United States Court of Appeals
                            For the Eighth Circuit
                        ___________________________

                                No. 17-3148
                        ___________________________

                             United States of America

                        lllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff - Appellee

                                           v.

                 DNRB, Inc., doing business as Fastrack Erectors

                       lllllllllllllllllllllDefendant - Appellant
                                       ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                 ____________

                             Submitted: April 12, 2018
                               Filed: July 17, 2018
                                  ____________

Before GRUENDER, MELLOY, and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.
                         ____________

GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.

      Eric Roach fell thirty-six feet to his death while working at a warehouse
construction site in Kansas City, Missouri. Roach was not using fall-protection
equipment when he fell. Following a bench trial before the district court,1 DNRB was

      1
      The Honorable Greg Kays, Chief Judge, United States District Court for the
Western District of Missouri.
convicted of a Class B misdemeanor for willfully violating two safety regulations and
causing Roach’s death. See 29 U.S.C. § 666(e); 29 C.F.R. § 1926.760(a)(l) & (b)(l).
On appeal, DNRB challenges the sufficiency of the evidence, several evidentiary
rulings, and the sentence imposing the statutory maximum fine of $500,000. We
consider each of these issues in turn, and we affirm.

                                          I.

        DNRB first argues that the Government did not present sufficient evidence to
sustain the guilty verdict. “We review the sufficiency of the evidence after a bench
trial in the light most favorable to the verdict, upholding the verdict if a reasonable
factfinder could find the offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States
v. Iqbal, 

, 629-30 (8th Cir. 2017). DNRB argues that the Government
failed to prove three elements of § 666(e): (1) that the company violated an
applicable standard, (2) that it did so willfully, and (3) that the violation caused an
employee’s death.

       First, DNRB argues that it did not violate an applicable standard. Section
666(e) imposes criminal liability on “[a]ny employer who willfully violates . . . [an
applicable standard when] that violation caused death to any employee.” Applicable
regulations require employers to protect employees from fall hazards. In particular,
§ 1926.760(a)(l) and (b)(l) state that employees who erect steel “shall be protected
from fall hazards” by personal fall-arrest systems or certain other means. A personal
fall-arrest system consists of a harness and connectors used to secure a worker to an
anchorage point. 29 C.F.R. § 1926.751. DNRB maintains that it did not violate
§ 1926.760 because Roach had a personal fall-arrest harness and connectors, even
though he was not using them to secure himself to an anchorage point on the
warehouse’s frame. But the regulations state that employees “shall be protected” by
appropriate equipment, not that they merely be provided with or possess such
equipment. See 29 C.F.R. § 1926.760(a)(l) & (b)(1); see also Dakota Underground,

                                         -2-
Inc. v. Sec’y of Labor, 

, 568-69 (8th Cir. 2000) (upholding employer
liability for a violation of a regulation with similar “shall be protected” language
where the employees had available protection they did not use). Because Roach was
not connected to an anchorage point, there was sufficient evidence that DNRB
violated § 1926.760(a)(l) and (b)(1).2

       Second, DNRB argues that the Government failed to prove that it willfully
violated the standards. The parties agree that this element requires that DNRB
“intentionally disregarded or was plainly indifferent to the requirements of the Act.”
See Valdak Corp. v. OSHA, 

, 1468 (8th Cir. 1996). Noting that DNRB
had a previous citation for violating § 1926.760, the district court concluded that
DNRB was aware of its requirements. Moreover, a supervisor’s knowledge can be
imputed to his employer, and there was evidence supporting a conclusion that
Roach’s supervisor Bob Wiechens intentionally disregarded the safety requirements
here. See Comprehensive Care Corp. v. RehabCare Corp., 

, 1066 (8th
Cir. 1996). Wiechens testified that it was his job to know and enforce the applicable
safety regulations. The district court found that Wiechens saw Roach walking along
the trusses of the warehouse without being connected to an anchorage point. Several
witnesses testified that they saw Roach doing so, and a crane operator stated that he
expressly warned Wiechens about Roach’s failure to use fall-protection equipment.
One coworker testified that he and Roach worked without fall protection and that
Wiechens observed their work. As a result, the court did not credit Wiechens’s
testimony that he was unaware that Roach was not using fall-protection equipment.


      2
        Relatedly, DNRB argues that the district court found it liable for violating a
generalized supervision standard not alleged in the information, instead of convicting
it for violating the specific fall-protection regulations with which it was charged.
However, the district court found that DNRB violated the specific fall-protection
standards alleged in the information, and it analyzed each element of § 666(e) in
relation to them.


