ORDER

KIMBERLY J. MUELLER, District Judge.

This matter is before the court on the motion for partial summary judgment brought by plaintiff Arch Insurance Company (Arch), on its breach of contract claim against defendant Sierra Equipment Rental, Inc. (Sierra). Mot., ECF No. 154. The motion is unopposed, as Sierra is without counsel.1 The court held a hearing on May 6, 2016, and neither party appeared. The court subsequently ordered the parties to show cause as to why they should not be sanctioned for failing to appear. ECF No. 170. Arch responded, indicating it did not appear at the hearing due to a calendaring error compounded with the confusion over Sierra's lack of representation. ECF No. 171. For reasons explained below, the court GRANTS Arch's motion for partial summary judgment and DISCHARGES the order to show cause as to Arch. Sierra's OSC is also DISCHARGED, given that nothing before the court indicates it could enforce any monetary sanctions ordered, and in light of the adverse decision by the court against Sierra in the resolution of this motion.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In 2012, Sierra was a corporate entity in good standing with rights to conduct business in California. Stmt. of Undisputed Material Facts (SUMF) No. 23, ECF No. 155. Previously, on August 12, 2005, Sierra and others, including Melvin Weir and Carolyn Scarola (collectively, "Indemnitors"), executed a General Indemnity Agreement (GIA) as partial consideration for Arch's issuance of bonds covering Sierra's construction contracts for the two projects at issue here: the Lake County and Shasta County Projects. See SUMF Nos. 1, 2, 8; Pearce Decl., Ex. A, ECF No. 157 at 12.2 In consideration of Arch's issuance of the payment and performance bonds, the GIA requires Sierra to indemnify and hold Arch harmless for any "loss" as defined in the GIA, which includes

SUMF No. 4; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 9.

The GIA also requires the following:

SUMF Nos. 4, 5, 6; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 9-10. Lastly, the GIA also provides that Sierra and the Indemnitors agree to accept vouchers or other evidence of payments made by Arch for any Loss sustained or incurred by reason of having executed any Bond. SUMF No. 26; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 9.

In reliance on Sierra and Indemnitors' representations in the GIA, Arch issued bonds guaranteeing Sierra's performance of two contracts, and Sierra's payments to subcontractors and suppliers in connection with those contracts: (1) Sierra's contract with the California Department of Transportation (CalTrans) for construction on Route 53 in Lake County (the Lake County Project) (payment and performance bonds, with penal sums of $11,311,521.95 and $5,655,768.98, respectively to cover alternative performance of the contract if needed); and (2) Sierra's subcontract with Tutor-Saliba Corporation (Tutor) for construction on Antler's Bridge located in Shasta County (the Shasta County Project) (payment and performance bonds, with a penal sum of $6,532,874.00 to cover alternative performance of the subcontract if needed). SUMF Nos. 8-9. The bonds are collectively referred to as the "Bonds" in this order.

By January 2012, Sierra had failed to pay a number of subcontractors on the Lake County Project, resulting in numerous claims on the Bonds for that project. SUMF No. 10. At the same time, Sierra requested financial assistance from Arch. SUMF No. 11. In mid-February 2012, Arch demanded that Sierra fulfill its obligations under the GIA, including exonerating Arch from potential liabilities, indemnifying Arch, and providing collateral in the amount of $1,461,918.83, the total amount in claims asserted against Arch's Bonds at the time. SUMF No. 15. However, by the end of February 2012, Sierra defaulted not only on its contract for the Lake County Project but also for the Shasta County Project contract, resulting in claims against both Projects' Bonds by the Project owners, CalTrans and Tutor, and $6,737,855.98 in losses to Arch as of January 12, 2016. SUMF No. 10-13; Pearce Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. E. Tutor, with whom Sierra subcontracted for the Shasta County Project, filed a civil action against both Sierra and Arch as a result of the default, alleging damages in excess of $6,532,874.00. Id. at 13-14. At the time Arch filed its motion, the civil action was pending in Los Angeles Superior Court. Id.

