This case focuses on an apparent conflict between two legal principles: First, the well-established "first to file rule," which allows a district court to transfer, stay, or dismiss an action when a similar complaint has already been filed in another federal court; second, the statutory right to appeal enjoyed by a party "dissatisfied" with a "decision" of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board ("Board").

Invoking the former principle, the district court dismissed a challenge to a Board decision filed by appellant Alltrade, Inc. ("Alltrade"), on the ground that it duplicated a prior suit. Claiming that the dismissal deprived it of its statutory right to appeal, Alltrade seeks review of the district court's holding in the name of the latter. We hereby affirm the decision not to hear appellant's complaint at this time. However, we also hold that, in order better to reconcile these twin principles, the district court should have stayed, rather than dismissed, the second-filed suit.

On December 31, 1986, appellee Uniweld Products, Inc. ("Uniweld"), filed a petition pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1064 seeking cancellation by the Board of three federal trademark registrations owned by appellant Alltrade. In support of its petition, Uniweld alleged prior use of the mark "ALL-TRADES" and argued that continued use by appellant would be likely to cause confusion. In addition, Uniweld claimed that Alltrade had not complied with a number of statutory registration requirements, that the inferior quality of appellant's goods damaged its reputation, and that Alltrade had committed fraud by using the registration symbol for goods not set forth in the registration.

The Board rendered its decision on December 12, 1989. In ruling for Uniweld, it held as follows:

[B]ecause the parties use these very similar marks on tools which are related products, confusion is likely. Because petitioner [Uniweld] used this mark prior to respondent's [Alltrade's] adoption and use of its mark, petitioner is entitled to judgment in its favor. Accordingly, the petition to cancel is granted.

En route to this conclusion, however, the Board rejected as bases for cancellation Uniweld's contention that "actual confusion" had occurred, that Alltrade's goods were of inferior quality, and that Alltrade had failed to comply with statutory requirements. Because appellee did not have to establish either of the above allegations in order to prevail, the essence of the Board's decision was unaffected by these findings.

Under 15 U.S.C. § 1071(b)(1), the deadline for seeking review of the Board's decision was sixty days from issuance, or February 12, 1990. See 37 C.F.R. § 2.145(d) (1990). In January and early February of that year, Alltrade conducted settlement discussions with Uniweld, interspersed with statements indicating that it intended to appeal the Board's decision in the United States District Court for the Central District of California. According to appellant, the suggestion was explicitly made on February 2, 1990.

On February 8, 1990, Uniweld filed an action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida (the "Florida action") charging Alltrade with federal and state unfair competition (Counts I & III), common law trademark infringement (Count II), and violation of Florida's anti-dilution laws (Count III). Moreover, Uniweld sought review of those aspects of the Board's decision with which it disagreed (Count IV).1 A day later, and unaware of the Florida action,2 Alltrade filed the action at issue in this appeal in the United States District Court for the Central District of California (the "California action"), seeking review of the Board's decision (Count I) and a declaratory judgment stating that it did not infringe Uniweld's trademark (Count II).3

Finding the issues in the California action "duplicative of issues in the Action already before the Southern District of Florida," and mindful of the presence of an additional defendant in the Florida suit, the California district court applied the first-to-file rule and dismissed Alltrade's action. Alltrade then filed this timely appeal.II. First-To-File Rule

The first-to-file rule was developed to "serve[ ] the purpose of promoting efficiency well and should not be disregarded lightly." Church of Scientology v. United States Dep't of the Army, 611 F.2d 738, 750 (9th Cir.1979); see also EEOC v. University of Pennsylvania, 850 F.2d 969, 971 (3d Cir.), cert. granted in part, 488 U.S. 992, 109 S. Ct. 554, 102 L. Ed. 2d 581 (1988), order amended, 490 U.S. 1015, 109 S. Ct. 1660, 104 L. Ed. 2d 173 (1989), aff'd on other grounds, 493 U.S. 182, 110 S. Ct. 577, 107 L. Ed. 2d 571 (1990). It may be invoked "when a complaint involving the same parties and issues has already been filed in another district." Pacesetter Systems, Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 678 F.2d 93, 95 (9th Cir.1982). We review a court's decision to accept or decline jurisdiction based on the first-to-file rule for abuse of discretion. Id.

a.

