MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

MORRISON C. ENGLAND, Jr., District Judge.

Plaintiffs Laborers' International Union of North America Local Union No. 783, Randal Sipes, Jr., and Russel Covington filed a citizen suit pursuant to section 304(a) of the federal Clean Air Act ("CAA"), 42 U.S.C. § 7604, which allows any person to bring a lawsuit in federal court against any person who violates an "emission standard or limitation."1

Presently before the Court are four motions: (1) Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 75; (2) Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 82; (3) Defendants' Motion to Exclude, ECF No. 90; and (4) Defendants' Motion for Leave to File Surreply, ECF No. 100. For the reasons that follow, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. However, Defendants' Motion for Leave to File Surreply is DENIED, and the Defendants' counsel is directed to pay a sanction of $2,500 for making a frivolous filing, continuing to use lengthy footnotes, and ignoring page limits despite the Court's prior warning. Furthermore, in light of the disposition of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and Defendants' Motion to Exclude are DENIED AS MOOT.2

BACKGROUND

Plaintiffs' Complaint asserts eight causes of action against Defendants Mammoth Pacific, L.P., Ormat Technologies, Inc., and Ormat Nevada, Inc., the owners and operators of several geothermal plants located in the Great Basin Valleys Air Basin. Three of the plants—(1) Mammoth Pacific I ("MP-I"), which is made up of MP-I East and MP-I West; (2) Mammoth Pacific II ("MP-II"); and (3) Pacific Lighting Energy Systems Unit I ("PLES-I")—are operational. Another plant, M-1, is a proposed replacement plant for MP-I that has thus far only received local land use permits.

At the plants, Defendants use hot geothermal water pumped from deep underground to heat volatile organic compounds ("VOCs"), which in turn spin turbines to generate electricity. The facilities emit VOCs (in the form of fugitive emissions of either n-pentane or isobutene) through valves, flanges, seals, or other unsealed joints in facility equipment. VOCs combine with nitrogen oxides to form ozone in the atmosphere. Ozone is a criteria air pollutant regulated by the CAA, and thus VOCs are regulated as ozone precursors. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), breathing ground-level ozone can result in a number of negative health effects, including induction of respiratory symptoms, decrements in lung function, and inflammation of airways. Plaintiffs are individuals and an organization with members who live, work, and recreate in direct vicinity of the plants.

The Great Basin Unified Air Pollution Control District (the "Air District") is the state agency charged with developing air regulations for Mono, Inyo and Alpine Counties. The Air District has established rules and regulations to reduce the emission of ozone-forming pollutants. On August 20, 1979, the Air District promulgated Rules 209-A and 209-B. Rule 209-A prohibits the Air District from issuing an authority to construct ("ATC") permit for any new stationary source or modification3 to a stationary source that emits 250 pounds per day or more of VOCs unless the facility obtains emissions offsets and installs the best available control technology ("BACT"). Emissions offsets are reductions from other facilities equal to the amount of increased emissions and BACT is advanced pollution control technology that dramatically reduces pollution. Rule 209-B prohibits the Air District from issuing a permit to operate ("PTO") for any new or modified stationary source to which Rule 209-A applies unless the owner or operator of the source has obtained an ATC permit granted pursuant to Rule 209-A. In combination, these rules ensure that all required emissions offsets will be implemented at start-up and maintained throughout the source's operational life. Rules 209-A and 209-B were approved by the EPA as part of California's State Implementation Plan ("SIP") on June 18, 1982, making the regulations fully enforceable federal law. See Safe Air for Everyone v. U.S. EPA, 488 F.3d 1088, 1096-97 (9th Cir. 2007).

Plaintiffs' Complaint alleges that Defendants violated both Rules 209-A and 209-B. With respect to the existing plants, Plaintiffs allege that while originally separately permitted as four plants in the late 1980s, in 2010 Defendants applied for and obtained PTOs from the Air District that authorize combined emissions limits for MP-I East and MP-I West as a single source and for MP-II and PLES-I as a single source. Each single source was permitted to emit up to 500 pounds per day of fugitive VOC emissions— double the limit under Rule 209-A—without receiving ATC permits that required installing BACT and obtaining emissions offsets. Additionally, Plaintiffs allege that in 2013, the Air District issued ATC permits for a modification of MP-I without requiring Defendants to install BACT or obtain emissions offsets.