Since 2012 Arch has made numerous requests to inspect Sierra's books and records. SUMF No. 25. Sierra has refused, and Arch retained legal counsel to gain access. Id. Arch has recovered $2,821,915.45 in credits against its losses under the Bonds. SUMF No. 27. As of January 12, 2016, Sierra's corporate status with the California Secretary of State was forfeited, meaning Sierra has not filed its franchise tax return or paid the tax due thereunder. SUMF No. 28; Van Ornum Decl. ¶ 5 & Ex. B, ECF No. 156; see also Business Search — Field Descriptions and Status Definition, California Secretary of State web page, available at http://www.sos.ca.gov/business-programs/business-entities/cbs-field-status-definitions/ (last visited May 2, 2016 16:17GMT). Arch's counsel has attempted to secure a stipulated judgment from Sierra but has been unsuccessful.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Arch filed the complaint in this action on March 9, 2012. Compl., ECF No. 2. On May 18, 2012, the court granted Arch's ex parte application for a right to attach order and writ of attachment against Sierra and the Indemnitors in the amount of $1,661,980 based on California Code of Civil Procedure section 487.010. See May 2012 Order, ECF No. 36. Subsequently on November 13, 2012, the court granted Arch's motions for leave to amend the complaint and for a preliminary injunction freezing the assets of Sierra and Indemnitors. See November 2012 Order, ECF No. 71. In the same order, the court denied Arch's request for a temporary restraining order to prevent Scarola individually, among other defendants who have since been dismissed from the case, from dissipating or concealing any assets she received from Sierra or the Indemnitors. Id. at 9-11.

The First Amended Complaint alleges a total of eleven claims for relief, some against all defendants, and some against only certain defendants. See generally First Am. Compl. (FAC), ECF No. 68. Arch moves for summary judgment only on the first cause of action: breach of contract against Sierra and the Indemnitors. FAC ¶¶ 36-48.

As noted, Arch indicated it did not appear at hearing on the motion due to a calendaring error compounded with the confusion over Sierra's lack of representation. ECF No. 171. Given Arch's response to the order to show cause and the court's interest in reaching the merits of the case, the order to show cause against Arch is DISCHARGED. Sierra's OSC is also DISCHARGED.

III. SUMMARY JUDGEMENT

A. Legal Standard

As noted, Arch's motion for partial summary judgment is unopposed. While "[a] district court may not grant a motion for summary judgment solely because the opposing party has failed to file an opposition," Cristobal v. Siegel, 26 F.3d 1488, 1494-95 & n.4 (9th Cir. 1994), "[t]he court may . . . grant an unopposed motion for summary judgment if the movant's papers are themselves sufficient to support the motion and do not on their face reveal a genuine issue of material fact." United States v. Real Property at Incline Village, 47 F.3d 1511, 1520 (9th Cir. 1995) (local rule cannot mandate automatic entry of judgment for moving party without consideration of whether motion and supporting papers satisfy Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56).

The court does not weigh evidence or assess the credibility of witnesses; rather, it determines which facts are undisputed, then draws all inferences and views all evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587-88 (1986). "Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no `genuine issue for trial.'" Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting First Nat'l Bank of Arizona v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968)).

The moving party bears the initial burden of "informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). "Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48.

B. Breach of Contract

The surety contracts of the kind at issue here are construed according to the same rules that govern interpretation of all contracts. Pacific Employers Ins. Co. v. City of Berkeley, 158 Cal.App.3d 145, 150 (1984). To prevail on a breach of contract claim under California law, which applies in this case, a plaintiff must prove (1) the existence of a contract, (2) the plaintiff's performance of its obligations under the contract or excuse for nonperformance, (3) the defendant's breach, and (4) resulting damage to the plaintiff. Richman v. Hartley, 224 Cal.App.4th 1182, 1186 (2014). The court looks first at whether a contract existed between Arch and Sierra.