                                         -3-
“The district court was in the best position to observe the witnesses’ demeanor and
assess their credibility, and we will not disturb the district court’s reasoned credibility
determinations.” United States v. Bowie, 

, 814 (8th Cir. 2010). Because
Wiechens’s knowledge can be imputed to DNRB, sufficient evidence supported the
court’s finding of a willful violation by the company.

       Third, DNRB argues that the Government failed to prove causation. “When
a crime requires not merely conduct but also a specified result of conduct, a defendant
generally may not be convicted unless his conduct is both (1) the actual cause, and
(2) the legal cause (often called the proximate cause) of the result.” Burrage v.
United States, 

, 887 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). Actual
causation typically requires showing that Roach’s death would not have occurred
“but-for” DNRB’s conduct. See 

Legal causation requires showing that
there was “some direct relation between the injury asserted and the injurious conduct
alleged.” Paroline v. United States, 

, 1719 (2014). Legal causation
is often analyzed in terms of foreseeability. 

district court found that
Roach would not have fallen to his death had he been connected to an anchorage
point and that DNRB’s failure to make him use required fall-protection equipment
was thus a but-for cause of his death. The court also determined that his fall was “a
foreseeable and natural result” of working more than thirty feet above the ground
without using fall-protection equipment. This finding satisfies legal causation. See

(explaining that a “direct and foreseeable result” establishes legal
causation). Together, these findings were sufficient to support a conclusion that
DNRB’s failure to comply with the safety standards caused Roach’s death.

      Because a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the Government proved
each of the challenged elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt, DNRB’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence fails.




                                           -4-
                                          II.

       Next, DNRB argues that the district court erred in admitting a variety of what
it describes as irrelevant, prejudicial “other-acts” evidence in violation of Federal
Rule of Evidence 404(b). In particular, DNRB claims the district court improperly
admitted evidence of other violations it committed at the Kansas City construction
site, as well as violations from 2007 and 2015 that occurred at other sites. While
other-acts evidence is not admissible “to prove a person’s character in order to show
that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character,” it is
admissible for another purpose such as proving intent or knowledge. Fed. R. Evid.
404(b). We review evidence admitted under Rule 404(b) for an abuse of discretion,
reversing “only when the evidence clearly had no bearing on the case and was
introduced solely to prove the defendant’s propensity to commit criminal acts.”
United States v. Walker, 

, 1274 (8th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation
marks omitted). To admit evidence under Rule 404(b), it must be “(1) relevant to a
material issue; (2) similar in kind and not overly remote in time to the crime charged;
(3) supported by sufficient evidence; and (4) higher in probative value than
prejudicial effect.” 

other-acts evidence at issue here was relevant to the material issue of
DNRB’s knowledge and intent. As mentioned, exhibits and testimony established
that Wiechens—and thus DNRB—was aware of the applicable standards and knew
that Roach was not using his safety equipment. The other-acts evidence further
suggested that DNRB’s failure to ensure that Roach used his equipment properly was
knowing rather than accidental. Second, the other-acts evidence was also similar in
kind to the charged conduct. The 2007 incident involved a violation of the same
regulation at issue here, and the 2015 incident likewise involved DNRB’s failure to
use fall-protection equipment. The remaining other-acts evidence occurred at the
worksite where Roach fell. These other acts were “sufficiently similar to support an


                                          -5-
inference of criminal intent.” 

Nor, considering the facts and
circumstances, were any of these other incidents “too remote in time.” See 

admission of 404(b) evidence occurring eighteen years before the
charged offense in light of its continuing probativeness). Third, DNRB’s
responsibility for each of these violations was supported by witness testimony and
other evidence. Fourth, the admission of this evidence was not unduly prejudicial.
It corroborated other evidence concerning DNRB’s intent, and we presume that a
judge conducting a bench trial will use evidence properly, mitigating any prejudice.
See David E. Watson, P.C. v. United States, 

, 1015 (8th Cir. 2012); cf.
Williams v. Illinois, 

, 69 (2012) (presuming that a judge who sits as trier
of fact will not use information improperly). We thus reject DNRB’s contention that
the district court abused its discretion by admitting the other-acts evidence.3

       DNRB also argues that the Government failed to “provide reasonable notice
of the general nature” of this evidence before trial. See Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). But we
have explained that “Rule 404(b)’s notice standard is flexible because what
constitutes a reasonable disclosure will depend largely on the circumstances of each
case.” United States v. White, 

, 984 (8th Cir. 2016) (internal quotation
marks and alterations omitted). “Whether notice was reasonable is informed in part
by a defendant’s proof that he suffered prejudice as a result.” 

court
confirmed that DNRB received the 404(b) evidence “in the regular course of
discovery” and that there was no surprise. Consequently, we find “no notice problem
sufficient to warrant reversal.” See 

suggests that we review the 404(b) evidence admitted here de novo
because it implicates DNRB’s constitutional rights. See United States v. Davis, 

, 596-97 (8th Cir. 2017). We need not decide this issue. Even if we review
the district court’s evidentiary rulings de novo, we find the evidence admissible for
the reasons explained above.