Plaintiffs' Complaint also alleges that Defendants have operated the three existing geothermal plants for over twenty years as a single stationary source without applying for the permits required by Rules 209-A and 209-B.4 Plaintiffs contend that the complex should be viewed as a single stationary source because the plants are owned and operated by the same company, located on adjacent lands, and share a single geothermal wellfield, a common control room, common pipes that carry geothermal liquid to and from the wellfield, and other common facilities. Plaintiffs request that the Court issue a preliminary and permanent injunction requiring Defendants to cease and desist from any operation of the existing plants until Defendants install BACT and obtain emissions offsets.

While Plaintiffs originally challenged the proposed M-1 facility's permitting and sought an injunction to halt construction, they then conceded that the Court does not have jurisdiction to consider these claims since the Air District has yet to issue permits to Defendants for this plant. ECF No. 21, at 8. Accordingly, the Court dismissed Plaintiffs' sixth and seventh causes of action, which pertain to the M-1 facility. ECF No. 27. The Court also dismissed Plaintiffs' first through fifth causes of action for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 12(b)(6).

The first cause of action was premised on the 2013 modification of the MP-I plant, alleging that the modification should have triggered BACT requirements under Rule 209-A. However, the modification reduced the plant's emissions and therefore did not result in the "net increase in emissions of 250 or more pounds" required under Rule 209-A(B)(2) before a BACT requirement is imposed. The second, third, fourth, and fifth causes of actions were based on the 2010 combining of emissions limits for MP-I East and MP-I West as a single source and for MP-II and PLES-I as a single source. Because combining the limits amounted to nothing more than an administrative change, no modification occurred that would have triggered BACT requirements. Furthermore, even if combining emission limits constituted a modification under Rule 209-A, it could not possibly have caused a "net increase in emissions of 250 or more pounds" and again Rule 209-A would not have imposed a BACT requirement.

All that remains pending before the Court is Plaintiffs' Eighth Cause of action, which alleges all four plants should be considered a single source. Because the plants were all permitted individually when constructed, Plaintiffs contend that Defendants are in violation of Rule 209-A and should have been required to install a BACT.

STANDARD

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provide for summary judgment when "the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). One of the principal purposes of Rule 56 is to dispose of factually unsupported claims or defenses. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 325.

Rule 56 also allows a court to grant summary judgment on part of a claim or defense, known as partial summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) ("A party may move for summary judgment, identifying each claim or defense—or the part of each claim or defense—on which summary judgment is sought."); see also Allstate Ins. Co. v. Madan, 889 F.Supp. 374, 378-79 (C.D. Cal. 1995). The standard that applies to a motion for partial summary judgment is the same as that which applies to a motion for summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); State of Cal. ex rel. Cal. Dep't of Toxic Substances Control v. Campbell, 138 F.3d 772, 780 (9th Cir. 1998) (applying summary judgment standard to motion for summary adjudication).

In a summary judgment motion, the moving party always bears the initial responsibility of informing the court of the basis for the motion and identifying the portions in the record "which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87 (1986); First Nat'l Bank v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-89 (1968).

In attempting to establish the existence or non-existence of a genuine factual dispute, the party must support its assertion by "citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits[,] or declarations . . . or other materials; or showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). The opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 251-52 (1986); Owens v. Local No. 169, Assoc. of W. Pulp and Paper Workers, 971 F.2d 347, 355 (9th Cir. 1987). The opposing party must also demonstrate that the dispute about a material fact "is `genuine,' that is, if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. In other words, the judge needs to answer the preliminary question before the evidence is left to the jury of "not whether there is literally no evidence, but whether there is any upon which a jury could properly proceed to find a verdict for the party producing it, upon whom the onus of proof is imposed." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251 (quoting Improvement Co. v. Munson, 81 U.S. 442, 448 (1871)). As the Supreme Court explained, "[w]hen the moving party has carried its burden under Rule [56(a)], its opponent must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts." Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586. Therefore, "[w]here the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no `genuine issue for trial.'" Id. 87.

In resolving a summary judgment motion, the evidence of the opposing party is to be believed, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party's obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F.Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898 (9th Cir. 1987).