In the present case, two prerequisites clearly have been met. The first is chronology, as Uniweld filed its suit prior to Alltrade; the second is the identity of the parties involved. Nevertheless, as appellant points out, there is some doubt regarding the similarity of the issues at stake. As the losing party in the proceeding before the Board, Alltrade contends that it alone had the right to bring an appeal. Therefore, it argues, the Florida district court lacks jurisdiction to hear that portion of Uniweld's action purporting to appeal the Board's decision.4 As a result, appellant claims, a basic requirement for applying the first-to-file rule--that the issues in the two suits be identical--is not met. Indeed, even if the Florida court were to agree to hear Uniweld's appeal, Alltrade contends that to prevent it from bringing its own appeal in the forum of its choice would frustrate the purpose of section 1071.5

The ambiguity begins with the language of section 1071, granting a right of appeal to parties "dissatisfied with the decision " of the Board. 15 U.S.C. § 1071(b)(1) (emphasis added).6 While "dissatisfaction" hints at a broad construction of the statute--insofar as both parties might have cause for discontent--"decision" considerably narrows the scope--for a decision generally supports one party or the other. Courts that have construed this and analogous provisions typically have held that a party benefiting from a ruling, yet disagreeing with specific findings, cannot appeal.

Thus, in Maremont Corp. v. Air Lift Co., 463 F.2d 1114 (C.C.P.A.1972), the court confronted an appeal by Air Lift, the prevailing party below. Calling it "pure surplusage," and carefully adorning every reference to Air Lift's "appeal" with quotation marks, the court strongly suggested that it was improper.7 Likewise, in Klemperer v. Price, 271 F.2d 743 (C.C.P.A.1959), the appellant sought review of some of the Board's rulings that did not affect its favorable decision. The court dismissed the appeal, reasoning that "[i]t is evident that [appellant] is not dissatisfied with the decision of the board. ... His dissatisfaction is merely with holdings of the board on other points not necessary to that decision." Id. at 744. See also W.W. Windle Co. v. Commissioner, 550 F.2d 43, 45 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 966, 97 S. Ct. 2923, 53 L. Ed. 2d 1062 (1977).8

The principle has roots in the more general proposition that "[o]rdinarily, only a party aggrieved by a judgment or order of a district court may exercise the statutory right to appeal therefrom." Deposit Guaranty Nat'l Bank v. Roper, 445 U.S. 326, 333, 100 S. Ct. 1166, 1171, 63 L. Ed. 2d 427 (1980); see also Clapp v. Commissioner, 875 F.2d 1396, 1398 (9th Cir.1989).

However, there stands a somewhat contrary tradition pursuant to which even a "winning" party can appeal those aspects of a ruling with which it is dissatisfied. In Electrical Fittings Corp. v. Thomas & Betts Co., 307 U.S. 241, 59 S. Ct. 860, 83 L. Ed. 1263 (1939), respondents had sued petitioners for patent infringement. The district court, in ruling for petitioners, found that there had been no infringement. Although it could have stopped there, it went on to adjudge the patent valid--a finding that, at that point, was purely superfluous. On petitioners' appeal of that portion of the decree, the Supreme Court held as follows:

A party may not appeal from a judgment or decree in his favor, for the purpose of obtaining a review of findings he deems erroneous which are not necessary to support the decree. But here the decree itself purports to adjudge the validity of [the patent], and though the adjudication was immaterial to the disposition of the cause, it stands as an adjudication of one of the issues litigated. We think the petitioners were entitled to have this portion of the decree eliminated.

