FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                             FEB 10 2020
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS


                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT


GREIF PACKAGING LLC,                             No.   19-55276

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 8:18-cv-00444-JVS-DFM
 v.

TEAMSTERS DISTRICT COUNCIL 2,                    MEMORANDUM*
LOCAL 388M,

              Defendant-Appellee.


                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                     James V. Selna, District Judge, Presiding

                           Submitted February 6, 2020**
                              Pasadena, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and WARDLAW and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

      Greif Packaging LLC (“Greif”) appeals from the district court’s order

enforcing an arbitration award in favor of Teamsters District Council 2, Local



      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
388M (the “Union”). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 9 U.S.C. § 16(a)(3) and 28

U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      “[J]udicial review of arbitration awards is extremely limited.” Phx.

Newspapers, Inc. v. Phx. Mailers Union Local 752, 

, 1080 (9th Cir.

1993); see also Sw. Reg’l Council of Carpenters v. Drywall Dynamics, Inc., 

, 530 (9th Cir. 2016), cert. denied, 

(2017). Our narrow

“task is to determine whether the arbitrator interpreted the collective bargaining

agreement, not whether he did so correctly.” Haw. Teamsters & Allied Workers

Union, Local 996 v. United Parcel Serv., 

, 1178 (9th Cir. 2001).

“‘[A]s long as the arbitrator is even arguably construing or applying the contract

and acting within the scope of his authority,’ his award must be upheld.” Drywall

(quoting United Paperworkers Int’l Union v. Misco,

Inc., 

, 38 (1987)).

      We have recognized an exception to the “nearly unparalleled degree of

deference” afforded to labor arbitration awards by declining to enforce awards that

“do[] not draw [their] essence from the collective bargaining agreement.” 

and quotation marks omitted). This exception does not “open a

back door to judicial review of the merits of an arbitral award.” Haw. 

. Rather, it is “reserved for those egregious cases in which a court


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determines that the arbitrator’s award ignored the plain language of the contract,”

Stead Motors of Walnut Creek v. Auto. Mach. Lodge No. 1173, 

,

1205 n.6 (9th Cir. 1989) (en banc), cert. denied, 

(1990). This is not

such a case.

      The district court correctly concluded that the arbitrator neither ignored the

plain terms of the 2016–19 collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) nor otherwise

exceeded his delegated authority.

      First, because no provision plainly prohibited or mandated above-scale

wages, the arbitrator properly considered evidence extrinsic to the CBA, including

Greif’s thirteen-year practice of paying such wages to deserving employees. See

Edward Hines Lumber Co. of Or. v. Lumber & Sawmill Workers Local No. 2588,

, 633, 635 (9th Cir. 1985) (upholding an award that precluded the

company from subcontracting more than 40% of its operations, notwithstanding a

management rights clause and the absence of an “express provision regarding

subcontracting,” where the arbitrator “clearly based his decision in large part on

the employer’s undisputed historical practice of maintaining a 60–40 ratio” of

bargaining unit employees to subcontractors). Based on this practice, which

persisted under materially similar predecessor CBAs, the arbitrator concluded that

the above-scale wages were an implied term of the CBA. He reasonably declined


                                          3
to infer an agreement to eliminate those rates from adjustments made to the wage

scale in 2016, as those adjustments resulted from brief, friendly negotiations that

did not address above-scale wages. Cf. ASARCO LLC v. United Steel, Paper &

Forestry, Rubber, Mfg., Energy, Allied Indus.& Serv. Workers Int'l Union, 

, 491–92 (9th Cir. 2018) (declining to vacate arbitration award requiring a

company to pay bonuses to new hires where parties “never discussed or even

acknowledged” that an agreed-upon amendment to the contract’s pension provision

would render new hires ineligible for bonuses).

      Second, by restoring above-scale wages, the arbitrator merely reinstated an

implied contract term that Greif breached by unilaterally reducing the affected

employees’ wages. He did not create a new wage scale, change the wage scale, or

otherwise modify the CBA’s terms. Accordingly, he did not exceed his powers

under the CBA. See 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4); Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 

, 569–70 (2013).

      In short, the arbitrator “engage[d] with the interpretive task” by “look[ing] at

and constru[ing] the contract,” and his decision was “grounded in [his] reading of

the parties’ agreement” as well as “past practices of the parties.” Drywall

–33. The district court properly enforced the award.

      AFFIRMED.


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