ANALYSIS

Defendants move for summary judgment on the basis that Plaintiffs' claims are time-barred under the statute of limitations. Defs.' MSJ, at 7. They argue that Plaintiffs have only alleged a violation of Rule 209-A, and any violation of that rule could only have occurred when the units were originally constructed. Id. at 9-14. Because the default statute of limitations of five years under 28 U.S.C. § 2462 applies and Plaintiffs brought this suit well over five years after the original ATCs were issued in the late 1980s, Defendants contend that Plaintiffs' claims fail as a matter of law. Id. at 8-9. Plaintiffs, conversely, argue that (1) Plaintiffs adequately alleged violations of both Rule 209-A and Rule 209-B, (2) violations of Rule 209-A are ongoing, and (3) the 2009 and 2014 re-permitting re-started the clock on the statute of limitations for Rule 209-A violations. Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, ECF No. 84, at 1-2.

A. Whether Plaintiffs Pled a Violation of Rule 209-B

As indicated, this Court's May 11, 2015, Order dismissed Plaintiffs' first through seventh causes of action, leaving only the eighth cause of action for adjudication. Mem. & Order, ECF No. 27, at 21. The dismissed causes of action alleged various violations of Rule 209-A (first, second, fourth, and sixth) as well as Rule 209-B (third, fifth, and seventh). The sixth and seventh causes of action were dismissed as unripe because they were based on permits for a new plant that had not yet been issued. Id. at 4. The first, second, third, and fourth causes of action were premised on a contention that the 2009 and 2014 re-permitting required the application of a BACT. Those causes of action were dismissed because the Court found Rules 209-A and 209-B did not require a BACT under the alleged circumstances. Id. at 19.

Though the header of Plaintiffs' eighth cause of action is explicitly limited to Rule 209-A ("Clean Air Act, 42 U.S.C. § 7604(a) — Violation of Rule 209-A"), Plaintiffs argue that the cause of action also includes violations of Rule 209-B because it incorporates the preceding paragraphs by reference. Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, at 4-6. This argument makes little sense. It is true that the Complaint's "Introduction," "Jurisdiction and Prerequisites to Filing," "Parties," and "Factual Allegations" sections contain references to Rule 209-B and allegations that Defendants have violated Rule 209-B. However, the eighth cause of action contains no reference to Rule 209-B and is in fact titled "Violation of Rule 209-A." Accordingly, Plaintiffs cannot seriously contend that their eighth cause of action includes any allegations based on Rule 209-B, regardless of the incorporation of the Complaint's prior paragraphs.

B. Whether Violations of Rule 209-A Are Ongoing

In determining whether failure to obtain a valid preconstruction permit constitutes a singular event or an ongoing violation, "the court must engage in a close examination of the relevant `permitting' scheme." Coal. for Clean Air v. VWR Internat'l, LLC, 922 F.Supp.2d 1089, 1105 (E.D. Cal. 2013). Specifically, this determination hinges on the relationship between preconstruction permits and operational permits.

In arguing that Defendants' alleged violations are ongoing, Plaintiffs rely heavily on the Eleventh Circuit's decision in National Parks and Conservation Association v. Tennessee Valley Authority ("National Parks II"), 502 F.3d 1316 (11th Cir. 2007), where the court distinguished between the Alabama SIP at issue in that case and the Tennessee SIP at issue in National Parks and Conservation Association v. Tennessee Valley Authority ("National Parks I"), 480 F.3d 410 (6th Cir. 2007). Plaintiffs claim that National Parks II distinguished between "permitting scheme[s] in which the operating permits required ongoing compliance with BACT requirements" as in Tennessee and those that only imposed an "obligation to install BACT" upon construction as in Alabama. Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, at 9. Plaintiffs, however, misconstrue National Parks II.

This Court finds the Eleventh Circuit's analysis instructive, but comes to the opposite conclusion of Plaintiffs. The Eleventh Circuit did not base its decision on whether the obligation to comply with BACT requirements was ongoing, but rather on whether the obligation to apply a BACT was ongoing.5 Under the Tennessee SIP in National Parks I, "the obligation to obtain an appropriate [construction] permit [was] ongoing." 480 F.3d at 419 (emphasis added). In National Parks II, however, "[t]he relevant Alabama regulations . . . treated construction and operating permits separately." 502 F.3d at 1323. There was no "analogous provision" in the Alabama SIP that created a continuous obligation to obtain a preconstruction permit. Id. at 1325 ("Tennessee's [SIP] provided that, if a party failed to obtain a construction permit specifying emission limitations at the time of construction or modification, a construction permit could be issued at a later date `to assure that these regulatory requirements are met.'").