                                         -6-
                                         III.

       Finally, DNRB raises several objections to its sentence. DNRB had ceased
operations, and the presentence report (“PSR”) indicated that DNRB would be unable
to pay a fine. The Government did not object to this conclusion. Nonetheless, the
district court fined DNRB the statutory maximum of $500,000. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3571(c)(4). Because DNRB was convicted of a Class B misdemeanor, the
sentencing guidelines do not apply. See United States Sentencing Guidelines
(“U.S.S.G.”) § 1B1.9. Therefore, we must uphold the sentence if it is within the
statutory range and not “plainly unreasonable.” See 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a)(4); United
States v. Chavez, 

, 1310 (11th Cir. 2000) (explaining that sentences for
Class B misdemeanors are reversed only if “they were imposed in violation of law”
or are “plainly unreasonable”).”4

       DNRB makes two main arguments. First, it contends that the district court did
not consider all of the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors and focused only on the factors
related to promoting respect for the law and deterrence. However, while the district
court did emphasize those two factors, it stated that it had considered all of the
factors, and a sentencing court need not “‘categorically rehearse’ each of the
§ 3553(a) factors on the record as long as it is clear that the court considered those
factors.” United States v. Hernandez, 

, 616 (8th Cir. 2008). Having
reviewed the record, we are satisfied that the district court did consider all of the
§ 3553(a) factors here.


      4
        The Third Circuit has concluded that “the exclusion of Class B . . .
misdemeanors from the Guidelines provisions was intended to place those offenses
entirely outside the statutory scheme” and that review therefore is conducted under
pre-guidelines standards. In re Solomon, 

, 120-21 (3d Cir. 2006).
Because the outcome would be the same regardless, we need not decide between
these approaches here.


                                         -7-
       Second, DNRB challenges the imposition of the fine given the PSR’s
conclusion that it likely would be unable to pay. Though the guidelines do not apply
to Class B misdemeanors, DNRB contends that the district court needed to make
factual findings before rejecting the PSR’s conclusion that it lacked an ability to pay
a fine. Among other arguments, it cites Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 32(i)(3),
which requires the court to rule on any disputed portion of the PSR or determine that
a ruling is unnecessary. It also points to a Fifth Circuit case involving the guidelines,
which states that a court should explain how a decision imposing a fine “comports
with” a PSR indicating an inability to pay. See United States v. Pacheco-Alvarado,

, 220 (5th Cir. 2015).

        Even if DNRB is correct that these requirements are applicable here, the record
shows that the district court did explain how its sentence comported with the PSR’s
inability-to-pay conclusion. The district court did not reject the PSR’s conclusion
about DNRB’s ability to pay. Instead, the court acknowledged that the company had
“closed up shop” but imposed the fine anyway, “hoping they have some more
corporate formalities left to pay” in light of the large sums DNRB allegedly had paid
its attorneys. In other words, it chose to impose the maximum fine authorized by law
despite recognizing the likelihood that DNRB might not be able to pay it. This was
not plainly unreasonable. See United States v. Morais, 

, 894 (8th Cir.
2012) (upholding a fine in a guidelines case despite the court’s “cryptic” discussion
of the defendant’s ability to pay).




                                          -8-
                                        IV.

      For the above reasons, we affirm DNRB’s conviction and sentence.5
                      ______________________________




      5
       DNRB presents several other arguments. For instance, it maintains that the
court violated Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 17(c) by issuing third-party
subpoenas related to DNRB’s ability to pay, and it suggests for the first time in its
reply brief that the district court failed to consider the 18 U.S.C. § 3572 factors
related to paying fines. We decline to consider such cursory arguments. United
States v. Stuckey, 

, 531 (8th Cir. 2001); see also United States v.
Martinson, 

, 753 (8th Cir. 2005) (explaining that we generally do not
consider issues raised for the first time on appeal in a reply brief).


                                         -9-