In 1997 a coalition of environmental organizations petitioned the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to formally consult under section 7 of the Endangered Species Act with the National Marine Fisheries Service of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)1 regarding FERC's ongoing regulatory authority over hydropower operations affecting threatened and endangered anadromous2 fish in the Snake River basin. The petition has gone unanswered for more than six years. Now petitioners American Rivers and Idaho Rivers United (collectively, petitioners) seek a writ of mandamus compelling a response, alleging that FERC's six-year delay is unreasonable under the Administrative Procedure Act (APA), 5 U.S.C. § 706(1). For the reasons set forth below, we grant the writ and order FERC to respond to the petition within 45 days of the issuance of this opinion.

The Endangered Species Act (ESA or Act), 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531 et seq., is generally regarded as "the most comprehensive legislation for the preservation of endangered species ever enacted by any nation." Tennessee Valley Auth. v. Hill, 437 U.S. 153, 180, 98 S. Ct. 2279, 2294-95, 57 L. Ed. 2d 117 (1978); see also Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton, 323 F.3d 1062, 1064 (D.C.Cir.2003), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 1218, 124 S. Ct. 1506, 158 L. Ed. 2d 153 (2004). Finding that various species of fish, wildlife and plants valuable to the health and welfare of the nation have become extinct or face extinction because of "economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation," 16 U.S.C. § 1531(a)(1)-(3), the Congress enacted the ESA to provide a means for conserving endangered and threatened species as well as the ecosystems they depend on, see id. § 1531(b); Rancho Viejo, 323 F.3d at 1064.

The ESA confers on the United States Departments of the Interior (Interior) and of Commerce (Commerce) shared responsibilities for protecting threatened3 or endangered4 species of fish, wildlife and plants. See 16 U.S.C. § 1533(a). The Commerce Secretary has, in turn, delegated his authority to list threatened or endangered marine and anadromous species to the Service. Id. § 1533(a)(2)(A); 50 C.F.R. § 402.01(b); see 50 C.F.R. §§ 223.102 (threatened species), 224.101 (endangered species).

Section 7 of the ESA requires all federal agencies, "in consultation with and with the assistance of the [Commerce or Interior] Secretary," to further the ESA's purpose by "carrying out programs for the conservation" of listed species. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(1). An agency must ensure that its actions, including licensures, are "not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat of such species which is determined by the Secretary ... to be critical." Id. § 1536(a)(2); see Rancho Viejo, 323 F.3d at 1064. Upon determining that its activity "may affect listed [marine or anadromous] species or critical habitat," an agency must initiate formal consultation with the Service5 by submitting a written request containing, inter alia, descriptions of the contemplated action and listed species or critical habitat that may be affected by it. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a), (c). Formal consultation ordinarily culminates with the Service's issuance of a biological opinion that makes a "jeopardy" or "no jeopardy" conclusion. Id. § 402.14(g)(4), (h)(3); see 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(4). If it determines that the action "is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a listed species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat," the opinion suggests "reasonable and prudent alternatives, if any," the agency can take to avoid violating section 7. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(h)(3); see 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(3)(A). According to the Service's regulations, formal consultation must usually be concluded within 90 days. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(e).

In 1955 FERC's predecessor, the Federal Power Commission (Commission), granted a 50-year license to the Idaho Power Company (IPC) to construct, operate and maintain the Hells Canyon Complex, a hydropower project composed of three dams — Oxbow, low Hells Canyon and Brownlee — in the Hells Canyon area of the Snake River. See Idaho Power Co., Opinion & Order, 14 F.P.C. 55 (Jan. 1, 1955), reprinted in Petitioners' Addendum (P.A.) 1, 20. The Commission recognized then that the project "would adversely affect the fish and wildlife resources of the area, and particularly the anadromous fish." P.A. 7. Because the project "would block the runs of anadromous fish," the Commission concluded that "some type of fish facilities would have to be provided for the protection of this resource." P.A. 17. Accordingly, to minimize the project's impact on the anadromous fish, the Commission required the IPC to construct and maintain "fish ladders, fish traps or other fish handling facilities or fish protective devices and provide fish hatchery facilities for the purpose of conserving the fishery resources." P.A. 21-22. The IPC's license also included a "re-opener" clause, providing that the company must "comply with such reasonable modifications of the project structures and operation in the interest of fish life as may be prescribed hereafter by the Commission upon its own motion or upon the recommendation of the Secretary." P.A. 22.