The California SIP at issue in the instant case does not place an ongoing obligation to obtain an ATC, but only requires that a new or modified stationary source receive and comply with an ATC before receiving a PTO. Unlike the Tennessee SIP in National Parks I, the California SIP here contains no ongoing obligation to obtain ATCs. See 480 F.3d at 419 ("[T]he obligation to obtain an appropriate permit is ongoing, and applies even to those sources that did not obtain the appropriate permits before construction."). Thus, the California SIP is more like the Alabama SIP analyzed by the Eleventh Circuit, and any violation of Rule 209-A is a singular, not ongoing, event.

The Eleventh Circuit also distinguished cases treating preconstruction permit violations as continuing violations on the basis that they considered "integrated construction and operating permits." Id. Indeed, cases cited by Plaintiffs in support of treating Rule 209-A violations as ongoing make this very distinction. See, e.g., Sierra Club v. Portland Gen. Elec. Co., 663 F.Supp.2d 983, 992 (D. Ore. 2009) ("[A]pproval to construct a source under [the relevant permit] . . . authorizes construction and operation of the source." (ellipsis in original) (emphasis added)).

This distinction between preconstruction and operation permits further supports finding that Rule 209-A violations constitute a singular event. While a PTO issued under Rule 209-B requires obtaining and complying with an ATC, PTOs are separate permits such that obtaining a legally invalid ATC does not necessarily invalidate a PTO. A PTO obtained under Rule 209-B requires only that the owner or operator of a source obtain an ATC and comply with that ATC. Defendants have done exactly that. Furthermore, even if an invalid ATC rendered a resulting PTO also invalid, Plaintiffs have failed to allege a violation under Rule 209-B, as described above, and therefore cannot obtain relief based on such a theory.

C. Impact of the 2009 and 2014 Re-Permitting

In 2009, new ATCs and PTOs were issued, combining emissions limits between MP-I East and MP-I West, and between MP-II and PLES-I. In 2014, new ATCs and PTOs were issued for a "major equipment overhaul." Plaintiffs argue that in each case, the Mammoth Complex should have been treated as a single source. Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, at 12. Thus, they continue, the ATCs issued in 2009 and 2014 were unlawful. Id. at 13. Because Plaintiffs filed suit within five years of the issuance of those ATCs, Plaintiffs argue their claim is not time-barred. Id. at 14-15.

However, even if the Court found Plaintiffs' arguments persuasive, invalidating the 2009 and 2014 ATCs would not provide the relief Plaintiffs seek. Defendants would simply be forced to apply for an ATC that combined the emissions limits of all four units. The Court has already ruled that combining the emissions limits of MP-I East and MP-I West and of MP-II and PLES-I was not a modification that would trigger imposing a BACT on the combined units. Mem. & Order, at 19. Similarly, combining the emissions limits of all four would not constitute a modification, and thus any new ATC that "remedied" the errors of the 2009 and 2014 ATCs would not achieve the relief sought.

BACTs can only be imposed when a new stationary source or a modification to a stationary source results in a net increase in emissions of 250 or more pounds per day. Reissuing the permits to treat the units as a single source would not constitute a modification or result in any increase in emissions. Nor would invalidation of the 2009 and 2014 ATCs warrant creating a legal fiction that the Mammoth Complex is a new stationary source, as Plaintiffs urge. See Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, at 13. Additionally, the "major equipment overhaul" completed in 2014 decreased emissions and therefore cannot form a basis for imposing a BACT. Thus, the 2009 and 2014 ATCs do not revive any potential Rule 209-A violations committed when the units in the Mammoth Complex were originally permitted.