1. Existence of a Contract

In California, to prove the existence of a contract, a plaintiff must show: (a) parties capable of contracting, (2) the parties' consent, (3) a lawful object, and (4) consideration. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1550. "Every contract requires the mutual assent or consent of the parties." Meyer v. Benko, 55 Cal.App.3d 937, 942 (1976) (citing Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1550, 1565). Consent may be manifested in several ways—in writing, through speech or by conduct—and "may be implied through action or inaction." Knutson v. Sirius XM Radio Inc., 771 F.3d 559, 565 (9th Cir. 2014). Ultimately, "[t]he existence of mutual consent is determined by objective rather than subjective criteria, the test being what the outward manifestations of consent would lead a reasonable person to believe." Meyer, 55 Cal. App. 3d at 943. Parties consent when they "all agree upon the same thing in the same sense." Cal. Civ. Code § 1580; Bustamante v. Intuit, Inc., 141 Cal.App.4th 199, 209 (2006).

First, a corporation has the power to enter into contracts in conducting its activities, and Sierra, at the time of contract was a corporate entity in good standing with the ability to conduct business lawfully in California. Cal. Corp. Code § 9140(i); see also Bates v. Coronado Beach Co., 109 Cal. 160, 162 (1895) (corporation has the power to enter into any contract essential to the transaction of its ordinary affairs). Second, the GIA was a six-page document, including the signature pages, with each provision clearly titled and numbered. See generally Pearce Decl., Ex. A. Sierra signed the GIA, and the signature was witnessed. Id. at 12-15. Objectively, a reasonable person would find that Sierra consented to the GIA. Cf. Silicon Valley Self Direct, LLC v. Paychex, Inc., No. 14-1055, 2015 WL 4452373, at *3 (N.D. Cal. July 20, 2015) (mutual consent is determined by objective outward manifestation); see also Marin Storage & Trucking, Inc. v. Benco Contracting & Eng'g, 89 Cal.App.4th 1042, 1049 (2001) ("ordinarily one who signs an instrument which on its face is a contract is deemed to assent to all its terms," and "[a] party cannot avoid the terms of a contract on the ground that he or she failed to read it before signing."). Third, California recognizes surety contracts as lawful instruments. Pacific Employers Ins. Co., 158 Cal. App. 3d at 150. Lastly, in return for Arch's issuance of the Bonds covering Sierra's construction contracts, Sierra agreed to indemnify and hold Arch harmless for certain losses as defined by the GIA, post collateral, procure Arch's discharge from any Bond issued under the GIA, and provide Arch with access to its financial books and records if Arch requested. SUMF Nos. 1-6; Pearce Decl., Ex. A at 9-10. In other words, the GIA was supported by consideration. See Steiner v. Thexton, 48 Cal.4th 411, 420-21 (2010) (for consideration to be valid, recipient of promise must provide bargained-for benefit or suffer prejudice in exchange for promise).

The court finds as a matter of law that a contract existed between Arch and Sierra.

2. Plaintiff's Performance or Excuse from Non-Performance

The court next looks at whether Arch performed or was excused from non-performance. Here, Sierra agreed to the requirements in the GIA as consideration in exchange for Arch's issuance of performance and payment bonds for Sierra's construction projects. Arch issued the Bonds covering Sierra's contracts for both the Lake County and Shasta County Projects. SUMF Nos. 8-9. Accordingly, the court finds that as a matter of law, Arch has performed its obligation under the GIA. Cf. American Express, F.S.B., Federal Sav. Bank v. Wright, No. 11-4492, 2012 WL 2343674, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 20, 2012) (summary judgment granted where no genuine dispute of material fact exists as to whether plaintiff performed).

3. Defendants' Breach

The third element of a breach of contract claim is the defendant's breach of the contract, or in this case, Sierra's breach of the GIA. Arch argues Sierra breached its obligation to (1) indemnify, (2) provide collateral, (3) exonerate Arch, and (4) provide access to its books and records. Mot. at 8-10.