307 U.S. at 242, 59 S. Ct. at 860. Interpreting this holding some 40 years later, the Court wrote: "In a sense, the petitioner in Electrical Fittings sought review of the District Court's procedural error. The District Court ... was incorrect to adjudge the patent valid after ruling that there had been no infringement. By doing so, the District Court had decided a hypothetical controversy." Roper, 445 U.S. at 335 n. 7, 100 S. Ct. at 1172 n. 7; see also Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 27, cmt. h.

By the same token, in the present case the Board unnecessarily decided the questions of actual confusion, inferior quality, and registration fraud--as, indeed, it acknowledged in its order. See Opinion of the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board, E.R. at 8 ("Actual confusion ... is not required"); id. at 9 ("Even if [petitioner's argument that respondent's goods are of inferior quality and that petitioner is damaged thereby] ... had been proved, it would be irrelevant").

As a result, were Uniweld's appeal construed as an attack on the Board's procedurally erroneous decision to reach certain issues, the Florida court might have jurisdiction to entertain it.9 See, e.g., Weight Watchers Int'l, Inc. v. I. Rokeach & Sons, Inc., 546 F. Supp. 841, 842 (S.D.N.Y.1982) (although the word "decision" in section 1071 "refers to the actual result of a proceeding, as opposed to rulings and findings noted in the opinion but not essential to the judgment reached," the winning party below was allowed to appeal the Board's action in needlessly reaching an issue).

Ultimately, reconciliation of the two principles in the context of section 1071 lies in the hands of the Florida court, not its California counterpart. As we conclude below, the fact that the Florida court's jurisdiction over Uniweld's Board appeal is questionable weighs against dismissing the instant litigation. See infra; cf. Jefferson Ward Stores v. Doody Co., 560 F. Supp. 35, 36 (E.D.Pa.1983). But, until the Florida district court has ruled on Alltrade's motion to dismiss, it cannot be said with certainty whether Alltrade will be able to bring its own appeal of the Board decision as a counterclaim to Uniweld's. At this stage, we cannot conclude that application of the first-to-file rule deprives Alltrade of its statutory right to appeal for, if the Florida court decides not to dismiss Uniweld's appeal, Alltrade could assert its claims in that forum.10

b.

Appellant further argues that, even assuming these requirements have been met, equitable concerns militate against application of the rule in this case. In particular, Alltrade alleges that Uniweld filed its action with knowledge and in anticipation of appellant's own suit. As evidence of appellee's bad faith, appellant points to the fact that Uniweld requested release of the original Board record to file it with the Florida district court. Alltrade points out that Uniweld then hastily brought portions of the confidential business documents into the public record in violation of the Board's protective order. Alltrade asserts that these actions were undertaken in order to present the courts with a fait accompli, in the hope of fortifying Uniweld's first-to-file claim.11

In addition, Alltrade argues that California is a more convenient forum than Florida because, heavily present in the former state, its offices, employees, and business records are virtually absent from the latter. Insofar as Uniweld also has significant ties to California, appellant argues that, on balance, it would make sense to overlook the first-to-file rule in this case. As for the presence of an additional party in the Florida action, Alltrade dismisses it both as another one of Uniweld's subterfuges and as essentially irrelevant in light of the insignificance of appellee's claims against Foreign and American.12

We recognize that "[w]ise judicial administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and comprehensive disposition of litigation, does not counsel rigid mechanical solution of such problems." Kerotest Mfg. Co. v. C-O-Two Fire Equipment Co., 342 U.S. 180, 183, 72 S. Ct. 219, 221, 96 L. Ed. 200 (1952); see also Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95; Church of Scientology, 611 F.2d at 750; Codex Corp. v. Milgo Elect. Corp., 553 F.2d 735, 737 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 860, 98 S. Ct. 185, 54 L. Ed. 2d 133 (1977). The circumstances under which an exception to the first-to-file rule typically will be made include bad faith, see Crosley Corp. v. Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co., 130 F.2d 474, 476 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 317 U.S. 681, 63 S. Ct. 202, 87 L. Ed. 546 (1942); anticipatory suit, and forum shopping, see Mission Ins. Co. v. Puritan Fashions Corp., 706 F.2d 599, 602 n. 3 (5th Cir.1983) ("Anticipatory suits are disfavored because they are aspects of forum-shopping"); Factors, Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 217, 219 (2d Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 908, 99 S. Ct. 1215, 59 L. Ed. 2d 455 (1979); Mattel, Inc. v. Louis Marx & Co., 353 F.2d 421, 424 n. 4 (2d Cir.), cert. dismissed, 384 U.S. 948, 86 S. Ct. 1475, 16 L. Ed. 2d 546 (1965).

