ one within the meaning of § 523(a)(4)
is a question of federal law.” In re 

(quoting In re Nail,

, 1039 (8th Cir. 2012)). “We have interpreted the term ‘fiduciary’ in
§ 523(a)(4) to refer only to trustees of ‘express trusts.’” Hunter v. Philpott, 

, 875 (8th Cir. 2004) (quoting In re Long, 

, 878 (8th Cir. 1985)). The
statute “uses the term fiduciary ‘in a “strict and narrow sense,” and therefore does not
embrace trustees of constructive trusts imposed by law because of the trustee’s
malfeasance.’” In re 

(quoting 

).
Section 523(a)(4) “speaks of technical trusts, and not those which the law implies
from the contract.” 

re 

). “It is not enough that,
by the very act of wrongdoing out of which the contested debt arose, the bankrupt has
become chargeable as a trustee ex maleficio. He must have been a trustee before the
wrong and without reference thereto.” 

v. Aetna Acceptance Co.,

, 333 (1934)). A state statute, the common law, or a contract creating a
trust may satisfy § 523(a)(4). 

have rejected “the simple determination tha[t] an individual is an ERISA
fiduciary is enough to satisfy the requirements of § 523(a)(4).” 

. Rather, “we look specifically at the property that is alleged to have been
defalcated to determine whether [the debtor] was legally obligated to hold [the]
specific property for the benefit of [the employee benefit funds].” 

company owners entered into a collective bargaining agreement
(CBA) with a union. 

The CBA required the company to contribute to
employee benefit funds and to pay contributions to the fund once per month. 

held the money in its general account. 

The company missed two
months of contributions. 

cash withdrawals were made from the
company’s general account, and the company owners issued checks to themselves
from that same account in excess of $24,500. 

benefit funds brought
suit under ERISA and sought a judgment in the amount of the unpaid contributions.

court found that the amount of unpaid contributions totaled
$84,471.67. 

the company owners then filed for bankruptcy protection, and
the employee benefit funds brought an adversary proceeding against him under
§ 523(a)(4) for defalcation of the funds’ property while serving in a fiduciary
capacity. 

court’s holding was that the unpaid contributions were
property of the employee benefit funds, the debtor was an ERISA fiduciary acting in
his fiduciary capacity, and the debtor “committed defalcation in breach of his
fiduciary duty by failing to hold all available assets for the purpose of satisfying [the
company’s] obligations to the Funds.” 

we reversed after examining the property and determining that the
debtor was not legally obligated to hold it for the employee benefit funds’ benefit.
First, we noted that “[t]he CBA did not include a provision that explicitly required
[the company] to hold income earned as a result of the union member’s labor in trust
for the satisfaction of liabilities owed to the Funds.” 

As a result, the debtor



                                           -13-
was “not legally obligated to hold any particular property for the benefit of the
Funds.” 

existed that any of the money deposited into the company’s
account during the relevant time period “was generated by union members.” 

result, we explained that “[s]imply possessing property to which an ERISA plan
asserts a claim does not place one in a fiduciary relationship with the plan.” 

       Second, we examined the substance of the transaction to conclude that the
debtor’s relationship with the employee benefit funds “was basically contractual, not
fiduciary, in nature.” 

(citation omitted). This was because the debtor “was
not personally a party to the CBA” and therefore could not “have expressly assumed
the status of trustee of any trust arising from that document.” 

(citation
omitted).

        Finally, we concluded that the debtor’s fiduciary relationship did not preexist
the debt. 

. “In the § 523(a)(4) context, the fiduciary relationship must
preexist ‘the incident creating the contested debt and apart from it. It is not enough
that the trust relationship spring from the act from which the debt arose.’” 

re Dloogoff, 

, 168 (8th Cir. 1979)). In Hunter, the debtor’s debt to the
employee benefit funds failed to preexist “his failure to hold money to satisfy [the
company’s] owed contributions.” 

because “[a]ny possible trust
relationship between [the debtor] and the Funds could only have come into existence
when he incurred some individual financial liability to the Funds.” 

that the debtor’s “personal liability arose at the time of [the company’s] failure to
satisfy its obligations. Only then did he owe a duty to the Funds. The only possible
trust relationship therefore would have sprung from the wrongful act that created the
financial liability.” 

Harris does not challenge the district court’s factual findings that (1) “a
plan asset was created once employee funds were withheld for insurance payments
on January 9, 2009, and that, since [Harris] had authority regarding those assets, he
was an ERISA fiduciary,” and (2) Harris “exercised authority over the plan assets in
March of 2009.” Appellant’s Br. at 12. Instead, he argues that, applying Hunter, these
factual findings are not dispositive of his status as a fiduciary under § 523(a)(4).

