FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BRUCE KNAPPENBERGER, an                   
individual,
                 Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                 No. 07-15774
                 v.
CITY OF PHOENIX, a political                      D.C. No.
                                               CV-06-02749-JWS
subdivision in the State of
                                                  OPINION
Arizona; DOES I-X; CORPORATIONS
A-Z,
             Defendants-Appellees.
                                          
         Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the District of Arizona
         John W. Sedwick, District Judge, Presiding

                Submitted November 20, 2008*
                   San Francisco, California

                       Filed May 26, 2009

    Before: Alfred T. Goodwin, Andrew J. Kleinfeld and
              Sandra S. Ikuta, Circuit Judges.

                     Opinion by Judge Ikuta




  *The panel unanimously finds this case suitable for decision without
oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

                                6135
6138           KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX


                         COUNSEL

Kathi Man Sandweiss, Kraig J. Marton, Phoenix, Arizona, for
the the plaintiff-appellant.

Georgia A. Staton, Gordon Lewis, Eileen Dennis GilBride,
Phoenix, Arizona, for the defendants-appellees.


                          OPINION

IKUTA, Circuit Judge:

   Bruce Knappenberger appeals from the district court’s
decision granting the City of Phoenix’s motion for judgment
on the pleadings and dismissing his § 1983 action against the
Phoenix Police Department. Knappenberger alleges his early
retirement from his job as a commander with the Phoenix
Police Department amounted to a constructive discharge, and
he was therefore deprived of both property and liberty without
due process of law. Because Knappenberger has failed to
allege facts which, if true, would establish that his retirement
was involuntary, we affirm.

                               I

   We review de novo a district court’s judgment on the
pleadings. MacDonald v. Grace Church Seattle, 457 F.3d
              KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX           6139
1079, 1081 (9th Cir. 2006). “Judgment on the pleadings is
properly granted when, taking all allegations in the pleading
as true, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.” Merchants Home Delivery Serv., Inc. v. Frank B.
Hall & Co., 

, 1488 (9th Cir. 1995).

   Based on the allegations in his complaint, Bruce Knappen-
berger began working for the Phoenix Police Department in
1973. He served as a commander with the department for thir-
teen years and was assigned to the department’s Community
and Patrol Services Bureau in 2003. In July 2004, the Profes-
sional Standards Bureau of the Phoenix Police Department
notified Knappenberger that it would begin investigating alle-
gations that Knappenberger had made sexually suggestive
comments to a female officer and had also made unwelcome
physical contact. After giving Knappenberger this notice, the
police department transferred him to a duty commander posi-
tion. In the meantime, police department investigators inter-
viewed Knappenberger and other witnesses. In August 2004,
the police department placed Knappenberger on administra-
tive leave and assigned him to his home.

  The police department completed its initial investigation in
October 2004. In November, the police department provided
Knappenberger with a copy of the report of the investigation
and gave him 21 days to review and respond to its findings.

   After reviewing the report, Knappenberger participated in
two review hearings before the committee responsible for the
investigation. In the first hearing, on December 2, 2004,
Knappenberger alleged that the investigators used improper
procedures, and submitted documentation to support this alle-
gation. At a second hearing on December 15, 2004, the com-
mittee told Knappenberger that it had reviewed
Knappenberger’s claims and documents “and felt the informa-
tion was simply Knappenberger’s perception.” Accordingly,
the committee stated it would not revise the investigative
report. It also informed Knappenberger that the police depart-
6140          KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX
ment was going to implement a new rule that would allow the
department to terminate employees who had committed the
sorts of infractions for which Knappenberger was under
investigation.

   The day after this hearing, Knappenberger learned from
Phoenix’s employee benefits department that “he had to retire
19 months early in order to continue to receive his lifetime
health insurance coverage.” Although the import of this state-
ment is not clear from the complaint, Knappenberger
explained in his opening brief that he would lose his lifetime
health insurance coverage if the police department terminated
him, but would retain his benefits if he retired early. Because
Knappenberger’s wife had a history of breast cancer, Knap-
penberger “could not afford to lose the insurance coverage.”
Rather than running the risk of being terminated and losing
his health coverage, he retired on December 17, 2004.