However, notwithstanding the fact that Alltrade has raised serious questions concerning Uniweld's conduct, it has summoned the wrong precedents and addressed itself to the wrong court. The most basic aspect of the first-to-file rule is that it is discretionary; "an ample degree of discretion, appropriate for disciplined and experienced judges, must be left to the lower courts." Kerotest, 342 U.S. at 183-184, 72 S.Ct. at 221; see also Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95. The cases cited by appellant are cases in which exceptions to the rule have been allowed; they stand for the proposition that district court judges can, in the exercise of their discretion, dispense with the first-filed principle for reasons of equity.

But it is not an abuse of discretion, and therefore not reversible error, for a district court judge to weigh the facts and conclude that the rule should apply.13 The decision and the discretion belong to the district court.

As for the respective convenience of the two courts,

normally [this argument] should be addressed to the court in the first-filed action. Apprehension that the first court would fail to appropriately consider the convenience of the parties and the witnesses should not be a matter for our consideration.

. . . . .

The court in the second-filed action is not required to duplicate this inquiry.

Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 96 (citing Kerotest, 342 U.S. at 185, 72 S.Ct. at 222).

Accordingly, neither fairness considerations nor equitable concerns bar the application of the rule to the instant case.

In the alternative, appellant urges that we reverse the district court's decision to dismiss, rather than stay or transfer, this case. Because Alltrade has filed a motion to dismiss the Board appeal in the Florida court and to transfer the infringement and anti-dilution claims to California, it believes a stay would be preferable to dismissal pending a decision on its motion.

Although this court has on past occasions affirmed dismissal of second-filed actions, see, e.g., Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 95, we find that the district court erred in this case. As discussed earlier, doubts remain about the propriety of Uniweld's appeal of the Board decision in Florida. While some district courts have ruled that such jurisdictional uncertainty warrants an exception to the first-filed rule, see, e.g., Jefferson Ward Stores, 560 F. Supp. at 36; Creighton Omaha Regional Health Care Corp. v. Lomas & Nettleton Co., 486 F. Supp. 392, 397 (D.Neb.1980), at the very least it counsels against outright dismissal.

Indeed, were the Florida district court to dismiss Uniweld's appeal, Alltrade would have to file a new suit in California and would risk encountering statute of limitations problems.14 In such cases, where the first-filed action presents a likelihood of dismissal, the second-filed suit should be stayed, rather than dismissed. See Asset Allocation & Mgt. v. Western Employers Ins., 892 F.2d 566, 571 (7th Cir.1989) ("Granted, the statute of limitations problems may not be serious.... But why take chances? It is simpler just to stay the second suit".)15 Should the Florida court dismiss the appeal and transfer what remains of the first-filed action, "the stay could be lifted and the actions consolidated." West Gulf Maritime Ass'n v. ILA Deep Sea Local 24, 751 F.2d 721, 729 n. 1 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 844, 106 S. Ct. 133, 88 L. Ed. 2d 110 (1985). Of course, should the Florida court decide that it has jurisdiction to hear Uniweld's appeal of the Board's decision, "the stay could be lifted and the second-filed action dismissed or transferred." Id.16

The district court's decision to apply the first-to-file rule was not an abuse of discretion. However, in light of the motions to dismiss and to transfer pending in the Florida district court, and of the questions regarding appellee's right to appeal the Board's decision, we reverse the order of dismissal in favor of a stay. This case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Each party shall bear its own costs.

AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.