It is not disputed that hydropower projects have contributed to declining populations of anadromous fish — namely, salmon and steelhead trout species — in the Snake River and the Columbia River basin. See, e.g., Endangered and Threatened Species; Proposed Endangered Status for Snake River Sockeye Salmon, 56 Fed. Reg. 14,055, 14,058 (Apr. 5, 1991) (proposed rule ("[C]urrent annual salmon and steelhead production in the Columbia River Basin is more than 10 million fish below historical levels, with 8 million of this annual loss estimate attributable to hydropower development and operation.")). So far the Service has listed three Snake River anadromous fish species as endangered and one as threatened, each time listing hydropower development as a factor contributing to population decline.6 In 1991 the Service listed the Snake River sockeye salmon as endangered. See 56 Fed. Reg. at 58,623. It listed two more species of salmon, the Snake River spring/summer chinook salmon and the Snake River fall chinook salmon, as threatened the following year7 and as endangered two years later through an emergency rule.8 See 59 Fed. Reg. at 54,840; 59 Fed. Reg. at 42,531-32. In 1993 the Service also designated an area including the Hells Canyon reach of the Snake River as critical habitat for these three salmon species. See Designated Critical Habitat; Snake River Sockeye Salmon, Snake River Spring/Summer Chinook Salmon, and Snake River Fall Chinook Salmon, 58 Fed. Reg. 68,543, 68,546 (Dec. 28, 1993) (final rule). And in 1997, the Service listed the Snake River population of west coast steelhead trout as threatened. See 62 Fed. Reg. at 43,950.

Reacting to these developments, a coalition of environmental organizations (including petitioner American Rivers) requested FERC in November 1997 to initiate formal consultation with the Service regarding FERC's ongoing regulation of IPC's operation of the Hells Canyon Complex.9 See Petition to Initiate Consultation Under the Endangered Species Act at 1-17, reprinted in P.A. 40-56 [hereinafter 1997 petition]. The petition asked FERC to act within 30 days "[b]ecause time is running out for the endangered salmon." P.A. 56. The coalition further recited that it would consider FERC's failure to respond within 30 days a constructive denial of the petition and would file immediately for rehearing. P.A. 56.

When FERC failed to meet the deadline, the coalition reacted as promised. It notified FERC that it considered the agency's inaction a denial of the petition and requested rehearing. See Request for Rehearing of Constructive Order Denying Petition to Initiate Consultation Under the Endangered Species Act at 1-3, reprinted in P.A. 111-13. FERC subsequently denied rehearing, noting "[b]ecause there has been no order from which to seek rehearing, [the] rehearing request is premature and must be rejected." Idaho Power Co., Order Rejecting Request for Rehearing, 82 FERC ¶ 61,049, 1998 WL 108428 (Jan. 22, 1998) (footnote omitted). The coalition then petitioned the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals for review of FERC's denial of the petition effected by its failure to act. See American Rivers v. FERC, 170 F.3d 896 (9th Cir.1999). It met with no more success there. Id. at 897. The Ninth Circuit dismissed the petition for want of jurisdiction, explaining that "appellate jurisdiction is dependent on the issuance of an order by FERC" and the agency's "[m]ere inaction ... cannot be transmuted by petitioners into an order rejecting their petition." Id.

Following the Ninth Circuit's decision, coalition members along with other groups have repeatedly requested FERC to either grant the 1997 petition and immediately initiate section 7 consultation or formally deny the petition.10 More than six years later, FERC has yet to respond to the 1997 petition.

The petitioners now ask us to grant a writ of mandamus compelling FERC to act formally on the 1997 petition. We have jurisdiction to entertain the request in order to safeguard our prospective jurisdiction under the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. § 825l(b). See Telecomms. Research & Action Center v. FCC, 750 F.2d 70, 76 (D.C.Cir.1984) ("Because the statutory obligation of a Court of Appeals to review on the merits may be defeated by an agency that fails to resolve disputes, a Circuit Court may resolve claims of unreasonable delay in order to protect its future jurisdiction.") [hereinafter TRAC].

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy reserved for extraordinary circumstances. See, e.g., In re United Mine Workers of Am. Int'l Union, 190 F.3d 545, 549 (D.C.Cir.1999). An administrative agency's unreasonable delay presents such a circumstance because it signals the "breakdown of regulatory processes." Cutler v. Hayes, 818 F.2d 879, 897 n. 156 (D.C.Cir.1987). Accordingly, we will interfere with the normal progression of agency proceedings to correct "transparent violations of a clear duty to act," In re Bluewater Network, 234 F.3d 1305, 1315 (D.C.Cir.2000), because "[i]t is obvious that the benefits of agency expertise and creation of a record will not be realized if the agency never takes action." TRAC, 750 F.2d at 79. In considering a charge of unreasonable delay, however, we must satisfy ourselves that the agency has a duty to act and that it has "unreasonably delayed" in discharging that duty. 5 U.S.C. § 706(1); see id. § 555(b); In re Bluewater Network, 234 F.3d at 1315. Although our test to determine whether to address an alleged unreasonable delay is "hardly ironclad," TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80, we are guided by the standard announced in TRAC:

(1) the time agencies take to make decisions must be governed by a "rule of reason"; (2) where Congress has provided a timetable or other indication of the speed with which it expects the agency to proceed in the enabling statute, that statutory scheme may supply content for this rule of reason; (3) delays that might be reasonable in the sphere of economic regulation are less tolerable when human health and welfare are at stake; (4) the court should consider the effect of expediting delayed action on agency activities of a higher or competing priority; (5) the court should also take into account the nature and extent of the interests prejudiced by delay; and (6) the court need not "find any impropriety lurking behind agency lassitude in order to hold that agency action is `unreasonably delayed.' "

In re United Mine Workers of Am. Int'l Union, 190 F.3d at 549 (quoting TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80).