        But Hunter is distinguishable. It falls into the category of “cases involving
debts for employer contributions . . . where courts found no fiduciary status under
§ 523(a)(4).” In re Pottebaum, No. ADV 11-9050, 

, at *5 (Bankr.
N.D. Iowa Oct. 9, 2013) (citing In re Gott, 

, 23–24 (Bankr. N.D. Iowa
2008) (citing 

; In re Bucci, 

, 641–42 (6th Cir.
2007); In re Luna, 

, 1208 (10th Cir. 2005); In re Halpin, 

,
50 (N.D.N.Y. 2007); In re Popovich, 

, 806 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2006); In
re Tsikouris, 

, 617 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 2006); In re Engleman, 

, 370 (Bankr. W.D. Mo. 2001))). This case falls into the category of “cases
involving employee contributions or amounts actually withheld from employee
paychecks—where courts found the employers were fiduciaries under § 523(a)(4).”

re 

(citing Eavenson v. Ramey, 

, 166
(N.D. Ga. 1999); In re Johnson, No. 05-36068, Adv. No. 05-3583, 

,
at *5 (S.D. Tex. Feb. 26, 2007); In re O’Quinn, 

, 175 (Bankr. M.D.N.C.
2007); In re Weston, 

, 343 (Bankr. D.N.H. 2004); In re Gunter, 

, 462 (Bankr. D. Colo. 2003); In re Coleman, 

, 396 (Bankr. S.D. Ga.
1999))).

       The stipulated facts, as well as the unchallenged facts found by the district
court, show that Harris exercised control over Plan assets before he diverted any
employee contributions; therefore, the fiduciary relationship preexisted the debt. See

. Harris did not object to the district court’s factual finding



                                         -15-
that “Harris exercised authority or control respecting the management or disposition
of those plan assets” “that were withheld from the Faribault Mills’s employees’
paychecks between January 9, 2009[,] and March 20, 2009—and neither remitted to
HealthPartners nor refunded to the employees.” Perez, 

, at *10.
The district court found based on Dorr’s testimony “that she did not have the
authority, without Harris’s approval, to remit employee contributions to
HealthPartners.” 

parties’ joint stipulation and the district court’s factual
findings show that (1) Harris was the signatory on the checks remitted to
HealthPartners, (2) Glienke notified Harris of HealthPartners’s past-due notices, and
(3) Harris called HealthPartners to request an extension. Finally, the district court
found that “Harris was personally involved in decisions regarding which creditors
were paid” and “was personally involved—and exercised his authority—in the
decision not to remit employee withholdings to the Health Plan.” 

      Accordingly, we affirm the bankruptcy court’s conclusion that Harris had
fiduciary obligations regarding the funds that had been withheld from wages for
payment to HealthPartners.

                                     B. Defalcation
       Harris argues that even if he acted as a fiduciary in March 2009, his conduct
was not intentional so as to constitute “defalcation” under § 523(a)(4). He asserts that
the stipulated facts show that he acted out of a desperate attempt to save his company
and not intentionally or with gross recklessness. In support of his mental state, he
cites the following evidence: (1) he personally borrowed over $960,000 from his
home equity line of credit to keep the company afloat; (2) he took only one paycheck
in the first quarter of 2009; (3) he never sought reimbursement for over $31,000 in
expenses, (4) until early March 2009, he believed he had obtained $12.9 million in
financing, which would have fully paid all the premiums; and (5) he believed




                                         -16-
sufficient funds were on hand when he signed the checks to HealthPartners that were
ultimately returned for insufficient funds.

       Defalcation under § 523(a)(4) requires “a culpable state of mind” with a
“knowledge of, or gross recklessness in respect to, the improper nature of the relevant
fiduciary behavior.” 

. “[W]here the conduct at issue does not
involve bad faith, moral turpitude, or other immoral conduct, [defalcation] requires
an intentional wrong.” 

An intentional wrong includes “not only conduct
that the fiduciary knows is improper but also reckless conduct of the kind that the
criminal law often treats as the equivalent.” 

This necessarily includes
“reckless conduct of the kind set forth in the Model Penal Code.” 

knowledge of wrongdoing is lacking, we consider conduct as equivalent if the
fiduciary ‘consciously disregards’ (or is willfully blind to) ‘a substantial and
unjustifiable risk’ that his conduct will turn out to violate a fiduciary duty.” 

Penal Code § 2.02(2)(c), at 226 (Am. Law Inst. 1985)). A substantial
and unjustifiable risk “must be of such a nature and degree that, considering the
nature and purpose of the actor’s conduct and the circumstances known to him, its
disregard involves a gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a law-abiding
person would observe in the actor’s situation.” 