D. Application of the Statute of Limitations to Claims For Injunctive Relief

28 U.S.C. § 2462 creates a five-year statute of limitations for "action[s], suit[s] or proceeding[s] for the enforcement of any civil fine, penalty, or forfeiture, pecuniary or otherwise." Here, Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief. Defendants maintain the five-year statute of limitations nonetheless applies because of the concurrent remedy doctrine, which bars injunctive relief if legal relief is time-barred. See Cope v. Anderson, 331 U.S. 461, 464 (1947). Plaintiffs, on the other hand, counter that the doctrine does not apply here because "civil penalties would likely serve a completely different purpose than the injunctive relief being sought." Pls.' Opp'n to Defs.' MSJ, at 15 (quoting United States v. U.S. Steel Corp., 966 F.Supp.2d 801, 813 (N.D. Ind. 2013)).

Ninth Circuit has not ruled on the application of 28 U.S.C. § 2462 to CAA citizen suits. However, in Federal Election Commission v. Williams, 104 F.3d 237 (9th Cir. 2006), the Ninth Circuit held that 28 U.S.C. § 2462 applied to suits for injunctive relief under the Federal Election Campaign Act "because the claim for injunctive relief is connected to the claim for legal relief," id. at 240. The Ninth Circuit's ruling is instructive here, and there is no doubt that the claim for injunctive relief is connected to any claim Plaintiffs could have asserted for legal relief.

Furthermore, other circuits, such as the Eleventh Circuit, have found Plaintiffs' reasoning unpersuasive in the CAA context: "We are not aware of other authority for this novel distinction [between the purposes of relief] and are not persuaded that it is a meaningful one. We conclude that the civil penalties and equitable relief sought in this case are concurrent because `an action at law or equity could be brought on the same facts.'" National Parks II, 502 F.3d 1316, 1328 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v. Telluride Co., 146 F.3d 1241, 1248 n.12 (10th Cir. 1998)).

Accordingly, 28 U.S.C. § 2462's five-year statute of limitations applies to Plaintiffs' claims for injunctive relief. Because any of the alleged violations of the CAA could only have occurred over twenty years ago when the Mammoth Complex units were built, Plaintiffs' claim is time-barred. Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment is therefore GRANTED, and Plaintiffs' Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is DENIED as moot.

MOTION TO FILE SURREPLY

Both sides filed their own Motions for Summary Judgment, oppositions to each other's motions and replies to those oppositions, making very similar arguments whether they were arguing in favor of their own motion or against their opponents' motion. See ECF Nos. 84, 88, 93, 94. Defendants' Memorandum of Points and Authorities in support of their MSJ totaled 29 pages, and their Reply ran 24 pages, despite the Pretrial Scheduling Order setting a limit of 10 pages for replies. Defendants also availed themselves of the full 20 pages permitted in the Pretrial Scheduling Order in their Opposition to Plaintiffs' MPSJ. Despite these 83 pages of often duplicative arguments, Defendants felt compelled to file a Motion for Leave to File a Surreply.

More specifically, Defendants contend that a surreply was necessary because Plaintiffs submitted new evidence. ECF No. 103, at 1. However, they then contradict themselves and admit that the evidence addressed in the Surreply was not actually new, "since [it is] the same excerpts Plaintiffs relied upon in their opening brief." Id. Indeed, Defendants' Surreply is directed at an argument raised in Plaintiffs' original Motion, see id. at 34, an argument Defendants could have addressed in their Opposition. Defendants' instant Motion is thus DENIED.

Moreover, the Court previously admonished Defendants against using lengthy footnotes and otherwise attempting to avoid page limit requirements set by the Court. Mem. & Order, ECF No. 27, at 22 n.12. Nevertheless, Defendants' moving papers continued to follow the same practices, ignored page limits set out by the Court, and moved for leave to file a frivolous surreply. For these reasons, Defendants' counsel is hereby sanctioned in the amount of $1,500.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons above, Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 82, is GRANTED. However, their Motion for Leave to File Surreply, ECF No. 100, is DENIED, and the Court imposes sanctions against Defendants' counsel in the amount of $1,500. Said sanctions shall be paid to the Clerk of this Court within ten (10) days, and Defendants are further ordered to file a notice with this Court within the same ten (10)-day period that the sanctions have in fact been remitted.

Finally, in light of the resolution of Defendants' Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 75, and Defendants' Motion to Exclude, ECF No. 90, are DENIED as moot.

IT IS SO ORDERED.