Rather than attempting to demonstrate the reasonableness of its more than six-year delay, FERC defends its inaction indirectly with arguments that proceed along two related and, at times, conflicting fronts. FERC first asserts that it is not obligated to address the 1997 petition at all. In FERC's view, simply filing a petition seeking agency action does not, by itself, require FERC to respond to it. Moreover, according to FERC, neither a re-opener clause in a hydropower licensee's license nor the Service's listing of endangered or threatened species or designation of critical habitat requires it to initiate formal consultation under section 7 of the ESA. In this regard, FERC maintains that "the ESA prerequisite for instituting formal consultation has not yet been met and the precise obligations of FERC in these circumstances are far from clear under the statute or regulations." Respondent's Br. at 17. Both of FERC's assertions are founded on fundamental misunderstandings; the former of the law, the latter of the legal issue before us.

FERC's insistence that it is not obligated to address a petition filed under one of its own regulations allowing requests for discretionary action, see 18 C.F.R. § 385.207(a)(5), is without merit. Under the APA a federal agency is obligated to "conclude a matter" presented to it "within a reasonable time," 5 U.S.C. § 555(b), and a reviewing court may "compel agency action unlawfully withheld or unreasonably delayed." Id. § 706(1); see In re Int'l Chem. Workers Union, 958 F.2d 1144, 1149 (D.C.Cir.1992) (per curiam). FERC may not wish to respond to the 1997 petition but any person aggrieved by a FERC action — including a failure to act — is entitled to judicial review under the Federal Power Act, see 16 U.S.C. § 825l(b). Indeed, the primary purpose of the writ in circumstances like these is to ensure that an agency does not thwart our jurisdiction by withholding a reviewable decision. See TRAC, 750 F.2d at 76.

FERC's assertions that it is not obligated to initiate formal consultation under section 7 either by virtue of the re-opener clause in IPC's license or based on the Service's ESA actions are beside the point. FERC is obligated under the APA to respond to the 1997 petition. Moreover, these contentions go not to the reasonableness of FERC's delay but to the merits of the petition itself. We are not concerned here with what answer FERC might ultimately give the petitioners; rather, we are reviewing its failure to give them any answer for more than six years.

FERC's second front involves contentions that again, in one way or another, address the merits of the 1997 petition. FERC contends that, given its involvement in (or notice of) ongoing efforts to resolve complex litigation regarding Snake River water rights, "it is difficult to see what more FERC could do" and that "[n]othing more is or can be required." Respondent's Br. at 14, 15. FERC also points out that "interim measures[] agreed to by the affected agencies and parties" address the Service's listing of the salmon and steelhead species until the water rights litigation is resolved. Respondent's Br. at 18. FERC further explains that, because resolution of the water rights litigation will bear on the section 7 formal consultation regarding the operation of the Hells Canyon Complex, the Service has "counsel[led] forbearance" and asked FERC to "suspend information gathering until negotiations to settle that litigation have run their course." Respondent's Br. at 18.

In a similar vein, FERC stated during oral argument that it had already "done what was requested in the 1997 petition." Oral Arg. Tr. at 11. FERC's assertion that it responded to the 1997 petition by doing what the petition requested runs counter to its position on brief and discussed above. More significantly, FERC's resort to certain record items does not constitute an unequivocal — or even coherent — response to the 1997 petition.11

While FERC makes various attempts to rationalize its delay, none of its reasons comports with the specific considerations outlined in TRAC. See TRAC, 750 F.2d at 80. There is "no per se rule as to how long is too long" to wait for agency action, In re Int'l Chem. Workers Union, 958 F.2d at 1149, but a reasonable time for agency action is typically counted in weeks or months, not years. See Midwest Gas Users Ass'n v. FERC, 833 F.2d 341, 359 (D.C.Cir.1987) ("[T]his court has stated generally that a reasonable time for an agency decision could encompass `months, occasionally a year or two, but not several years or a decade.'" (quoting MCI Telecomms. Corp. v. FCC, 627 F.2d 322, 340 (D.C.Cir.1980))). FERC's six-year-plus delay is nothing less than egregious.12

Not only has FERC neglected a petition seeking action under a law designed to "halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost,"13 but its dilatoriness is apparently — it offers nothing to the contrary — uncharacteristic of the relatively swift treatment it routinely gives similar petitions.14 Further, FERC offers no "plea of administrative error, administrative convenience, practical difficulty in carrying out a legislative mandate, or need to prioritize in the face of limited resources." Cutler, 818 F.2d at 898. While FERC vacillates between claiming that it is not obligated to respond to the 1997 petition and asserting it can do no more, it has in no way indicated that any practical impediments have prevented a response or that any "agency activities of a higher or competing priority" have required its attention.15 See In re United Mine Workers of Am. Int'l Union, 190 F.3d at 549.

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The petitioners are entitled to an end to FERC's marathon round of administrative keep-away and soon. Accordingly, we hereby direct FERC to issue a judicially reviewable response to the 1997 petition within 45 days from the date of the issuance of this opinion.

So ordered.