Penal Code
§ 2.02(2)(c), at 226).

       In its analysis, the BAP relied on In re Fahey, 

(Bankr. D. Mass.
2013), in support of its conclusion that the undisputed facts supported a finding that
Harris committed defalcation. The BAP concluded that Harris violated his duty of
loyalty to the Plan by “‘decid[ing] not to remit the employee withholdings to
HealthPartners,’ and ‘instead us[ing] those assets to pay corporate creditors and
personal expenses,’” as the district court found in the underlying case. In re 

(quoting Perez, 

, at *12). In Fahey, the bankruptcy




                                         -17-
court concluded that the debtor had committed defalcation when he violated his duty
of loyalty to an ERISA plan, stating:

      Under the Trust Agreements, unpaid contributions that were due and
      owing were assets of the Funds. The Debtor does not dispute that he was
      aware of his obligations to the Funds, but nonetheless failed to remit the
      assets. Instead, the undisputed facts indicate that the Debtor prioritized
      the payment of corporate expenses that were beneficial to him, such as
      the Citizens Bank loan which he personally guaranteed and his personal
      loan to Zani, over his obligations to the Funds. In so doing, he violated
      the duty of loyalty to the beneficiaries of the Funds. Therefore, I find
      that the Debtor committed a defalcation within the meaning of 11 U.S.C.
      § 

(footnote omitted).

      Like the debtor in Fahey, Harris knew he had an obligation to remit the
withheld employee contributions to HealthPartners but instead chose to prioritize
payments of corporate expenses and creditors, including payments on his own
personal line of credit.

       Nevertheless, Harris urges us to disregard Fahey because the debtor in that case
made no attempt to keep the company afloat. He asks us to instead apply In re
Pottebaum; in that case, the debtor-president of an electrical contractor company, of
which he was the sole shareholder, filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy after his company
went out of business. 

, at *1. The bankruptcy court credited the
debtor’s testimony and concluded that he lacked the requisite state of mind to have
defalcated the union workers’ funds. 

The facts of Pottebaum, however, are
distinguishable.




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      On the issue of defalcation under § 523(a)(4), the Pottebaum court found that
the debtor lacked the requisite state of mind because the court heard no

      evidence that Debtor’s failure to remit payment to Plaintiffs involved
      “bad faith, moral turpitude, or other immoral conduct.” Rather, the Court
      heard both witnesses paint the picture of a union company and the
      Union working together to keep the company afloat with the hope and
      intent of getting everyone paid eventually. Debtor made the payments
      when he was able. He tried to make good on the plan him and the Union
      both were pursuing—it simply did not happen. His intent was to make
      the payments and do right by everyone—not the opposite, which
      Plaintiffs must show to make the debt nondischargeable.

             Without a knowing, intentional, or bad faith action, Plaintiffs
      must show Debtor’s conscious disregard to a substantial and
      unjustifiable risk that his conduct would violate a fiduciary duty.
      Plaintiffs made no such showing. The Court heard only that Debtor was
      desperately attempting to prioritize his bills in order to eventually pay
      them all. He did so while communicating about his problems with the
      Union and worked with it to try to fund all his obligations. This is not
      at all evidence that Debtor acted with a conscious disregard to a
      substantial and unjustifiable risk that his conduct would violate a
      fiduciary duty. Plaintiffs have not met their burden of showing Debtor
      committed a “defalcation” while acting as a fiduciary.

       Harris, unlike the debtor in Pottebaum, was not in contact with Faribault’s
employees about the health insurance premiums; they had no knowledge that
Faribault had fallen behind in paying those premiums. Unlike the debtor in
Pottebaum who prioritized bills in the employees’ favor, Harris prioritized bills in his
own favor, paying his own line of credit before paying anything toward the health
insurance premiums. More specifically, Harris has not disputed the district court’s



                                         -19-
factual finding that “he directed Dorr to . . . use the funds available in the checking
account from which premiums were paid to make a March 31, 2009 payment on his
home equity line of credit” “after speaking with Dorr and determining that Faribault
Mills would be unable to pay the full premium due to HealthPartners.” Perez, 

, at *11. And, as previously discussed, the district court also found that
Harris “had ultimate authority during at least the first quarter of 2009 to determine
which of Faribault Mills’s expenses would be paid.” 

Instead of preserving
the withholdings, Harris misused the Plan’s assets for his own and Faribault’s
purposes. He decided “not to remit the employee withholdings.” 

       In summary, these undisputed facts and unchallenged factual findings support
the conclusion that Harris committed defalcation in late March 2009 when he chose
to use plan assets to pay himself and other corporate expenses instead of remitting
those assets to HealthPartners.

                                 III. Conclusion
      Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the BAP.
                     ______________________________




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