   After retiring, Knappenberger filed an action in state court
under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that Phoenix unconstitution-
ally deprived him of property and liberty interests without due
process of law. Phoenix removed the action to federal court
and filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. The district
court granted Phoenix’s motion. Relying on our decision in
Wallace v. City of San Diego, 

(9th Cir. 2007),
the court held that Knappenberger could not establish con-
structive discharge absent a showing of “intolerable or dis-
criminatory working conditions.” Because Knappenberger’s
complaint did not allege the existence of such conditions, the
district court concluded that Knappenberger had not effec-
tively alleged constructive discharge, and therefore had neces-
sarily failed to allege a discharge that violated property or
liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clause. On
appeal, Knappenberger argues the district court adopted too
narrow a definition of “constructive discharge.”

                              II

  [1] In order to survive a motion for judgment on the plead-
ings, Knappenberger’s complaint must allege facts that, if
               KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX            6141
true, show that Phoenix took an adverse employment action
that deprived him of a constitutionally protected liberty or
property interest without due process. See Daniels v. Wil-
liams, 

(1986); see also Bd. of Regents v. Roth,

(1972). Phoenix does not dispute that Knappen-
berger had a property interest in his employment. Rather,
Phoenix asserts that Knappenberger’s complaint established
only that Knappenberger voluntarily retired, and therefore
failed to allege that Phoenix deprived him of a property or lib-
erty interest. Knappenberger contends that his complaint ade-
quately establishes that he was constructively discharged
because the police department took actions that required him
to choose between retirement or termination without health
insurance.

   [2] We have previously considered the question whether an
employee’s decision to retire or resign can constitute a con-
structive discharge for purposes of a § 1983 action, but only
where an employee alleged he resigned due to intolerable
working conditions. See Huskey v. City of San Jose, 

, 901 (9th Cir. 2000). In Huskey, we held that an employee
has suffered a constructive discharge where “a reasonable per-
son in his position would have felt that he was forced to quit
because of intolerable and discriminatory working condi-
tions,” 

; cf. 

(articulating this standard for a “constructive discharge” for
purposes of the Uniformed Services Employment and Reem-
ployment Rights Act); Watson v. Nationwide Ins. Co., 

, 361 (9th Cir. 1987) (same under Title VII). Knap-
penberger’s complaint failed to allege facts amounting to the
type of constructive discharge considered in Huskey and simi-
lar cases.

   [3] We have acknowledged, however, that an employee
may demonstrate that the decision to resign or retire was
involuntary under circumstances not involving intolerable or
discriminatory working conditions. In Kalvinskas v. Califor-
nia Institute of Technology, 

(9th Cir. 1996), a
6142           KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX
long-time employee was effectively given a choice between
retiring and receiving his pension or remaining employed but
having the disability benefits he was receiving reduced to
nothing. We held that, because “a reasonable person in [his]
position would feel he had no choice but to retire,” Kalvin-
skas’s retirement was involuntary for purposes of ADEA’s
prohibition of retirement plans that require or permit involun-
tary retirement. 

We deemed Kalvinskas’s choice
to be involuntary not because of discriminatory or intolerable
working conditions, but rather, because of the coercion inher-
ent in the choice between retirement and a complete depriva-
tion of income. Id.; see also Lojek v. Thomas, 

,
683 (9th Cir. 1983) (suggesting an employee coerced into
resigning could demonstrate he left his employment involun-
tarily).

   [4] Our conclusion in Kalvinskas that an employee’s rea-
sonable decision to retire can amount to an involuntary retire-
ment under some circumstances, and our willingness to
consider employment claims based on a theory of coercion, is
consistent with rulings in our sister circuits. The Third,
Fourth, Eighth, Tenth and Eleventh Circuits have adopted a
“duress or coercion” theory under which “a resignation may
be found involuntary if, from the totality of the circumstances,
it appears that the employer’s conduct in requesting or obtain-
ing the resignation effectively deprived the employee of free
choice in the matter.” Angarita v. St. Louis County, 

, 1544 (8th Cir. 1992) (internal quotation marks omitted);
see also Leheny v. City of Pittsburgh, 

, 227-28
(3rd Cir. 1999); Hargray v. City of Hallandale, 

,
1568 (11th Cir. 1995) (per curiam); Parker v. Bd. of Regents,

, 1162 (10th Cir. 1992); Stone v. Univ. of Md.
Med. Sys. Corp., 

, 173 (4th Cir. 1988); cf. Penn-
sylvania State Police v. Suders, 

, 141 (2004)
(noting that the constructive discharge concept was originally
developed by the National Labor Relations Board to address
situations in which employers coerced employees to resign).
Accordingly, the district court’s ruling that Knappenberger
               KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX              6143
could not establish he was deprived of a liberty or property
interest because he did not allege he retired after facing “intol-
erable and discriminatory working conditions” was too lim-
ited; a retirement or resignation may be involuntary and
constitute a deprivation of property for purposes of a due pro-
cess claim in the absence of intolerable working conditions.