Here, in terms of indemnification, Sierra agreed in the GIA to indemnify and hold Arch harmless for any "loss" as defined in the agreement, which includes, "Any and all liability, losses, costs, expenses, and fees of whatever kind or nature, that [Arch] may sustain or incur as a result of executing any [b]ond or as a result of the failure of [Sierra] or Indemnitors to perform or comply with [the GIA]." SUMF No. 4; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 9. Sierra has yet to indemnify Arch for its defense costs arising from the claims asserted against the Bonds, and Arch's payments on the Bonds to CalTrans, subcontractors, materialmen, and laborers. SUMF Nos. 12-22.

With respect to providing collateral, Sierra agreed,

SUMF No. 4; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 9. On February 17, 2012, Arch demanded that Sierra post $1,461,918.83 in collateral, the total amount in claims asserted against Arch's Bonds at the time. SUMF No. 15. Sierra did not deposit the requested collateral. SUMF No. 20. Sierra also did not deposit any collateral for Tutor's claim against Arch in connection with the Shasta County project, in the sum of $6,532,874.00 after Arch demanded it do so. SUMF No. 9, 13-14, 15. As discussed above, Tutor has filed a civil action against Arch, and in connection with that action, to date, Sierra has not "procure[d] the discharge of [Arch] from any Bond, and all liability arising therefrom, and provide[d] evidence to [Arch] regarding same." SUMF No. 5; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 10.

Finally, Sierra agreed at the time of contracting to provide access to its books and records under the GIA at Arch's request. SUMF No. 6; Pearson Decl., Ex. A at 10. Since 2012 Arch has made numerous requests to inspect Sierra's books and records, in vain. SUMF No. 25. Arch has had to retain legal counsel to advance its interests in the face of Sierra's refusal. Id.

As a matter of law, the court finds Sierra has breached its obligations with respect to indemnification, collateralization, exoneration, and provision of access to books and records.

4. Damages

Once a breach of contract has been shown, California law applies a liberal rule in allowing a court or jury to determine the amount of damages. Hunt Foods v. Phillips, 248 F.2d 23, 33 (9th Cir. 1957); Cal. Lettuce Growers v. Union Sugar Co., 45 Cal.2d 474, 486-87 (1955). California law also limits contract damages to damages reasonably within the contemplation of the parties as a probable result of a breach at the time the contract was formed. Brandon & Tibbs v. George Kevorkian Accountancy Corp., 226 Cal.App.3d 442, 457 (1990). The California Civil Code provides that "[n]o damages can be recovered for a breach of contract which are not clearly ascertainable in both their nature and origin." Cal. Civ. Code § 3301.

Here, the GIA provides that Sierra, among others, "agree[s] to indemnify and hold harmless [Arch] for any and all Loss sustained or incurred by reason of having executed any and all Bonds." SUMF No. 3; Pearce Decl., Ex. A at 9. As a result, Arch can recover, based on Sierra's breach of contract, the $6,737,855.98 it incurred in losses paid for claims on the Bonds, loss adjustment expenses, consulting fees, attorney's fees and related costs, less the $2,821,915.45 recovered from other Indemnitors or defendants since the beginning of this action, for a total of $3,915,940.53. SUMF No. 10-13; Pearce Decl. ¶ 9, Ex. E. However, with respect to the additional $6,532,874.00 Arch may suffer as a result of Tutor's pending civil action arising from Sierra's breach of contract, that amount is not currently recoverable, because it has not been finally determined. See StreamCast Networks, Inc. v. IBIS LLC, No. 05-04239, 2006 WL 5720345, at *4 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (Where the underlying action to a claim is not final and a breach of contract claim will not settle all of the contractual issues on which plaintiff seeks relief, declaratory relief is appropriate).

IV. CONCLUSION

Arch's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED. Arch is awarded $3,915,940.53 in damages.

The order to show cause issued on May 12, 2016 is DISCHARGED as to Arch and Sierra.

IT IS SO ORDERED.