   But even under a coercion theory, Knappenberger’s com-
plaint does not allege an involuntary retirement. It is the
employee’s burden to come forward with sufficient evidence
to demonstrate that “a reasonable person in [his] position
would feel he had no choice but to retire.” 

. In evaluating such claims of coercion, we deter-
mine voluntariness by an objective standard, rather than by
the employee’s purely subjective evaluation; reject cases in
which the employee did have a choice, even if between com-
paratively unpleasant alternatives; and consider additional
case-specific factors that cut against a finding of coercion,
such as whether the employee was given an alternative to res-
ignation or retirement, understood the choice, had a reason-
able time in which to decide, or could select the timing of the
retirement or resignation. See, e.g., 

; 

.

   [5] In this case, Knappenberger does not allege facts that,
if taken as true, would meet this standard. His complaint
alleges merely that he anticipated he would be terminated, and
he resigned in order to retain his lifetime health insurance.
According to Knappenberger’s pleadings, the police depart-
ment did not request his resignation or retirement or tell him
he would be terminated. Knappenberger does not allege that
he was required to make an on-the-spot decision. From the
complaint, it is clear that he could and did choose the date of
his retirement. Indeed, Knappenberger does not even allege
that a termination would have been inevitable; he could have
opted to continue his opposition to the department’s investiga-
tion. Although Knappenberger perceived he had a choice
between two unpleasant alternatives, such a choice “ ‘does not
6144           KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX
of itself establish that a resignation was induced by duress or
coercion . . . .’ ” 

(quoting 

). In short, the allegations in Knappenberger’s
complaint do not support a claim that Phoenix’s conduct
deprived Knappenberger of free will in choosing to retire. 

conclude that Knappenberger’s complaint does
not allege an involuntary retirement.

   [6] In the absence of an involuntary retirement, the com-
plaint fails to allege that Phoenix deprived him of either a
property interest or a liberty interest in his employment.
Accordingly, the district court did not err when it granted
Phoenix’s motion for judgment on the pleadings with respect
to Knappenberger’s due process claims.

                                III

   [7] Knappenberger also appeals the district court’s denial of
his right to amend his pleadings. We review a denial by the
district court of a party’s motion to amend the pleadings for
abuse of discretion. See Lipton v. Pathogenesis Corp., 

, 1038 (9th Cir. 2002). Leave to amend should be
granted unless the district court “determines that the pleading
could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.”
Lopez v. Smith, 

, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Knevelbaard
Dairies v. Kraft Foods, Inc., 

, 983 (9th Cir.
2000) (“An order granting such a motion must be accompa-
nied by leave to amend unless amendment would be futile.”).

   In this case, the district court denied Knappenberger’s
motion to amend his pleadings on the ground that such an
amendment would be futile, in part because “it is undisputed
that plaintiff voluntarily resigned in order to retain his lifetime
medical insurance coverage, and thus cannot establish a claim
for constructive discharge or deprivation of a property inter-
est.”
                  KNAPPENBERGER v. CITY OF PHOENIX                       6145
   [8] Knappenberger did not allege any facts before the dis-
trict court, or to us on appeal,1 that could establish that a rea-
sonable person in Knappenberger’s situation would have felt
deprived of free will in making the decision to retire. Phoenix
had not yet decided to terminate Knappenberger, and Knap-
penberger does not allege that he was pressured into a deci-
sion to retire by his employer. Accordingly, the district court
did not abuse its discretion when it held that Knappenberger
could not cure the flaws in his pleadings. See 

; Klamath-Lake Pharmaceutical Ass’n v. Klamath
Med. Serv. Bureau, 

, 1293 (9th Cir. 1983).

   AFFIRMED.




  1
   On appeal, Knappenberger requests that we take judicial notice of the
demand letter he filed with the City of Phoenix. However, he neither pre-
sented the letter to the district court nor even mentioned it in his pleadings.
Knappenberger now claims the letter demonstrates how he would amend
his admittedly sparse first set of pleadings. Even assuming such a docu-
ment were judicially noticeable or had been properly presented to us, noth-
ing in the letter would require us to reverse the district court’s denial of
leave to amend the pleadings on the ground that such an amendment
would be futile.